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PREGLEDNI ČLANCI – REVIEWSUDK 630* 589

PRECISION FORESTRY – DEFINITION AND TECHNOLOGIES

“PRECIZNO ŠUMARSTVO” – DEFINICIJA I PRIPADAJUĆE TEHNOLOGIJE

Petronela KOVÁCSOVÁ1, Mária ANTALOVÁ2

ABSTRACT: The principle of “precision forestry” is that it uses moderntools and technology to get as much real information as it is possible to im-prove decision making process and to ensure current goals of forest manage-ment. The best known and most frequently used tools of modern technology areremote sensing, navigation systems and geographic information systems. Newtrends are decision support systems and tools for tree identification and toolsfor wood material testing and measurement. There is a large interest of the fo-restry sector in these technologies because as the primary source of data “pre-cision forestry” provides more accurate (realistic) information then currentlyused sources. Aim of this article is to clarify and inform the professional, butalso the general public with the precision forestry, its definition and its tools.

K e y w o rd s : forestry, remote sensing technologies, surveying, decisionsupport system, Geographic Information System.

1. INTRODUCTION – Uvodmaintain the quality of the environment (Ta y l o r et al2002). It uses set of tools, which have been successfullyintroduced around the whole World and now they havebeen used in precision forestry.

Precision forestry is focused on information andsupports economical, environmental and sustainable de-cision by using high technology sensing and analyticaltools. It provides highly repeatable measurements, ac-tions and processes to initiate, cultivate, and harvesttrees, as well as to protect enhance riparian zone, wil-dlife habitat, and other environmental resources. It pro-vides valuable information and linkages among resourcemanagers, the environmental community, manufacturesand public policy makers (D y c k 2001).

Precision forestry is defined by group of researcherS.E. Taylor, T.P. McDonald, F.W. Corly (2002), as plan-ning and conducting of site-specific forest managementactivities and operations to improve wood product qua-lity and utilization, reduce waste, and increase profitsand maintain the quality of the environment. Accordingto Z i e s a k ` s (2006) opinion, Precision Forestry useshigh technology sensing and analytical tools to supportsite-specific, economic, environmental, and sustainabledecision-making for the forestry sector supporting theforestry value chain from bare land to the customerbuying a sheet of paper or board.

At present, demands for wood production along withincreasing economical and environmental public demandsfrom forests require new access to solution as well as newtechnologies. Detailed data which is collected, analyzedand stored is used for successful management. Profitablemanagement is the result of right planning, organizationand control of all forest operations. These claims are reac-hed by implementation of precision forestry.

Precision forestry is new direction for better forestmanagement. Management principles of precision fore-stry are based on precision agriculture. Precision agri-culture is an information-based, decision makingagricultural system designed to improve the agriculturalprocess by precisely managing each step to ensure maxi-mum agricultural production and continued sustainabi-lity of the natural resources (R a s h e r 2001, M a r t i n i ćet al. 2001). Precision agriculture can be defined as ma-naging crop inputs, such as fertilizer, herbicide, etc. on asite-specific basis to reduce waste, increase profits, and

1 Petronela Kovácsová, BSc., Department of Forest Managementand Geodesy, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 25; 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakiae-mail: [email protected]

2 Mária Antalová, BSc., Department of Forest Exploitation andMechanization, Faculty of Forestry, Technical University in Zvolen, T.G. Masaryka 25, 960 53 Zvolen, Slovakiae-mail: [email protected]

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Šumarski list br. 11–12, CXXXIV (2010), 603-611

P. Kovácsová, M. Antalová: PRECISION FORESTRY – DEFINITION AND TECHNOLOGIES Šumarski list br. 11–12, CXXXIV (2010), 603-611

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The most important parts of precision forestry arenew and modern technologies.

Precision technologies are instrumentation, mecha-nization, and information technologies that measure, re-cord, process analyze, manage, or actuate multi-sourcedata of high spatial or temporal resolution to enable in-formation based management practice or to supportscientific discovery (S c h m o l d t , T h o m s o n 2001).

Precision forestry uses variety of tools and techni-ques, which can be differently categorised. Ziesak clas-sifies techniques into seven main activity fields:

– Surveying (terrestrial laser scanner, GPS, INS anddigital surveying equipment),

– Remote sensing (CIR, Airborn laser scanner),

– Contact-free materials testing and measuring com-puter tomography (CT), ultrasound, video and laserscanner,

– Monitoring - radio frequency identification (RFID)and electronic nose (aroma) technology,

– Decision-making and harvest planning,

– GIS, DSS and visualisation software,

– Computer hardware.

In this article tools are categorized into 5 categories.

2. SCOPE OF RESEARCH – Problematika istraživanja

2.1. Surveying technologies – Tehnologije izmjereCurrently, photogrammetric measurement methods

with support of terrestrial measurements using totalstations, electronic tachymeter and fieldmaper are do-minating in the forest mapping. However, these met-hods do not provide information on all the detailshidden under crops, where there are various complica-tions caused by considerable segmentation and opacityof terrain; that’s why geodetic (terrestrial) methods areused for supporting of photogrammetric measurementmethods.

• Forest mapping technology GNSS – They arehighly accurate satellite based radio navigation systemswhich provide us three dimensional positioning (eleva-tion of the ground and coordinates x, y) and time infor-mation. This system gathers data position singleobjectives (K h a l i 2001).

GNSS users have now fully available two satellitesystems: NAVSTAR system developed by U.S.A andthe Russian GLONASS system. The third satellite sy-stem GALILEO is the EU project, which aim is to builda new and an advanced satellite system, which wouldcontribute to maximum efficiency in measurements ofGNSS. The successful launch and expansion of the GA-LILEO system would be more than double the numberof GNSS signals, which will be available to users(Tu č e k et al., 2007). Currently, in mapping both sy-stems are used, which increases the accuracy and avai-lability of mapping in extreme conditions (GLONASSsystem significantly offset the deficiency of AmericanNAVSTAR satellites, which lead to increase of accu-racy and availability of GNSS technology in extremeenvironments such as forest.

The equipment on the GNSS basis, sometimes cal-led GPS/GIS, is effective in data collection in forestedareas, e.g. also in forest stand description (forest taxa-tion), in forest detail object location and attribute col-lection in forestry thematic mapping (Tu č e k et al.2002). These systems are used mainly for navigation on

the ground and under canopy but LIDAR and IFSARremote sensing technologies are equipped with GPS forobtaining accurate coordinate system of flying. At thistime there is an effort to equip the new forest (wheeledskidder, track skidder) and agriculture technologieswith GPS because of its navigation and monitoring abi-lities. GPS builds connections among map, image or di-gital database and real, physical location on the Earthsurface. A possibility of usage of such equipment fortracing and navigation (from the map, plan or image toreal conditions) is it’s another important attribute(Tu č e k , Suchomel 2003).

• Inertial navigation system – Inertial navigationsystem uses gyros, which is able to maintain on long-term indication of the specified direction. Measurementis based on the spread of the laser pulse in very longconvoluted coils into fibreglass. With the progress ofthe motion sensor there are also emerging inertial navi-gation systems operating on different principles. Thesesystems consist of sets capable of very sensitive accele-rometers measurement changes in the direction of mo-tion sensor. This sensor works in conjunction with acomputer that continuously integrates the input signalof the accelerometers and determines the current loca-tion of the observed object. Inertial navigation is able tomeasure even in densely forested terrain, where othernavigation may not work (R a p a n t 2002, M a r t i n i ćet al. 2001).

• Terrestrial Laser scanner – Terrestrial laser scan-ning systems allows obtaining a large amount of datafast, called a point cloud. Point Cloud is a set of x, y, zcoordinates and sometimes number of intensity, whichafter processing provides a 3D model of objects and ter-rain. Current researches are focused on forest inventoryautomation, for the derivation of forest stand and treecharacteristics (height, diameter, round base, number ofstem) and identification of the tree based on bark.


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These technologies have significant advantages be-cause they are capable of collecting highly detaileddata quickly from a large area with varying conditionsat repeated time intervals. LIDAR offers us many diffe-rent data products such as digital elevation model grid,contours, raw point data and intensity image. Fromdata of IFSAR we are able to obtain almost similar pro-ducts like from LIDAR however Orthorectified RadarImagery (ORRI) is very significant data product ofIFSAR. These products are used in Hydrology Model-ling, Flood Risk Assessment, Land Use and LandCover Mapping, Earth Crust Deformation Monitoring,Riparian Studies and Forestry Mapping.

Mainly, LIDAR has an important role in precisionforestry because of its accuracy and other advantages.

Nowadays, it is one of the most used and researchednew technologies in the world by which we have reac-hed valuable and useful information related to ForestryManagement and other branches as Shoreline and BeachVolume Changes, Flood Risk Analysis, Water-Flow Is-sues, Habitat Mapping, Subsidence Issues, Riparian Stu-dies, Emergency Response, Transportation Mapping,Telecommunication Planning and Urban Development.

Other airborne and satellite remote sensing techno-logies enable us to acquire data from high spatial reso-lution images, multi-spectral and hyperspectral images.In general, the remote sensing technologies are fast, ac-curate and cost-effective sources of data.

Figure 1 Laser Rangefinder Instrument. Slika 1. Laserski daljinomjer.

(Source/izvor: http://www.laserrangefinderreviews.org/)

• Laser Rangefinder Instrument –The laser rangefinger is used for detectingdistances and gradients between the instru-ment and an object. Principle of the laserrangefinder is based on laser beam, whichis sent towards the object and measures theflight time of laser pulse reflected off thetarget. This tool is often combined withother device for example Fieldmap orvideo rangefinger instrument.

2.2. Airborne and satellite remote sensing technology as LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and IFSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) –

Tehnologije zračnog i satelitskog daljinskog istraživanja kao LIDAR I IFSAR

2.3. Real-time process control scanners – Procesni skeneri kontrole drva u realnom vremenu Tools of precision forestry which were previously

mentioned provide information in real-time. They havehardware and software devices which can be used eit-her directly in the forestry fieldwork (combination byGPS) or in the wood processing industry (sawmill).This group can be divided into tools for tree identifica-tion (RFID and Aroma tagging) and tools for wood ma-terial testing and measurement (UDD, CT).

• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) – it is fo-cused on identifying trees and timber via wireless

means and on sensing properties of the tree/timber du-ring the identification process. RFID is a tag on treethat can gather a wide variety of information abouttrees and wood in-situ and real-time (Wi l s o n et al.2001).

• UDD (Ultrasound decay detectors) – it is used todetect decay in trees. It measures ultrasound signaltime of flight from the transmitter to the receiver acrossthe diameter of a tree (L e i n i n g e r et al. 2001).


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Figure 2 Wood material testing and measurement. Slika 2. Ispitivanje i mjerenje drvnog materijala.

(Source/Izvor: Wilson et al. 2001)

Figure 3 Using ultrasound to detect defects in trees. Slika 3. Otkrivanje grešaka u stablu pomoću ultrazvuka.

(Source/Izvor: Leininger et al. 2001)

• CT (Computed tomography) Automated LogGrading System – Computed tomography uses x-raysto produce high-resolution cross-sectional images ofthe internal structure of log (R a y n e r et al. 2001). Theresult is a defect map from the computed tomographydata.

• FieldMap – World-wide, Fieldmap is very usefultool for forest inventorying, which computes field datacollected during fieldworks. This device consists of har-dware set like Electronic compass, optical scope, laser

Figure 4 An automated log grading system. Slika 4. Automatizirani sustav ocjenjivanja stanja debla/trupca.

(Source/Izvor: Rayner et al. 2002)

rangefinger, field computer, GPS, inclinometers andsoftware divided into two main parts FM Project Mana-ger and FM Data Collector. For data analysis there isused FM Inventory Analyst and FM Stem Analyst.FieldMap is used for forest structure mapping, long-

Figure 5 Source: http://www.fieldmap.cz/Slika 5. Izvor: http://www.fieldmap.cz/

term monitoring, descrtiption of forest stand, dendro-metry measurements (tree height, crown projection andprofile, stem profile, estimation of volume of timber),assessment biomass and growth stocks.


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GIS is a spatial information system that comprisesout of four basic elements; hardware, software, data anduser. By capturing, storing, checking, manipulating andanalyzing the terrain information related to spatial andgeographic distribution it can export all kinds of dataand graphs, and provide a series of helpful documentsand plans for the decision maker (L i et al. 2000).

This system can accommodate large amounts ofdata. GIS operates with variety of data types such asmaps, images, digital products, GPS, text data and ta-bular data, all of which can be received from multiplesources. There is possibility to create large databasesfrom gaining and measuring data which are joined withvector and raster formats. These outputs provide us

specific images and maps such as Digital ElevationModels (DEMs), Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), To-pographic Line Maps (TLMs), Contours, Shaded Re-lief, Slope & Aspect and Thematic Maps. The outputsare results of respective analyzes, such as Image analy-sis, Distance analysis, Spatial analysis, Geostatisticalsanalysis, Surface analysis, ect.

Related to other tools, GIS as software is very signi-ficant. This software can be integrated into handheldcomputers used for fieldwork and obtains informationdirectly from outside. GIS has one important advantage– it is possible to create networks of GIS, which allowsquick access to data and information.

2.4. GIS (Geographic Information System) – Geografski informacijski sustav

2.5. DSS (Decision support systems) – Sustavi za potporu odlučivanjuThey are specific software solutions, which have

been developed for solving specific problems and offerforecast and factually information. Advantage of deci-sion support systems is that it can be joined with GISby which we can improve results. At present, therehave been some decision support systems which dealtwith predicting road networks, forest operation plan-ning, forest inventory and others types of solutions. Allof them are based on algorithms by which the solutionand forecast is reached, and subsequently visualized.

In Slovakia at the Technical University in Zvolenthere were OHTS (optimal harvesting and logging tech-nology selection) model created, which were used forselection of optimal timber harvesting and logging mac-hinery and technology; also FFRA model (Forest FireRisk Assessment) is used for fire risk analysis which issignificant part of the fire warning system. These DDSswere developed in NetWeaver environment and EMDS(Ecosystem Management Decision Support) environ-ment and subsequently linked up with GIS.

• OHTS model is based on the assessment of ecolo-gical criteria like the terrain accessibility, the skiddingdistance, the erosion caused by logging, the cuttingmethod, the soil capacity, the forest stand structure, thetrucks loading places and on the assessment of econo-mical and ergonomic criteria. The results of model as-sessment (digital or printed maps representing theappropriateness of each machinery/technology used oneach forest stand), using the OHTS model, can be usedby forest planners, mainly for operational and tacticalplanning of timber harvesting and logging activities inthe forest (Tu č e k and M a j l i n g o v á 2010, S u c h o -m e l and B a l e n o v á 2009).

• FFRA (Forest Fire Risk Assessment) model isbased on existing methodology, which can be imple-mented to Decision support software. Methodology isbased on two types of analyzes. In the first type, the fo-

rest fire risk is described by means of probability, theassumed disturbance of the forest (based on its speciescomposition) in the age (t) during a common year. Inthe second type of analyzes, the influence of relevantgeographic factors (elevation, slope, aspect, the nearestroad distance, the nearest settlement and urbanizedarea distance) is tested against the fire occurrence. Touse it, you have to acquire the data about burned out fo-rest areas by processing records about fires in foreststands of the analyzed area in order to calculate the pro-babilities reporting the assumed disturbance of the fo-rest. The results can be implemented also to forestmanagement planning as a measure for reducing thevulnerability of the forest in the future. (Tu č e k andM a j l i n g o v á 2010).

Among decision support systems file growth simu-lator software can be stipulated, which is implementedin forestry and ecology. In Slovakia there has been de-veloped a growth simulator with entitled SYBILAwhich provides the advantage of an individual tree mo-delling approach. The model is able to predict forestdevelopment under the consideration of a wide rangeof input parameters. The growth simulator has alreadybeen successfully applied for the simulation of the im-pact of climate change and differently type of forest ca-lamity on the development of Slovak forests (Fabrikaet al. 2008). This model can be implemented into cur-rent forestry practice as a tool for decision support.Also, other European countries have some famousgrowth simulator software such as SILVA, MOSES,FOREST, STAND PROGNOSIS MODEL, BWIM andCORKFITS. These software solutions are very accu-rate and they have been constantly improved.

Precision forestry and all its tools provide manyadvantages to foresters, forest owners and wood pro-cessing industries and others.


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Modern information technologies allow quick anddirect communication among single forest operations.This allows reducing costs and increasing yield for fo-rest enterprise and wood processing industry.

There are some disadvantages and problems withtools of precision forestry. One of them is that tools ofprecision forestry are not standard in all forest enterpri-ses. Individual tools of precision forestry must be ne-cessary combined in order to obtain more preciseinformation, not only quantitative but also the qualita-tive aspects of the forest resource. The most commoncombination of tools are GIS, GPS and remote sensingtechnologies, which offer adequate resources of gai-ning precision data and additional accuracy of informa-tion used for decision. The other tools have narrowrange of utilization and they are focused on specificfield of forestry management. The next disadvantage isthe price of some required data types which are signifi-cantly influenced by cost of tools operations and theiraccessibility. Tools of precision forestry are demandingmainly on hardware and some of them also software.Because of high demands on hardware, the acquisitioncosts are increased and tools are not reachable to all fo-rest enterprise at the present.

All recorded data from tools is processed by suita-ble software and additionally necessary information is

gained. Information has been recognized as being of si-milar importance as the basic production factors in pro-ducing enterprises. It plays an important role inplanning, implementation and controlling productionprocesses while supporting the management by provi-ding relevant data on how to dispose of all relevant pro-duction factors (K ä t s c h 2006). There are some issuesof information quality, mainly problems with poor ac-curacy, low precision, incompleteness and missing re-levancy, all of which can be removed by combinationand further development of tools of precision forestry.Obtained information from treated data can be used byall forest operations, wood processing industry and en-vironmental protection professionals.

• Information for forest operations is used by selec-ting the suitable stand, harvesting operation, forwarding,storage and transport wood. Knowledge of informationsignificantly influences planning, organization, controland duration of forestry works.

• For wood processing industry there is important in-formation about wood as dimension, grade, grain,blight disease, stiffness and taper. This information inf-luences production wood products thereby profitabilitywood industry.

• For environmental protection there is important in-formation mainly about soil as erodibility, disturbance,

Figure 6 Diagram of Precision forestry. Slika 6. Dijagram “preciznog šumarstva”.

(Source/Izvor: Kovácsová, P. 2009)


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compaction of soil and water supply as sedimentation,ditchwater. New information and knowledge have si-gnificant function in protecting rare ecosystem, parts ofcounty as aquatic and wildlife habitats.

After perusing certain number of scientific materialfrom conferences about precision forestry there was anexplanatory diagram made showing the processes ofprecision forestry.

3. CONCLUSION – ZaključakThe term Precision Forestry is very debatable

among researchers and variable definitions of Precisionforestry depend on individual interpretation and under-standing. The specific definition of the term precisionforestry does not exist, while individual experts explainthis term differently, but the principle of term remainsessentially the same. In our opinion, the concept of“precision forestry” is that the use of modern tools andtechniques to get as much real information as it is possi-ble to improve decision making process and to ensurethat current targets of forest management are met.

Precision forestry tools will help to make futureoperation more economically viable and to satisfy pu-blic and environment demands. This is important forsustainable management of forest and renewable re-sources. By idea of precision forestry we are able toimprove productivity of forest, long-term planning,global and crop inventory, planning of road network(hauling road, skid trail), sustainable utilization of re-newable resources and reducing negative environmen-tal consequences.

Integration of precision forestry into Slovak forestmanagement will have important meaning in the fu-ture. Quick progress of precision forestry aims to maketechnologies and accurate data accessible both to forestenterprise and to public. Additionally, every deficiencyof forest management can be reduced or completely re-moved. This new direction of “Precision forestry” willbring modernization into not only Slovak silviculture.

In Technical University in Zvolen in Slovakia therewere created Decision support system for Forest FireRisk Assessment and for Optimal Harvesting Techno-logy Selection (used EMDS) and Growth simulatorSYBILA.

This work was supported by the Scientific GrandAgency of the Ministry of Education of the Slovak re-public and the Academy of Sciences under the contractNo. VEGA 1/0764/10 and by the Agency of Educationfor EU Structural Funds of the Ministry Education ofthe Slovak republic.

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F a b r i k a , M., S t ř e l c o v á , K., & D i t m a r o v á , Ľ.(2008). Tree growth simulator as a tool for treetranspiration modeling depending on climaticparameters. Air Pollution and Climate Change atContrasting Altitude and Latitude. 23rd IUFROConference for specialists in air pollution andclimate change effects on forest ecosystems, (s. 137). Murten, Switzeland.

K a t s c h , C. (2006). Precision forestry and informa-tion- Information Management a forgotten task?–. Symposium Proceedings IUFRO PrecisionForestry Symposium, (s. 175–186). Stellen-bosch. http://academic.sun.ac.za/forestry/preci-sion/iufro2006.html

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L i , W., X i a o , B., & L i , Y. (2000). Applications ofRS, GPS and GIS to Forest Management inChina. Journal of Forestry Research , (s. 69–71.)www.springerlink.com/index/M486U51X0377463T.pdf

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R a s h e r , M. (2001). The use GPS and mobile map-ping for decision-based precision agriculture.Workshop on the use of GNSS jointly organizedby UN/USA/Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur.www.gisdevelopment.net/application/agricul-ture/overview/agrio0011.htm

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SAŽETAK: Članak upoznaje znanstvenu i stručnu javnost s osnovnim in-formacijama vezanima za pojam “precizno šumarstvo”. Ovaj termin obuh-vaća novi koncept šumarskog djelovanja koji se oslanja na moderne alate itehnologije, s ciljem dobivanja što veće količine pravodobnih i korektnih in-formacija nužnih za sustav podrške pri odlučivanju. “Precizno šumarstvo”jednako je vezano uz zadovoljavanje aktualnih ciljeva gospodarenja šumamas ekonomskog, socijalnog i ekološkog stajališta, ali i s drvno-tehnološkog gle-dišta šireg šumarskog sektora. Od modernih tehnologija danas su u europ-skom šumarstvu najzastupljenije one vezane uz daljinska istraživanja igeografski informacijski sustav (GIS). U novije se vrijeme u mnogim podru-čjima šumarske znanosti i prakse koriste različiti navigacijski sustavi. Noviglobalni trend koji se sve više primjenjuje u poljoprivredi, odnosi se na sustavpodrške pri odlučivanju – tzv. “Decision support system (DSS)”. Pojedinetehnologije navedenog sustava već su našle praktičnu primjenu u šumarstvu.Takvi su npr. alati za identifikaciju pogrešaka na sortimentima te instrumentiza testiranje i mjerenje drvnog materijala. Zbog svoje praktičnosti i pravovre-menih informacija, postoji velik interes za primjenom tehnologija “preciznogšumarstva” u mnogim područjima operativnoga šumarstva.

Precizno šumarstvo koristi razne tehnike i alate koji se različito klasifici-raju. U ovom radu klasifikacija je napravljena u 5 kategorija:

• Geodetske tehnologije (GNSS - globalni navigacijski satelitski sustavi)koje uključuju tehnologije za kartiranje šuma, inercijske navigacijske sustave,zemaljske laserske skenere i laserski daljinomjere, od kojih je jedan modelpri kazan na slici 1.);

• Avionske i satelitske tehnologije daljinskih istraživanja kao LIDAR (LightDetection and Ranging) i IFSAR (Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar);

• U realnom vremenu procesni skener za kontrolu drva (identifikacijaradio frekvencijom na slici 2., ultrazvučni detektori propadanja drva na slici3., kompjuterizirana tomografija na slici 4.);


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• Geografski informacijski sustav (GIS);• Sustav podrške pri odlučivanju koji je spojiv sa GIS-om.• U Slovačkoj, na Tehničkom Sveučilištu u Zvolenu razvijeni su softverski

sustavi podrške kod odlučivanja pod sljedećim nazivima:• OTHS (Optimal harvesting and logging technology selection) – program

za odabir optimalne tehnologije kod sječe i privlačenja/izvoženja) sortime-nata;

• FFRA (Forest Fire Risk Assessment) – program za procjenu rizika od na-stanka požara;

• SYBILA – softver za simulaciju rasta drveta koji se primjenjuju u šumar-stvu i ekologiji.

Usprkos raznovrsnim definicijama pojedinih autora, koncept “preciznogšumarstva”, prikazan u obliku dijagrama na slici 6., podrazumijeva planiranjei provođenje aktivnosti vezanih za različita stajališta gospodarenja šumom teoperacije za poboljšanje kvalitete finalnih proizvoda od drva, iskorištenje dr-vnih resursa, smanjenje otpada, povećanje dobit i održavanje kvalitete okoliša.

Predviđanja su da će integracija “preciznog šumarstva” u bliskoj buduć-nosti u slovačkom šumarstvu voditi itekako važnu ulogu, posebice radi omo-gućavanja brze i izravne komunikacije između pojedinih šumarskih operateras ciljem dobivanja pravovremenih i korisnih informacija za donošenje ključ-nih odluka. Posljedično, to će omogućiti smanjenje troškova i povećanje pri-hoda i profita i za šumarska poduzeća i za drvnu industriju.

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