pc maintenance: preparing for a+ certification chapter 27: the boot process
TRANSCRIPT
PC Maintenance: PC Maintenance: Preparing for A+ Preparing for A+
CertificationCertificationChapter 27: The Boot ProcessChapter 27: The Boot Process
Chapter 27 ObjectivesChapter 27 Objectives
Understand bootable disksUnderstand bootable disks Identify key boot files in each OS versionIdentify key boot files in each OS version List the boot sequence for each OSList the boot sequence for each OS Use alternative boot modesUse alternative boot modes Create and use a boot floppyCreate and use a boot floppy Use the Recovery ConsoleUse the Recovery Console Create and use an ERDCreate and use an ERD Troubleshoot startup and shutdown problemsTroubleshoot startup and shutdown problems
What Constitutes a Bootable What Constitutes a Bootable Disk?Disk?
A disk that can bring the PC to a functional A disk that can bring the PC to a functional level, with the OS ready to accept user level, with the OS ready to accept user commandscommands
Startup Configuration Files for Startup Configuration Files for DOSDOS
CONFIG.SYSCONFIG.SYS Used primarily under MS-DOSUsed primarily under MS-DOS Plain text filePlain text file Lists environment variables and device driversLists environment variables and device drivers Runs only at startupRuns only at startup
AUTOEXEC.BATAUTOEXEC.BAT Used primarily under MS-DOSUsed primarily under MS-DOS Plain text filePlain text file Lists applications to run at startupLists applications to run at startup Simple batch file, can be rerun at any timeSimple batch file, can be rerun at any time
Sample CONFIG.SYSSample CONFIG.SYS
Sample AUTOEXEC.BATSample AUTOEXEC.BAT
Startup Configuration Files for Startup Configuration Files for Windows 3.xWindows 3.x
SYSTEM.INISYSTEM.INI Loads device driversLoads device drivers Defines environment variablesDefines environment variables
WIN.INIWIN.INI Loads applicationsLoads applications Sets display settings and I/O device settingsSets display settings and I/O device settings Defines application settingsDefines application settings
Sample SYSTEM.INISample SYSTEM.INI
Sample WIN.INISample WIN.INI
The RegistryThe Registry
32-bit versions of Windows system 32-bit versions of Windows system settings filessettings files
In Windows 9x:In Windows 9x: SYSTEM.DAT and SYSTEM.DAT and USER.DATUSER.DAT
In Windows NT/2000/XP:In Windows NT/2000/XP: SAM, SAM, SECURITY, SYSTEM, SOFTWARE, SECURITY, SYSTEM, SOFTWARE, DEFAULTDEFAULT
Accessed through the Registry Editor as a Accessed through the Registry Editor as a single databasesingle database
MS-DOS Boot SequenceMS-DOS Boot Sequence
1.1. BIOS performs POSTBIOS performs POST2.2. BIOS searches for master boot record (MBR), BIOS searches for master boot record (MBR),
which defines the active partitionwhich defines the active partition3.3. MBR takes control and locates IO.SYSMBR takes control and locates IO.SYS4.4. IO.SYS takes control, identifies hardwareIO.SYS takes control, identifies hardware5.5. IO.SYS runs CONFIG.SYSIO.SYS runs CONFIG.SYS6.6. MSDOS.SYS takes control, loads OS kernel MSDOS.SYS takes control, loads OS kernel
into RAMinto RAM7.7. MSDOS.SYS runs AUTOEXEC.BATMSDOS.SYS runs AUTOEXEC.BAT8.8. Command.com displays a command promptCommand.com displays a command prompt
Windows 9x Boot SequenceWindows 9x Boot Sequence
1.1. BIOS performs POSTBIOS performs POST
2.2. BIOS searches for MBRBIOS searches for MBR
3.3. MBR takes control and locates IO.SYSMBR takes control and locates IO.SYS
4.4. IO.SYS takes control, runs MSDOS.SYS IO.SYS takes control, runs MSDOS.SYS instructionsinstructions
5.5. IO.SYS loads LOGO.SYS (graphic file) and IO.SYS loads LOGO.SYS (graphic file) and displays it as Windows “splash screen”displays it as Windows “splash screen”
6.6. IO.SYS looks for SYSTEM.DAT and USER.DAT IO.SYS looks for SYSTEM.DAT and USER.DAT and checks themand checks them
Windows 9x Boot SequenceWindows 9x Boot Sequence
7.7. IO.SYS loads SYSTEM.DATIO.SYS loads SYSTEM.DAT
8.8. IO.SYS executes CONFIG.SYS and IO.SYS executes CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXECB.BAT if presentAUTOEXECB.BAT if present
9.9. IO.SYS loads HIMEM.SYSIO.SYS loads HIMEM.SYS
10.10. IO.SYS loads WIN.COMIO.SYS loads WIN.COM
11.11. Win.COM loads 386.VXD (virtual Win.COM loads 386.VXD (virtual memory manager)memory manager)
12.12. VMM386.VXD loads 32-bit device driversVMM386.VXD loads 32-bit device drivers
Windows 9x Boot SequenceWindows 9x Boot Sequence
13.13. WIN.COM processes SYSTEM.INI if WIN.COM processes SYSTEM.INI if presentpresent
14.14. WIN.COM loads KRNL32.DLL, GDI.EXE, WIN.COM loads KRNL32.DLL, GDI.EXE, and USER.EXEand USER.EXE
15.15. WIN.COM executes WIN.INI if presentWIN.COM executes WIN.INI if present
16.16. WIN.COM runs any programs from WIN.COM runs any programs from Startup folder on Start menuStartup folder on Start menu
Alternative Boot Modes for Alternative Boot Modes for Windows 9xWindows 9x
Press F8 as PC is starting up to see Press F8 as PC is starting up to see Startup MenuStartup Menu
Alternative Boot Modes for Alternative Boot Modes for Windows 9xWindows 9x
Safe ModeSafe Mode
Minimal Minimal set of set of driversdrivers
Standard Standard VGA VGA driverdriver
No No support support for CD, for CD, sound, sound, modemsmodems
Step by Step ConfirmationStep by Step Confirmation
Accept or reject each line of the startupAccept or reject each line of the startup
Windows NT, 2000, and XP Boot Windows NT, 2000, and XP Boot SequenceSequence
1.1. BIOS performs POSTBIOS performs POST2.2. BIOS searches for MBRBIOS searches for MBR3.3. MBR takes control and locates NTLDRMBR takes control and locates NTLDR4.4. NTLDR switches CPU into 32-bit protected NTLDR switches CPU into 32-bit protected
modemode5.5. NTLDR reads BOOT.INI. If multiple OSes, it NTLDR reads BOOT.INI. If multiple OSes, it
displays a menu for user choice, and passes displays a menu for user choice, and passes control to the chosen OScontrol to the chosen OS
6.6. NTLDR runs NTDETECT.COM, which detects NTLDR runs NTDETECT.COM, which detects the hardware for Registrythe hardware for Registry
Windows NT, 2000, and XP Boot Windows NT, 2000, and XP Boot SequenceSequence
7.7. NTLDR reads NTOSKRNL (OS kernel) NTLDR reads NTOSKRNL (OS kernel) into memory into memory
8.8. NTLDR locates drivers for Registry-NTLDR locates drivers for Registry-reported hardwarereported hardware
9.9. NTLDR hands over control to NTLDR hands over control to NTOSKRNL.EXENTOSKRNL.EXE
10.10. NTOSKRNL.EXE loads the device NTOSKRNL.EXE loads the device drivers and the GUIdrivers and the GUI
Alternative Boot Modes for NT 4Alternative Boot Modes for NT 4
VGA mode VGA mode
Alternative Boot Modes for Windows Alternative Boot Modes for Windows 2000 and XP2000 and XP
Troubleshooting 9x StartupTroubleshooting 9x Startup
No operating system foundNo operating system found No bootable disk is availableNo bootable disk is available PC does not see hard drivePC does not see hard drive Hard drive not formattingHard drive not formatting No OS installedNo OS installed Loose connection to hard diskLoose connection to hard disk Physical malfunctionPhysical malfunction Virus infectionVirus infection IO.SYS or MSDOS.SYS missing or corruptedIO.SYS or MSDOS.SYS missing or corrupted
Troubleshooting 9x StartupTroubleshooting 9x Startup
Error in CONFIG.SYS Line xxError in CONFIG.SYS Line xx Driver called for in CONFIG.SYS missing or Driver called for in CONFIG.SYS missing or
corruptedcorrupted Bad or Missing COMMAND.COMBad or Missing COMMAND.COM Stuck at Windows splash screenStuck at Windows splash screen
Press Esc to see what is going on behind itPress Esc to see what is going on behind it Disable virtual memoryDisable virtual memory Rebuild paging fileRebuild paging file
Troubleshooting 9x StartupTroubleshooting 9x Startup
Missing, Corrupt, or Unloaded Missing, Corrupt, or Unloaded HIMEM.SYSHIMEM.SYS
Windows protection errorWindows protection error Virtual device driver problemVirtual device driver problem Start in Safe Mode and check for a real-mode Start in Safe Mode and check for a real-mode
driver on CONFIG.SYSdriver on CONFIG.SYS Remove and reinstall the deviceRemove and reinstall the device
Device referenced in SYSTEM.INI or Device referenced in SYSTEM.INI or WIN.INI not foundWIN.INI not found
Troubleshooting 9x StartupTroubleshooting 9x Startup
General protection fault (GPF)General protection fault (GPF) Two programs try to use the same memory Two programs try to use the same memory
spacespace Make a note of the file causing the error, and Make a note of the file causing the error, and
restartrestart If repeats, try reinstalling the associated If repeats, try reinstalling the associated
program or using EXTRACT to re-copy file program or using EXTRACT to re-copy file from Windows discfrom Windows disc
Troubleshooting 2000/XP StartupTroubleshooting 2000/XP Startup
Try Safe ModeTry Safe Mode Try restoring last known good Try restoring last known good
configurationconfiguration If Windows XP, use System RestoreIf Windows XP, use System Restore Repair Windows installation by booting Repair Windows installation by booting
from Setup CD and choosing Repairfrom Setup CD and choosing Repair
Controlling What Loads at Controlling What Loads at StartupStartup
Disable items in Disable items in WIN.INI, WIN.INI, SYSTEM.INI, SYSTEM.INI, AUTOEXEC.BAT, AUTOEXEC.BAT, and CONFIG.SYS and CONFIG.SYS through the through the System System Configuration Configuration Editor (SYSEDIT)Editor (SYSEDIT)
Controlling What Loads at Controlling What Loads at StartupStartup
Delete items from Startup folder on Start menuDelete items from Startup folder on Start menu
Controlling What Loads at Controlling What Loads at StartupStartup
Use System Use System Configuration Utility Configuration Utility (MSCONFIG) to (MSCONFIG) to disable startup disable startup itemsitems
Creating a 9x Startup FloppyCreating a 9x Startup Floppy
1.1. Open Control PanelOpen Control Panel
2.2. Add/Remove Programs, Startup Disk tabAdd/Remove Programs, Startup Disk tab
3.3. Click Create Disk and follow the promptsClick Create Disk and follow the prompts
How a Boot Floppy WorksHow a Boot Floppy Works
1.1. Booting from floppy creates RAM diskBooting from floppy creates RAM disk
2.2. Compressed files are decompressed onto Compressed files are decompressed onto RAM diskRAM disk
Therefore… some utilities are directly on Therefore… some utilities are directly on the floppy, and others are on the RAM diskthe floppy, and others are on the RAM disk
Files on a Boot FloppyFiles on a Boot Floppy DRVSPACE.BIN:DRVSPACE.BIN: Support for hard disks compressed Support for hard disks compressed
with DriveSpacewith DriveSpace EBD.CAB:EBD.CAB: The compressed file containing extra utilities The compressed file containing extra utilities
to be placed on RAM diskto be placed on RAM disk AUTOEXEC.BATAUTOEXEC.BAT and and CONFIG.SYSCONFIG.SYS FINDRAMD.EXE:FINDRAMD.EXE: Locates the RAM disk Locates the RAM disk EXTRACT.EXE:EXTRACT.EXE: Extracts compressed files to RAM disk Extracts compressed files to RAM disk FDISK:FDISK: Partitions disks Partitions disks README.TXT:README.TXT: Information Information CD-ROM driversCD-ROM drivers
Files on the RAM DiskFiles on the RAM Disk
What is an ERD?What is an ERD?
Emergency Repair DiskEmergency Repair Disk
For Windows 2000/XP onlyFor Windows 2000/XP only
Not bootableNot bootable
Stores settings that can help repair Stores settings that can help repair Windows, along with Windows Setup’s Windows, along with Windows Setup’s Repair modeRepair mode
Specific to that PCSpecific to that PC
Creating an ERDCreating an ERD
1.1. Start the Start the Backup Backup applicationapplication
2.2. Click the Click the Emergency Emergency Repair Disk Repair Disk buttonbutton
3.3. Follow the Follow the promptsprompts
What Is the Recovery Console?What Is the Recovery Console?
Command-line interfaceCommand-line interface Limited set of commandsLimited set of commands Accessible even when Windows will not Accessible even when Windows will not
start normallystart normally Can repair the MBR, disable services, etc.Can repair the MBR, disable services, etc.
Booting to the Recovery ConsoleBooting to the Recovery Console
1.1. Boot from the Windows CDBoot from the Windows CD
2.2. Choose R for RepairChoose R for Repair
3.3. Choose C for Recovery ConsoleChoose C for Recovery Console
4.4. Type 1 to choose the Windows installationType 1 to choose the Windows installation
5.5. Enter administrator password when Enter administrator password when promptedprompted
Recovery Console CommandsRecovery Console Commands
ATTRIBATTRIB CDCD MDMD COPYCOPY DELDEL CHKDSKCHKDSK
DIRDIR EXITEXIT EXPANDEXPAND FORMATFORMAT MDMD RDRD RENREN
Some are same as with Win9x startup disk:Some are same as with Win9x startup disk:
Recovery Console CommandsRecovery Console Commands
Some are different from normal command Some are different from normal command prompt commands:prompt commands: BATCHBATCH DISABLEDISABLE DISKPARTDISKPART ENABLEENABLE FIXBOOTFIXBOOT FIXMBRFIXMBR LISTSYSLISTSYS
Troubleshooting Shutdown Troubleshooting Shutdown ProblemsProblems
Does not shut off with Shut Down Does not shut off with Shut Down commandcommand Is ACPI enabled in BIOS Setup?Is ACPI enabled in BIOS Setup? Is it an ATX motherboard?Is it an ATX motherboard? Is ACPI enabled in Windows?Is ACPI enabled in Windows? Are case wires connected to motherboard?Are case wires connected to motherboard? Is a BIOS update available for motherboard?Is a BIOS update available for motherboard?
Troubleshooting Shutdown Troubleshooting Shutdown ProblemsProblems
Application Not RespondingApplication Not Responding Click End Task if dialog box appearsClick End Task if dialog box appears Press Ctrl+Alt+Delete and shut down Press Ctrl+Alt+Delete and shut down
applicationapplication No Shutdown with Power ButtonNo Shutdown with Power Button
Hold power button down for 5 secondsHold power button down for 5 seconds
Troubleshooting Shutdown Troubleshooting Shutdown ProblemsProblems
Windows 98 locks up when shutting downWindows 98 locks up when shutting down Download patch for Windows 98Download patch for Windows 98 Disable Fast Shutdown (in MSCONFIG)Disable Fast Shutdown (in MSCONFIG)