PbC Battery Module Specification FM-CUS-026 08/22/2016 Page 1 Electronically Controlled Document Rev: 4

PbC® Battery — Specifications

High Rate Charge and Discharge Capability

100% Depth of Discharge Capability

Excellent Cycle Life in Partial-State-Of Charge

Competitive Life Cycle Cost

Low Module Variation and Self-Equalization in Strings

Nearly 100% Recyclable

Maintenance Free—Sealed AGM Construction

UL Listed and Manufactured in the USA

Specification PBC-30H-12V PBC-30HT-12V PBC-L5-16V

Length –inches (mm) 13.50 (343) 13.50 (343) 13.86 (352)

Width- inches (mm) 6.75 (171) 6.75 (171) 6.85 (174)

Height- inches (mm) 8.5 (216) 10.75 (273) 7.5 (190)

Weight- lbs.(kg) 56 (25) 73 (33) 47 (21)

Terminals M6 or 3/8” M6 or 3/8” SAE Post

Nominal Voltage 12.0 12.0 16.0

Charge Voltage 13.5 13.5 18.0

Minimum Voltage (at 100% DOD) 3.6 3.6 4.8

Round Trip Energy Efficiency %- Deep Cycle 65-70 65-70 65-70

Round Trip Energy Efficiency %- PSOC 85 85 85

Round Trip Charge Efficiency %- Deep Cycle 95-98 95-98 95-98

Round Trip Charge Efficiency %- PSOC 98-99 98-99 98-99

Operating Temperature Limits---°C -20 to 50 -20 to 50 -20 to 50

Optimal Storage Temperature Range---°C -20 to 30 -20 to 30 -20 to 30

PbC Battery Design Features:

PbC Battery Module Specification FM-CUS-026 08/22/2016 Page 2 Electronically Controlled Document Rev: 4

PbC® Battery Discharge Specifications:

Time Watts

(W) Amps (A)

Capacity (Ah)

Energy (Wh)

Sp. Power (W/kg)

Sp. Energy (Wh/kg)

2 min 4774 751.0 25.0 159.1 175.4 5.8

5 min 2324 356.1 29.7 193.7 85.4 7.1

10 min 1348 202.5 33.8 224.7 49.5 8.3

15 min 981 145.6 36.4 245.1 36.0 9.0

20 min 782 115.2 38.4 260.7 28.7 9.6

30 min 569 82.8 41.4 284.4 20.9 10.5

45 min 414 59.5 44.6 310.3 15.2 11.4

1 hr 330 47.1 47.1 330.0 12.1 12.1

2 hr 191 26.8 53.5 382.9 7.0 14.1

3 hr 139 19.2 57.7 417.7 5.1 15.3

4 hr 111 15.2 60.9 444.2 4.1 16.3

8 hr 64 8.7 69.3 515.4 2.4 18.9

10 hr 54 7.2 72.2 540.7 2.0 19.9

20 hr 31 4.1 82.1 627.3 1.2 23.1

Time Watts

(W) Amps (A)

Capacity (Ah)

Energy (Wh)

Sp. Power (W/kg)

Sp. Energy (Wh/kg)

2 min 8834 1353.9 45.1 294.5 266.3 8.9

5 min 4121 620.5 51.7 343.4 124.2 10.4

10 min 2314 343.9 57.3 385.7 69.8 11.6

15 min 1652 243.5 60.9 412.9 49.8 12.4

20 min 1300 190.6 63.5 433.3 39.2 13.1

30 min 928 135.0 67.5 463.8 28.0 14.0

45 min 662 95.6 71.7 496.4 20.0 15.0

1 hr 521 74.8 74.8 521.0 15.7 15.7

2 hr 293 41.5 82.9 585.2 8.8 17.6

3 hr 209 29.4 88.1 626.4 6.3 18.9

4 hr 164 23.0 91.9 657.4 5.0 19.8

8 hr 92 12.7 101.9 738.5 2.8 22.3

10 hr 77 10.5 105.3 766.6 2.3 23.1

20 hr 43 5.8 116.7 861.2 1.3 26.0

Time Watts

(W) Amps (A)

Capacity (Ah)

Energy (Wh)

Sp. Power (W/kg)

Sp. Energy (Wh/kg)

2 min 7976 910.2 30.3 265.9 347.1 11.6

5 min 3515 393.6 32.8 292.9 153.0 12.7

10 min 1891 208.8 34.8 315.2 82.3 13.7

15 min 1316 144.1 36.0 329.0 57.3 14.3

20 min 1017 110.7 36.9 339.1 44.3 14.8

30 min 708 76.4 38.2 354.0 30.8 15.4

45 min 493 52.7 39.5 369.5 21.4 16.1

1 hr 381 40.5 40.5 380.9 16.6 16.6

2 hr 205 21.5 43.0 409.8 8.9 17.8

3 hr 143 14.8 44.5 427.8 6.2 18.6

4 hr 110 11.4 45.6 441.0 4.8 19.2

8 hr 59 6.0 48.4 474.5 2.6 20.6

10 hr 49 4.9 49.3 485.8 2.1 21.1

20 hr 26 2.6 52.3 522.7 1.1 22.7

PbC Battery Module Specification FM-CUS-026 08/22/2016 Page 3 Electronically Controlled Document Rev: 4

PbC® Battery Characteristics: The PbC battery has significantly higher charge acceptance (10-20x) compared to lead–acid batteries. The Dynamic Micro Hybrid Test (DMHT) is commonly used to assess battery charge acceptance and cycle life in partial state-of-charge situations, and it can be used for bench-marking battery performance for any application requiring such conditions. As shown in the figure to the left, the PbC battery maintains maximum Dynamic Charge Acceptance on the DMHT cycle protocol for over 100,000 cycles. The battery eventually reaches end-of-life due to positive plate sulfation, which gradually increases the end-of-charge

voltage and decreases end of discharge voltage. Traditional VRLA batteries degrade quickly (left), showing an increased charge acceptance advantage of PbC up to 20x after only 9 months of equivalent drive time.

The PbC battery cycles longer than conventional lead–acid batteries showing a significant increase in capacity retention, regardless of DOD. While the average discharge energy out of the PbC battery is less than that of the VRLA battery, the total energy output is greater due to the increased number of cycles achieved (see graph at bottom left).

The PbC battery also exhibits low module to module variation when connected in series strings. This is because batteries (or cells) at a lower state-of-charge can recharge faster than batteries at a higher state-of-charge, ultimately resulting in a mechanism for self-equalization. Shown in the graph (bottom right) below, three batteries at varying states of charge will normalize within 10-12 cycles.

PbC Battery Module Specification FM-CUS-026 08/22/2016 Page 4 Electronically Controlled Document Rev: 4

Charging a PbC® Battery Module

Using the profile depicted below, the PbC battery’s unique properties allow them to be fully charged from 100% DOD within 5 hours once the maximum charge voltage has been reached. The minimum inrush current (initial current before the battery reaches its maximum charging voltage) should be 0.4C10, though higher currents are recommended if possible. C10 is the 10-hour current (the current that the battery can discharge for 10 hours). Once the voltage reaches the limit of 13.5V for 12V models (18.0V for 16V models), or 2.25 volts per cell, the battery should be held at that voltage for 5 more hours or until 105% charge return is reached to ensure full capacity return. Total charge time should not exceed 8 hours. Upon receipt of new batteries, it is suggested that each battery be “conditioned” prior to measurement and testing. Conditioning protocol is a simple discharge to 3.6V for 12V models (4.8V for 16V models) at any discharge rate less than or equal to C/1. Then recharge by the standard method described above.

The recommended charge algorithm for PbC battery strings is a multi-step constant current charge outlined in row 1 on the table below. Each step lasts until one battery reaches 13.5V for 12V modules (18.0V for 16V modules). As the steps are completed, the batteries at lower SOC will begin to catch up to the batteries at higher SOC in the string. At this point the batteries are ready to use. If the string is not to be used immediately, then the following periodic float charge algorithm shown in row 2 on the table below should be employed. This serves the same purpose as float charging in traditional VRLA string applications. It is recommended for when the string voltage drops below an average of the nominal voltage of the individual modules in the string (12V or 16V depending on module used).

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

String Charge C/2 C/5 C/30

String Float Charge C/10 C/30 N/A Because the PbC battery is a combination of lead-acid and super capacitor technologies, the device exhibits a higher rate of self-discharge compared to industry standard VRLA products, but the rate of discharge remains much lower than that of super capacitors. Like other battery technologies, however, the rate of self-discharge is directly impacted by the storage temperature. It is recommended that all PbC batteries be stored at the lowest possible temperature to ensure optimum energy retention and extended shelf-life.

PbC battery charge profile

Self-Discharge of PBC batteries in percentage of energy remaining.