pb ss tb geography - walch · pb ss tb geography 4/13/05 11:32 am page 14. 5. what is the equator?...

World Geography

Robert Taggart

®

PB SS TB Geography 4/13/05 11:32 AM Page i

Table of ContentsTo the Student . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

UUnniitt 11:: GGeeooggrraapphhyy aanndd MMaappssLesson 1: Geography and Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

UUnniitt 22:: TThhee AAmmeerriiccaassLesson 2: The United States and Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Lesson 3: Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

UUnniitt 33:: EEuurrooppeeLesson 4: Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

UUnniitt 44:: AAffrriiccaaLesson 5: North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Lesson 6: Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

UUnniitt 55:: RRuussssiiaa,, CCeennttrraall AAssiiaa,, aanndd tthhee MMiiddddllee EEaassttLesson 7: Russia and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127Lesson 8: The Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

UUnniitt 66:: SSoouutthh AAssiiaa aanndd EEaasstt AAssiiaaLesson 9: South Asia and East Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

UUnniitt 77:: AAuussttrraalliiaa,, OOcceeaanniiaa,, aanndd AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa Lesson 10: Australia and Oceania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195Lesson 11: Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

World Geography

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PB SS TB Geography 4/13/05 11:32 AM Page iii

UNIT 1Geography and Maps

PB SS TB Geography 4/13/05 11:32 AM Page 1

LESSON 1: Geography and Maps

WORDS TO KNOW

WWhhaatt IIss GGeeooggrraapphhyy??

You might say that geography is about places. Or you might answer thatgeography is about maps. You would be correct in both cases.

Geography is a way of describing the special features of planet Earth.Geography is about places on Earth, both land and water. In some of theseplaces, many people live close together. In other places, people have moreliving space. Geography tells us what a place is like and how it became thatway. It also explains how people’s lives are affected by where they live.

Geography is also about maps. MMaappss are like pictures of Earth. You cantake a picture of something from far away, then get closer and closer. Eachtime you get closer, you see more detail. Maps do that, too. Imagine

Lesson 1: Geography and Maps • World Geography

3

cclliimmaattee mmaapp

ccooaasstt

ccoommppaassss rroossee

ccoonnttiinneennttss

ddeeggrreeeess

dduuee

eelleevvaattiioonn mmaapp

eeqquuaattoorr

gglloobbee

hheemmiisspphheerree

hhyyddrrooggrraapphheerr

iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall ddaattee lliinnee

kkeeyy

llaanndd uussee mmaapp

llaannddffoorrmmss

llaattiittuuddeess

lleeggeenndd

lloonnggiittuuddeess

mmaappss

mmeerriiddiiaannss

oocceeaannss

ppaarraalllleellss

ppooppuullaattiioonn

ppooppuullaattiioonn mmaapp

pprriimmee mmeerriiddiiaann

pprroodduucctt mmaapp

rraaiinnffaallll mmaapp

rreessoouurrcceess mmaapp

rrooaadd mmaapp

ssccaallee

sspphheerree

GOAL: To learn the special terms and symbols of geographyand to use them to get and understand information frommaps


yourself as an astronaut in outer space. As your ship circles the planet, youlook down on Earth. A globe is a map of what you see might see. A gglloobbee isa three-dimensional map of Earth that is shaped like a ball.

■ PRACTICE 1: What Is Geography?Match each definition below with the correct word from the box. Write thecorrect word on the line after each definition.

11.. flat pictures of Earth ____________

22.. a three-dimensional map of Earth, shaped like a ball ____________

33.. a way of describing the planet ____________

MMaappss

You can learn a lot from a map. Maps can tell you where things are, whatland looks like, and how far one place is from another. They can also tellyou about the population and resources that are found in a certain place.(PPooppuullaattiioonn is the group of people living in one place.) There are manydifferent types of maps. Each one gives you a different kind of information.

■ A cclliimmaattee mmaapp shows you weather patterns.

Unit 1: Geography and Maps • World Geography

4

As you read this book, it might be helpful to keep a mapbeside you (or have a globe handy). This will help you seehow the terms, symbols, and ideas you are learning areused on maps you use in your own life. It will also help youvisualize, or see, what a part of the world looks like.

TIP

geography globe maps


■ An eelleevvaattiioonn mmaapp shows you the height of the land.

■ A llaanndd uussee mmaapp shows you which crops are grown in different areas.

■ A ppooppuullaattiioonn mmaapp shows you the population of different areas.

■ A pprroodduucctt mmaapp shows you what products are manufactured in different

areas.

■ A rraaiinnffaallll mmaapp shows you how much rain falls in different areas.

■ A rreessoouurrcceess mmaapp shows you where to find natural resources, such as

iron, coal, and natural gas.

■ A rrooaadd mmaapp shows you where highways, roads, and bridges are located.

■ PRACTICE 2: MapsRead each question that follows. Match each question with the type of mapfrom the box that would provide the answer. Write the name of the correctmap on the lines provided.

11.. What crops are grown in Idaho? __________________

22.. What products are manufactured in France? __________________

33.. What are the weather patterns across Africa? _________________

44.. How many people live in each state? __________________

55.. Which highway goes from San Francisco to Los Angeles?

__________________


5

climate elevation land use population

product rainfall resources road


66.. How much rain falls in different parts of South America?

__________________

77.. Which states produce coal? __________________

88.. How high are the mountains in Colorado? __________________

GGeettttiinngg IInnffoorrmmaattiioonn ffrroomm aa MMaapp

In order to learn from a map, you must know how to read it. All maps havecertain tools to help you. The most basic tools are compass roses, scales,and legends. Learning how to use these tools will help you read the mapsin this course and in the world around you.

UUssiinngg aa CCoommppaassss RRoossee

One thing you need to know about maps is how to read directions. The keyto determining direction on a map is called a ccoommppaassss rroossee.. This is a roundsymbol with an N at the top. The N stands for north. The compass roseshows which way north, south, west, and east lie on the map. Most mapshave a compass rose that only shows dduuee,, or exact, north at the top. All theother directions are implied.

Look at the compass rose on the right. Due north is marked on the topwith an N. Due east is on theright, marked with an E. Duesouth is on the bottom, markedwith an S. Due west is on the left,marked with a W. The directionnortheast is found halfwaybetween north (N ) and east (E ).Northwest is found halfwaybetween north (N ) and west (W ).Southwest is found halfwaybetween south (S ) and west (W ).Southeast is found halfwaybetween south (S ) and east (E ).


6

N

W

S

E

N


UUssiinngg aa SSccaallee

A second thing you need to know about maps is how to read distance.Most maps have a ssccaallee to help you read distance. The scale looks like aruler. You can use the scale to measure distances on the map. For example,look at the map below of the United States. Suppose you want to knowhow far it is from Boston to St. Louis. First, use a piece of paper to markthe distance between the two cities. Then, hold the paper against the scaleat the bottom of the map.

The scale shows you how far 600 miles would be on the map. Your papershould be just about twice that length. This tells you that the distancebetween the two cities is about 1,200 miles, or about 1,900 kilometers.(Most scales show distance in both miles and kilometers.)


7

St. Louis

Boston

6000 300

500 1000

miles

kilometers0

What if the distance you want to measure does not go in astraight line? What if you want to measure the distancearound a lake, or a mountain range? If the route you wantto measure does not go in a straight line, using a piece ofpaper will not help. Instead, use a piece of string. Lay thestring along the route you want to measure. Follow anycurves or bends. Then, cut the string at the end of theroute. Hold the piece of string straight against the scale onthe map. This will give you the distance of the route.

TIP


UUssiinngg aa LLeeggeenndd

Most maps have a lleeggeenndd,, or kkeeyy,, to help you understand the informationon the map. Each symbol in the legend stands for something you find onthe map. When you find a symbol on a map, you match it to the samesymbol in the legend. The legend will tell you what that symbol means.Here are some common symbols:

A map legend might also use color, or shades of one color, to stand fortypes or amounts of information. In the example below, the three shadesstand for different amounts of rainfall.

A map legend might also use different patterns to stand for types oramounts of information. In the example below, three different patterns areused to stand for population amounts.


8

under 10 inches 10–59 inches 60 inches or more

river bridge railroad

1,000–4,999 5,000–9,999

PPooppuullaattiioonn PPeerr SSqquuaarree MMiillee

10,000 or more

IInncchheess ooff RRaaiinnffaallll PPeerr YYeeaarr

MMaapp SSyymmbboollss


UNIT 1 REVIEWCircle the letter of the correct answer to each of the following questions.

11.. What can you use to find direction on a map?aa.. the scalebb.. the compass rosecc.. a rulerdd.. string

22.. What is the definition of a continent? aa.. a large body of waterbb.. a symbol on a mapcc.. land close to a large body of waterdd.. a large mass of land

33.. What is the definition of a coast?aa.. half of the planetbb.. a large body of watercc.. land close to a large body of waterdd.. a large mass of land

44.. Which of the following lists three kinds of landforms?aa.. river, bridge, roadbb.. island, river, rainfallcc.. river, island, continentdd.. continent, lake, railroad


14

Understanding the background of a name can often helpyou remember what the name means. Meridian means“middle day” and comes from two Latin words, mediusand dies. Medius means “middle.” The prime meridian is the middle, or the dividing line, between east and weston Earth.

TIP


55.. What is the equator?aa.. a line running horizontally around the middle of the globebb.. the point where any line of latitude crosses a line of longitudecc.. a line running vertically across the middle of the globedd.. the farthest point north you can go

66.. Look at the legend below. What does the symbol standfor?

aa.. desertbb.. rain forestcc.. tundradd.. none of the above

UNIT 1 APPLICATION ACTIVITYMMaappss iinn NNeewwssppaappeerrss

Often, maps are printed in newspapers to accompany important newsarticles. Maps are visual tools that help readers understand the news theyare reading. A map can be used to show readers where events in an articletook place. This is especially useful when an article is about events inanother part of the world.

Scan a few newspapers for maps. If a map is related to a news article,read the article. Notice how the map is used to show where events in thearticle took place. Cut out the map and article. Attach them to a separatesheet of paper.

Now, find a newspaper article that does not have a map. The article canbe about local, national, or world news. On another sheet of paper, draw amap to accompany the article. Include important information from thearticle on your map. Use a world atlas for help.

Unit 1 Review • World Geography

15

desert rain forest

TTyyppee ooff CClliimmaattee

tundra


World Geography

WALCH PUBLISHING

Teacher’s Guide

®

To the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Classroom Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

Application Activity Rubric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Use Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x

UUnniitt 11:: GGeeooggrraapphhyy aanndd MMaappssUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

UUnniitt 22:: TThhee AAmmeerriiccaassUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3


UUnniitt 33:: EEuurrooppeeUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6


UUnniitt 44:: AAffrriiccaaUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8


UUnniitt 55:: RRuussssiiaa,, CCeennttrraall AAssiiaa,, aanndd tthhee MMiiddddllee EEaassttUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Suggested Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

UUnniitt 66:: SSoouutthh AAssiiaa aanndd EEaasstt AAssiiaaUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14


UUnniitt 77:: AAuussttrraalliiaa,, OOcceeaanniiaa,, aanndd AAnnttaarrccttiiccaaUnit Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16


Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Graphic Organizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Student Book Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Student Book Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Table of Contents

© 2005 Walch Publishing Teacher’s Guide • World Geography

iii


1

Unit 1 introduces the concept of geography as concerning both places and maps and the specialterms and symbols used in geography. Lesson 1 is this unit’s sole lesson. It opens with a discussion of the term geography and an explanation of maps, including the globe. Then Lesson 1 goes on toexplore the types of information that maps can show, the features used in reading a map (compassrose, scale, and legend), the parts of a globe (continents, oceans, and hemispheres), and the globe’slatitude and longitude lines. Students will use this basic information on geography and maps toexplore the geography of various parts of the world in subsequent units of this book.

Lesson 1—Geography and MapsGoal: To learn the special terms and symbols of geography and to use them to get

and understand information from maps

WORDS TO KNOW

NNootteess oonn AApppplliiccaattiioonn AAccttiivviittyy iinn SSttuuddeenntt TTeexxtt

Unit 1: Geography and Maps

cclliimmaattee mmaapp

ccooaasstt

ccoommppaassss rroossee

ccoonnttiinneennttss

ddeeggrreeeess

dduuee

eelleevvaattiioonn mmaapp

eeqquuaattoorr

gglloobbee

hheemmiisspphheerree

hhyyddrrooggrraapphheerr

iinntteerrnnaattiioonnaall ddaattee lliinnee

kkeeyy

llaanndd uussee mmaapp

llaannddffoorrmmss

llaattiittuuddeess

lleeggeenndd

lloonnggiittuuddeess

mmaappss

mmeerriiddiiaannss

oocceeaannss

ppaarraalllleellss

ppooppuullaattiioonn

ppooppuullaattiioonn mmaapp

pprriimmee mmeerriiddiiaann

pprroodduucctt mmaapp

rraaiinnffaallll mmaapp

rreessoouurrcceess mmaapp

rrooaadd mmaapp

ssccaallee

sspphheerree

AAccttiivviittyy SSkkiillllss AApppplliieedd PPrroodduucctt

MMaappss iinn NNeewwssppaappeerrss gathering information, preparing a mapvisual presentation

Teacher’s Guide • World Geography © 2005 Walch Publishing

2

AAddddiittiioonnaall AAccttiivviittyy SSuuggggeessttiioonnss

■ Students can develop a dictionary of geographical terms as an ongoing project. For every lesson,have each student transcribe definitions of boldfaced terms such as coast, peninsula, and cashcrops. Set up each student’s dictionary in a loose-leaf notebook or card file. Or, have them createa computer database of terms. Encourage students to consult their dictionaries as they workthrough each lesson. Most terms, once introduced, are used several times throughout the course.

■ To make map study more concrete, draw a large outline of a map on the floor with chalk ormasking tape. (It does not have to represent a real location.) Add a compass rose showing onlynorth. Have students orient themselves by using north to determine the other directions. Placeclassroom objects at various points around the map. Then have students stand on the map andtell which direction they would have to go to reach a particular object. (“Go north four steps.Turn toward the east. Take two steps to the east.”)

DDiiffffeerreennttiiaattiioonn

■ Each lesson in this book includes a map of the region discussed in that lesson. Some studentsmay grasp a region’s location in the world and in relation to other regions best by finding thatregion on a globe of the world. As you work through the lessons of this book, be sure to have aglobe of the world available in the classroom. Students can go to the globe, locate the regionunder discussion on it, and point out the location to classmates. Using the globe can also helpstudents confirm understanding of latitude, longitude, and hemisphere. Invite students to tracelatitude and longitude lines halfway around the globe from where they live. Ask them whatcountry lies halfway around the world from their home. In what hemisphere is that country?From looking at the globe, what might be the best way to travel from the students’ homelocation to the foreign country?

Teacher’s Guide • World Geography © 2005 Walch Publishing

26

Venn DiagramComplete the Venn diagram below with information about the ways that two countries of your choice aredifferent—and alike. Write similarities in the area where the circles intersect. Write differences in the areaswhere the circles don’t intersect. Don’t forget to label both circles.


27

Comparison MatrixWrite the country or region you are comparing at the top of each column. Write one feature at the start of each row, such as “location,” “political divisions,” “population,” “bodies of water and waterways,”“landforms,” “climate types,” “agricultural products,” and “natural resources.” Add or delete rows andcolumns as needed. Then fill in each box in the matrix with the relevant information.

FFeeaattuurree

FFeeaattuurree

FFeeaattuurree

FFeeaattuurree

FFeeaattuurree

CCoouunnttrryy//RReeggiioonn CCoouunnttrryy//RReeggiioonn

World Geography

WALCH PUBLISHING

Workbook

Table of ContentsTToo tthhee SSttuuddeenntt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

AAccttiivviittyy 11What Is Geography? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

AAccttiivviittyy 22Types of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

AAccttiivviittyy 33Classroom Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

AAccttiivviittyy 44Continents and Oceans Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

AAccttiivviittyy 55Latitude/Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

AAccttiivviittyy 66Create Your Own Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

AAccttiivviittyy 77Location: North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

AAccttiivviittyy 88Population in North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

AAccttiivviittyy 99Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

AAccttiivviittyy 1100Nunavut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

AAccttiivviittyy 1111Coastal Waters of North America . . . . . . . . . . 11

AAccttiivviittyy 1122The Mississippi River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

AAccttiivviittyy 1133North American Landforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

AAccttiivviittyy 1144Introduction to Climographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

AAccttiivviittyy 1155Agriculture: Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

AAccttiivviittyy 1166 Natural Resource Marketing Campaign . . . . . 16

AAccttiivviittyy 1177Urban Centers: United States and Canada . . . 17

AAccttiivviittyy 1188Location: Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

AAccttiivviittyy 1199Population Distribution in Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . 19

AAccttiivviittyy 2200Political Divisions in Latin America . . . . . . . . 20

AAccttiivviittyy 2211Water in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

AAccttiivviittyy 2222The Amazon River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

AAccttiivviittyy 2233Latin American Landforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

AAccttiivviittyy 2244Climate Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

AAccttiivviittyy 2255Food in the Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

AAccttiivviittyy 2266Urban Centers in Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . 26

AAccttiivviittyy 2277Population Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

AAccttiivviittyy 2288Population Distribution in Hungary . . . . . . . . 28

AAccttiivviittyy 2299Political Divisions in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

AAccttiivviittyy 3300Landforms of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

AAccttiivviittyy 3311The Danube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

AAccttiivviittyy 3322The Winter Olympics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

AAccttiivviittyy 3333Climate in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

AAccttiivviittyy 3344Tulip History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

UUnniitt 33:: EEuurrooppee

UUnniitt 22:: TThhee AAmmeerriiccaass

UUnniitt 11:: GGeeooggrraapphhyy aanndd MMaappss

© 2005 Walch Publishing World Geography

iii

World Geography © 2005 Walch Publishing

iv

Table of Contents, continuedAAccttiivviittyy 3355

Industry Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

AAccttiivviittyy 3366The Berlin Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

AAccttiivviittyy 3377Location: North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

AAccttiivviittyy 3388Population in Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

AAccttiivviittyy 3399Water in North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

AAccttiivviittyy 4400The Nile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

AAccttiivviittyy 4411A Mystery Place in North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . 41

AAccttiivviittyy 4422Climate of Fez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

AAccttiivviittyy 4433Farming in Dry Lands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

AAccttiivviittyy 4444Resources: North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

AAccttiivviittyy 4455Location: Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

AAccttiivviittyy 4466Comparative Urbanization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

AAccttiivviittyy 4477Urbanization in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

AAccttiivviittyy 4488Around the Capes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

AAccttiivviittyy 4499Lake Victoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

AAccttiivviittyy 5500The Congo River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

AAccttiivviittyy 5511Landforms of Sub-Saharan Africa . . . . . . . . . . 51

AAccttiivviittyy 5522Climatic Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

AAccttiivviittyy 5533Diamonds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

AAccttiivviittyy 5544Soccer by Another Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

AAccttiivviittyy 5555Location and Time Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

AAccttiivviittyy 5566Population: Russia and Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . 56

AAccttiivviittyy 5577The Trans-Siberian Railway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

AAccttiivviittyy 5588Western Russia and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . 58

AAccttiivviittyy 5599The Volga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

AAccttiivviittyy 6600Landforms of Russia and Central Asia . . . . . . 60

AAccttiivviittyy 6611Climate in Moscow and Vladivostok . . . . . . . . 61

AAccttiivviittyy 6622The Fertile Triangle: Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

AAccttiivviittyy 6633Natural Resources Game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

AAccttiivviittyy 6644Local Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

AAccttiivviittyy 6655Location: The Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

AAccttiivviittyy 6666Population: Israel and Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . 66

AAccttiivviittyy 6677Political Divisions in the Middle East . . . . . . . 67

AAccttiivviittyy 6688Global Chokepoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

AAccttiivviittyy 6699The Euphrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

AAccttiivviittyy 7700All Deserts Are Not Equal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

UUnniitt 55:: RRuussssiiaa,, CCeennttrraall AAssiiaa,, aanndd tthhee MMiiddddllee EEaassttUUnniitt 44:: AAffrriiccaa

Table of Contents, continuedAAccttiivviittyy 7711

Baghdad’s Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

AAccttiivviittyy 7722Irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

AAccttiivviittyy 7733OPEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

AAccttiivviittyy 7744Population in Dominoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

AAccttiivviittyy 7755Population: China and Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . 75

AAccttiivviittyy 7766Political Divisions in Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

AAccttiivviittyy 7777Archipelagos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

AAccttiivviittyy 7788The Yangtze River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

AAccttiivviittyy 7799Ring of Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

AAccttiivviittyy 8800Climate in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

AAccttiivviittyy 8811Rice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

AAccttiivviittyy 8822The Tokyo Fish Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

AAccttiivviittyy 8833Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

AAccttiivviittyy 8844Location: Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

AAccttiivviittyy 8855Population: New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

AAccttiivviittyy 8866Water, Oceania, and Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

AAccttiivviittyy 8877The Murray River . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

AAccttiivviittyy 8888A Mysterious Place in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

AAccttiivviittyy 8899Climate in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

AAccttiivviittyy 9900A Country of Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

AAccttiivviittyy 9911Thinking About Energy Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

AAccttiivviittyy 9922Antarctica: Honoring Explorers . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

AAccttiivviittyy 9933Two Polar Expeditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

AAccttiivviittyy 9944Climate in Antarctica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

UUnniitt 77:: AAuussttrraalliiaa,, OOcceeaanniiaa,, aanndd AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa

UUnniitt 66:: SSoouutthh AAssiiaa aanndd EEaasstt AAssiiaa

© 2005 Walch Publishing World Geography

v

© 2005 Walch Publishing Unit 1: Geography and Maps • World Geography

1

Geography is a way of describing the special land and water features of the planet on which you live.There are five major themes of geography.

11.. LLooccaattiioonn refers to the position of a specific place (absolute or relative).

22.. PPllaaccee is a specific area physically or culturally (the climate, people, vegetation, economic goods,history).

33.. MMoovveemmeenntt talks about the transportation of people, ideas, and things.

44.. HHuummaann--eennvviirroonnmmeenntt iinntteerraaccttiioonn refers to how people affect the world around them and howthat world affects people.

55.. RReeggiioonn is a group of places that have one or more similar characteristics, such as location,language, religion, and so on.

Read the following paragraph. Then write one example of each theme of geography that you foundin the paragraph.

The fourteen-year-old girl woke up listening to her Japanese-made radio alarm clock. From herwindow, she could see that the sun was already rising behind the buildings in her city. She took ashower using water from the reservoir near her house. She put on her clothes, including a shirt madein Bangladesh and shoes made in Mexico. She headed down the stairs and into the kitchen. Shepoured herself some cereal made with grain grown in the U.S. Midwest, and added milk from thelocal dairy. She threw the empty milk jug into the recycling bin. She was looking forward to schooltoday since there was going to be an assembly featuring all the international students. She had movedhere from Russia a few years ago. She now lived in Boston, Massachusetts, near the Atlantic Ocean,and she felt right at home.

11.. Location: _______________________________________________________________

22.. Place: _________________________________________________________________

33.. Movement: _____________________________________________________________

44.. Human-Environment Interaction: _____________________________________________

55.. Region: ________________________________________________________________

UNIT 1 • ACTIVITY 1WWhhaatt IIss GGeeooggrraapphhyy??

NAME:

Unit 1: Geography and Maps • World Geography © 2005 Walch Publishing

2

You use maps to understand geography. A globe is a more accurate way of drawing the world,because it is round like Earth itself. Since it is difficult to put a globe in your pocket, cartographers(mapmakers) have used a variety of map projections to show a round object on a flat surface.

Imagine an orange. Take the peel off, and try to flatten the peel. The areas around the outer edgesappear stretched out. The same thing happens with maps, but they are still the best way to showdifferent kinds of information about the world. Review the section on maps in your student text.Complete the crossword puzzle below.

AAccrroossss

11.. Use this type of map to see how much rain falls in an area.55.. Use this type of map to see how many people live in China.66.. Use this type of map to see where corn is grown and cattle are raised.

DDoowwnn

11.. Use this type of map to see where gold is found in Africa.22.. Use this type of map to find your way to a new friend’s house.33.. Use this type of map to find a place that has cold temperatures year round.44.. Use this type of map to find the height of the Andes.55.. Use this type of map to see where paper is manufactured.

UNIT 1 • ACTIVITY 2TTyyppeess ooff MMaappss

NAME:

1

2 3

4

5

6


3

Create a map of your classroom in the space below. Include the following:

■ TTiittllee:: My Classroom

■ AAuutthhoorr:: (your name)

■ KKeeyy:: Use color to indicate desks/tables, teachers’ area, pencil sharpener, and other landmarks in the room.

■ SSccaallee:: Use your feet. For example, if your room is 20 of your feet wide and your map is 20 inchesbig, then your scale will be 1" on your map = 1 ft. in the room.

■ CCoommppaassss rroossee:: You will need to find out which direction is north, south, east, and west of your school.

UNIT 1 • ACTIVITY 3CCllaassssrroooomm MMaapp

NAME:


4

In groups of four, use string or yarn to make the rough shapes of the continents in their correctlocations on the floor. One student team will give the other team easy directions first. For example,“Travel from the biggest continent to the smallest.” One student would stand on Asia and the otheron Antarctica. If they get it correct (both the answer as well as the location), they are given a mediumdirection and then a hard direction. If they get all three correct, they get three points and the otherteam plays. Play proceeds back and forth, the winning team being the one that follows the mostdirections correctly. Teams may discuss answers before they step on their maps.

UNIT 1 • ACTIVITY 4CCoonnttiinneennttss aanndd OOcceeaannss GGaammee

NAME:

DDiirreeccttiioonnss

EEaassyy

11.. equator to Prime Meridian

22.. Atlantic Ocean to Pacific Ocean

33.. Indian Ocean to Arctic Ocean

44.. Northern Hemisphere to SouthernHemisphere

55.. Asia to Australia

66.. Africa to South America

77.. North America to Europe

88.. Europe to Antarctica

99.. Northern Hemisphere to Australia

1100.. Indian Ocean to South America

MMeeddiiuumm

11.. Latin America to North America

22.. biggest continent to smallest continent

33.. eastern Northern Hemisphere to westernSouthern Hemisphere

44.. eastern Southern Hemisphere to easternNorthern Hemisphere

55.. western Northern Hemisphere to easternSouthern Hemisphere

66.. western Northern Hemisphere to westernSouthern Hemisphere

77.. continent with the highest population tocontinent with the lowest population

88.. Middle East to Southeast Asia

99.. sub-Saharan Africa to Central America

1100.. Eastern Europe to the Middle East

HHaarrdd

11.. driest continent with a permanentpopulation to coldest continent

22.. two continents that have the two longestrivers

33.. two continents that have the two largestlakes

44.. two continents with the highest mountains

55.. the two deepest oceans

66.. the two continents that each have about13% of the world’s population

77.. equator to the Tropic of Cancer

88.. equator to the Tropic of Capricorn

99.. Prime Meridian to the International DateLine

1100.. any location in the world likely to lie on afault line (movement of tectonic platescausing possible earthquakes or tsunamis)


5

Place the following cities on the map as close as possible to their correct location using the latitudeand longitude lines. Then answer the questions.

Washington, D.C., U.S. 38º N 77º W Nairobi, Kenya 1º N 36º E

Quito, Ecuador 0º 78º W Harare, Zimbabwe 17º S 31º E

Honolulu, HI, U.S. 21º N 157º W Jerusalem, Israel 31º N 35º E

Punta Arenas, Chile 53º S 71º W Novosibirsk, Russia 55º N 82º E

Greenwich, England, U.K. 51º N 0º Perth, Australia 31º S 115º E

11.. Name two of these cities that are on or near the equator. ____________________________

______________________________________________________________________

22.. Name the city that is on the Prime Meridian. _____________________________________

33.. Name two cities in the Southern Hemisphere. ____________________________________

______________________________________________________________________

44.. Name two cities in the Eastern Hemisphere.

______________________________________________________________________

UNIT 1 • ACTIVITY 5LLaattiittuuddee// LLoonnggiittuuddee

NAME:

160° 40° 0° 40°20°20° 60°60° 80° 120° 140°140° 180°180° 100°100° 160°80°120°

160° 40° 0° 40°20°20° 60°60° 80° 120° 140°140° 180°180° 100°100° 160°80°120°

80°

Arctic Circle

Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

0°

40°

20°

20°

60°

60°

20°

20°

60°

60°

Antarctic Circle

40°

80°

Arctic Circle

40°

Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

0°

40°

Antarctic Circle

80°80°

IndianOcean

PacificOcean

PacificOcean

ArcticOcean

AtlanticOcean

SOUTHAMERICA

NORTH AMERICA

AFRICA

ASIA

EUROPE

AUSTRALIA

ANTARCTICA


6

Imagine that you have been exploring an uncharted part of the ocean. You and your team of scientistshave discovered a new island. Now it is up to you to make sure it is mapped accurately.

Make a map of the new island in the space below.

■ Include a title, a scale, and a compass rose on the map.

■ Include the approximate latitude and longitude of your island. On the lines below the map,describe the island in relative location to the closest continents.

■ On another sheet of paper, write a short story about your discovery. Include information about theclimate, vegetation, and significant landforms of your island.

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

UNIT 1 • ACTIVITY 6CCrreeaattee YYoouurr OOwwnn IIssllaanndd

NAME:

World Geography

WALCH PUBLISHING

Test Pack

Table of ContentsTo the Teacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Testing Students Who Do Not Test Well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Test-Taking Strategies for Power Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

PPrreetteesstt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11

UUnniitt 11 TTeesstt:: GGeeooggrraapphhyy aanndd MMaappss .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99

UUnniitt 22 TTeesstt:: TThhee AAmmeerriiccaass .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1133

UUnniitt 33 TTeesstt:: EEuurrooppee .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1177

UUnniitt 44 TTeesstt:: AAffrriiccaa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2211

UUnniitt 55 TTeesstt:: RRuussssiiaa,, CCeennttrraall AAssiiaa,, aanndd tthhee MMiiddddllee EEaasstt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2255

UUnniitt 66 TTeesstt:: SSoouutthh AAssiiaa aanndd EEaasstt AAssiiaa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2299

UUnniitt 77 TTeesstt:: AAuussttrraalliiaa,, OOcceeaanniiaa,, aanndd AAnnttaarrccttiiccaa .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3333

PPoosstttteesstt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3377

Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Student Record-Keeping Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Strategies for Standardized Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

© 2005 Walch Publishing World Geography Test Pack

iii

Circle the letter of the correct answer to each of the following questions.

11.. Which of the following helps you find direction on a map?

aa.. a scale

bb.. a ruler

cc.. a compass rose

dd.. a piece of string

22.. What is the imaginary line that separates the Northern and Southern Hemispheres?

aa.. the prime meridian

bb.. the degree

cc.. the longitude

dd.. the equator

33.. Look at the legend below. What does the symbol stand for?

aa.. desert

bb.. rain forest

cc.. tundra

dd.. none of the above

44.. What is the definition of a coast?

aa.. the land closest to a body of water

bb.. a large mass of land

cc.. a large body of water

dd.. a group of people living in one place

55.. What is the definition of a strait?

aa.. a narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water

bb.. a body of land completely surrounded by water

cc.. a large area of the sea partly enclosed by land

dd.. a piece of land that sticks out into the water

WORLD GEOGRAPHY • PRETESTNAME: DATE:

© 2005 Walch Publishing Pretest • World Geography Test Pack

1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of Climate

desert rain forest tundra

NAME: DATE:

© 2005 Walch Publishing Unit 1 Test • World Geography Test Pack

9


11.. What is a three-dimensional map of the earth called?

aa.. hemisphere

bb.. globe

cc.. demisphere

dd.. elevation map

22.. What does a climate map show?

aa.. the number of people in different areas

bb.. the crops grown in different areas

cc.. where natural resources are found

dd.. weather patterns

33.. What does an elevation map show?

aa.. weather patterns

bb.. what products are manufactured in different areas

cc.. how high the land is

dd.. how much rain falls in different areas

44.. What does a resources map show?

aa.. where to find things such as coal, iron ore, and natural gas

bb.. where highways, roads, and bridges are located

cc.. where financial centers are located

dd.. what products are manufactured in different areas

55.. What does a compass rose on a map show?

aa.. elevation

bb.. distance

cc.. direction

dd.. latitude

UNIT 1 TEST • GEOGRAPHY AND MAPS

Unit 1 Test • World Geography Test Pack © 2005 Walch Publishing

10

NAME: DATE:

66.. What is the best tool to use to measure distance on a map for a route that does not go in astraight line?

aa.. ruler

bb.. tape measure

cc.. piece of paper

dd.. string

77.. What is a rulerlike symbol used to measure distance on a map?

aa.. a compass rose

bb.. a scale

cc.. a longitude

dd.. a strait

88.. What is a legend?

aa.. a list of symbols

bb.. a ruler

cc.. a scale

dd.. a symbol that shows direction

99.. What is the definition of a continent?

aa.. a large body of water

bb.. a symbol on a map

cc.. land close to a large body of water

dd.. a large mass of land

1100.. What are oceans?

aa.. large areas of land next to water

bb.. bodies of water totally enclosed by land

cc.. the largest bodies of water on the earth

dd.. the second-largest bodies of water on the earth

© 2005 Walch Publishing Posttest • World Geography Test Pack

NAME: DATE:

37

WORLD GEOGRAPHY • POSTTEST


11.. What is the definition of a continent?

aa.. a large mass of land

bb.. a large body of water

cc.. land nearest to a large body of water

dd.. half of a globe

22.. What is the definition of population?

aa.. a list of symbols used on a map

bb.. a group of people living in one place

cc.. a three-dimensional map

dd.. physical features of the planet

33.. What is the purpose of latitude and longitude lines?

aa.. to help you locate the equator

bb.. to separate the earth into eastern and western hemispheres

cc.. to separate the earth into northern and southern hemispheres

dd.. to help you find the location of any place on the earth

44.. What is a compass rose used for?

aa.. to show distance

bb.. to show direction

cc.. to show scale

dd.. to measure large distances

55.. What is an island?

aa.. a narrow channel of water that connects two larger bodies of water

bb.. a body of land completely surrounded by water

cc.. a large area of the sea partly enclosed by land

dd.. a piece of land that sticks out into the water

pb ss tb geography - walch · pb ss tb geography 4/13/05 11:32 am page 14. 5. what is the equator?...

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