PRSMSDocument Analysis Learning

Using a school-wide document based question.

Name:__________________________S.S. Teacher:____________________

Grade: __7-8__

Document Score: _______Essay Score: ___________

DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION

How did the things change in America following the Civil War?This question is based on the accompanying documents. It is designed to test your ability to work with historical documents. Some of these documents have been edited for the purposes of the question. As you analyze the documents, take into account the source of each document and any point of view that may be presented in the document. You will be using these documents and answers and your knowledge of the Civil War to write an essay pertaining to the topic.

Historical Context: Following the Civil War, many changes took place both good and bad. Medical advancements and new weaponry developed during the war would change both fields. Socially the freeing of slaving and interactions between white and black people would lead to violent acts because of the nation’s commitment to equality.

Directions: The task below is based on documents 1 through 10. This task is designed to test your ability to work with the information provided by various types of documents. Look at each document and answer the question or questions after each document. Use your answers to the questions to help you write your essay.

There are several steps to forming an educated opinion.

1. In Social Studies, read the Background Information. The reading tells about the United States Civil War.

2. Quickly skim through the documents to get a sense for what they are about.3. Read the documents slowly. For each, use the margins to record:

a. What or who is the source? Is it primary or secondary?b. What is the main idea (or main ideas) in the document?

4.Use the chart below each document to record analysis and summary.5.Organize the documents into categorizing the type of effect.6.Prioritize your ideas. What had the most significant impact? What is second?7.Explain your priorities. Why is one more important than another?

Table of Contents:

Background Information (SS): A Brief Overview of the American Civil WarDocument 1 (Science): Civil War Medical Tools and InstructionsDocument 2 (Social Studies): Black Codes-MississippiDocument 3 (CCTE/Int. Rdg.): Gatling GunDocument 4 (Language Arts): The Haunted Tree – A PoemDocument 5 (Math): Railroads and ResourcesDocument 6 (Science): Amputations and AnesthesiaDocument 7 (Social Studies): Jim Crow-Voting LawsDocument 8 (Language Arts): An Eyewitness Account of KKK Violence

Background Information (Social Studies)A Brief Overview of the American Civil War and ReconstructionSource: BY DR. JAMES MCPHERSON, http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/civil-war-overview/overview.html and http://www.shmoop.com/reconstruction/summary.html

Note: At the outbreak of war between the Union and the Confederacy, the South could claim only two dozen surgeons qualified to practice battlefield medicine. Efforts were made to train dozens more. Describe your feelings as a Confederate soldier wounded on the battlefield to find your surgeon reading out of a manual before treating you.

Dental Societies. (http://library.uchc.edu/hms/surgcase.html) and “A Guide to Civil War Materials” in the Rare Book, Manuscript, and Special Collections Library at Duke University (http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/pathfinders/civil-war/medicine.html)

Source: Images from the Menczer Museum of Medicine and Dentistry of the Hartford Medical and the Hartford

Document 1 (Science): Civil War Medical Tools and Instructions

The Civil War is the central event in America's historical consciousness. While the Revolution of 1776-1783 created the United States, the Civil War of 1861-1865 determined what kind of nation it would be. The war resolved two fundamental questions left unresolved by the revolution: whether the United States was to be a dissolvable confederation of sovereign states or an indivisible nation with a sovereign national government; and whether this nation, born of a declaration that all men were created with an equal right to liberty, would continue to exist as the largest slaveholding country in the world.

Northern victory in the war preserved the United States as one nation and ended the institution of slavery that had divided the country from its beginning. But these achievements came at the cost of 625,000 lives--nearly as many American soldiers as died in all the other wars in which this country has fought combined. The American Civil War was the largest and most destructive conflict in the Western world between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the onset of World War I in 1914.

The Civil War started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states over the power of the national government to prohibit slavery in the territories that had not yet become states. When Abraham Lincoln won election in 1860 as the first Republican president on a platform pledging to keep slavery out of the territories, seven slave states in the deep South seceded and formed a new nation, the Confederate States of America. The incoming Lincoln administration and most of the Northern people refused to recognize the legitimacy of secession. They feared that it would discredit democracy and create a fatal precedent that would eventually fragment the no-longer United States into several small, squabbling countries.

For three long years, from 1862 to 1865, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia staved off invasions and attacks by the Union Army of the Potomac commanded by a series of ineffective generals until Ulysses S. Grant came to Virginia from the Western theater to become general in chief of all Union armies in 1864. After bloody battles at places with names like The Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and Petersburg, Grant finally brought Lee to bay at Appomattox in April 1865. In the meantime Union armies and river fleets in the theater of war comprising the slave states west of the Appalachian Mountain chain won a long series of victories over Confederate armies commanded by hapless or unlucky Confederate generals. In 1864-1865 General William Tecumseh Sherman led his army deep into the Confederate heartland of Georgia and South Carolina, destroying their economic infrastructure while General George Thomas virtually destroyed the Confederacy's Army of Tennessee at the battle of Nashville.

By the spring of 1865 all the principal Confederate armies surrendered, and when Union cavalry captured the fleeing Confederate President Jefferson Davis in Georgia on May 10, 1865, resistance collapsed and the war ended. The long, painful process of rebuilding a united nation free of slavery began.

Reconstruction was America's first experiment in interracial democracy for men. The Civil War entailed a dramatic expansion of the roles and responsibilities of the central government that resulted in the ratification of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution. These amendments made involuntary servitude a federal crime, created a new federal dimension of citizenship for all Americans, and sought to guarantee universal male suffrage.

The postwar period began with a series of fairly lenient Reconstruction plans put forth by presidents Lincoln and Johnson, who were both eager to see the former Confederacy returned to the Union with as much speed and as little vindictiveness as possible. As the ineffectiveness of Presidential Reconstruction became apparent in the face of clear violations of the freed peoples' constitutional rights and liberties, northern voters elected Republicans to Congress by a landslide. They were deemed "radical" by subsequent historians because they insisted that blacks be protected in their newfound rights.

Southern white resistance followed and the birth of the Ku Klux Klan in 1865 would battle to keep black men from fully experiencing the rights guaranteed to them by the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments. The KKK tried to deprive freedmen and women of their newfound rights through corruption and violence.

1. Facts/What I See?

(left) Surgical case, belonging to Pinchney Webster Ellsworth, M.D., 1860, a surgeon in the Civil War, and (right) a diagram from pp. 42-43 of “A Manual of Military Surgery” by Samuel D. Gross

Source: Laws of Mississippi, 1865

landless and with little money to support themselves. White Southerners, seeking to control the freedmen (former slaves), devised special state law codes. Many Northerners saw these codes as blatant attempts to restore slavery.

Note: The end of the Civil War marked the end of slavery for 4 million black Southerners, but the war also left them

Document 2 (Social Studies): Black Codes-Mississippi

Section 3:

...All freedmen, free negroes and mulattoes...over the age of eighteen years found on the second Monday in January, 1866, or thereafter, with no lawful employment or business...shall be deemed vagrants, and on conviction thereof shall be fined...fifty dollars...and imprisoned at the discretion of the court.

1. Facts/What I See?

Source: http://www.civilwarhome.com/gatlinggun.htm

Document 3 (CCTE or Int. Rdg.): Gatling Gun

In January 1865 Gatling's improved Model 1865 gun was tested by the Ordnance Department. Among other things, this weapon used rimfire copper-cased cartridges instead of the steel-chambered paper variety. Though this model did not see service, it was adopted officially in 1866. Having at last received government approval, Gatling began to sell his guns throughout the world; they achieved lasting fame in the post-war years.

barrel fired 100 rounds per minute.was capable of firing 600 rounds a minute, each partially cool the gun during firing. Since the gun steel chambers. Gatling used the 6 barrels to and dropped the bullets, which were contained in Six cam-operated bolts alternately wedged, fired, through a hopper mounted on the top of the gun. shaft. The cartridges were fed to the gun by gravity weapon with 6 barrels revolving around a central The Gatling gun was a hand-crank-operated

precursor of more successful models.        Gatling, the Civil War model served as the in warfare. Invented by Dr. Richard Jordan perhaps the first successful true machine gun used War, … however, the conflict did test this weapon, The Gatling gun saw only limited use in the Civil

1. Facts/What I See?

Illustration of a Gatling gun. (Illustrated London News/Hulton Archive/Getty Images)

Document 4 (Language Arts): The Haunted Oak – A PoemSource: Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906), http://www.dunbarsite.org/Note:  Paul Laurence Dunbar was the first African-American to gain national eminence as a poet. Born in 1872 in Dayton, Ohio, he was the son of ex-slaves and classmate to Orville Wright of aviation fame.

The bolts unbar, the locks are drawn, And the great door open flies. Now they have taken him from the jail, And hard and fast they ride, And the leader laughs low down in his throat, As they halt my trunk beside. Oh, the judge, he wore a mask of black, And the doctor one of white, And the minister, with his oldest son, Was curiously bedight. Oh, foolish man, why weep you now? 'Tis but a little space, And the time will come when these shall dread The mem'ry of your face. I feel the rope against my bark, And the weight of him in my grain, I feel in the throe of his final woe The touch of my own last pain. And never more shall leaves come forth On the bough that bears the ban; I am burned with dread, I am dried and dead, From the curse of a guiltless man. And ever the judge rides by, rides by, And goes to hunt the deer, And ever another rides his soul In the guise of a mortal fear. And ever the man he rides me hard, And never a night stays he; For I feel his curse as a haunted bough, On the trunk of a haunted tree.

The Haunted Oak

Pray why are you so bare, so bare, Oh, bough of the old oak-tree; And why, when I go through the shade you throw, Runs a shudder over me? My leaves were green as the best, I trow, And sap ran free in my veins, But I say in the moonlight dim and weird A guiltless victim's pains. They'd charged him with the old, old crime, And set him fast in jail: Oh, why does the dog howl all night long, And why does the night wind wail? He prayed his prayer and he swore his oath, And he raised his hand to the sky; But the beat of hoofs smote on his ear, And the steady tread drew nigh. Who is it rides by night, by night, Over the moonlit road? And what is the spur that keeps the pace, What is the galling goad? And now they beat at the prison door, "Ho, keeper, do not stay! We are friends of him whom you hold within, And we fain would take him away "From those who ride fast on our heels With mind to do him wrong; They have no care for his innocence, And the rope they bear is long." They have fooled the jailer with lying words, They have fooled the man with lies;

1. Facts/What I See?

Summary Sentence (use facts and inferences to form an answer to the DBQ question, How did

Document 5 (Math): Railroads and ResourcesSource: graph-- http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/civil-war-overview/northandsouth.html , text- http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/feature/civil-war-innovations/

Note: The Civil War that raged across the nation from 1861 to 1865 was the violent conclusion to decades of diversification. Gradually, throughout the beginning of the nineteenth century, the North and South followed different paths, developing into two distinct and very different regions.

railroad shipping.from War Department contracts for was discovered he was trying to profit Cameron was forced to resign when it

While the South's rail system was weak, they were the first to use trains to their advantage, transporting supplies and soldiers to vital areas. The North was stymied by railroad owners more concerned with how much they could charge, than how quickly they could aid the cause. In fact, Secretary of War Simon

where they were most needed. Rail centers and railroad infrastructure soon became targets for attack.to move their soldiers, supplies and armaments to armaments factory. The trains allowed generals and had converted its locomotive works into an Whereas the South had just 9,000 miles of track equipment and their own locomotive factory. infrastructure (20,000 miles of track), better North had a distinct advantage, with superior vital they were for moving men and supplies. The former railroad lawyer — who understood how encouraged by President Lincoln — himself a The Civil War was the first war to use railroads,

Railroads and Resources

1. Facts/What I See?

Military railroad operations African American laborers working on rail during the U.S. Civil War in Virginia, 1862.

Document 6 (Science): Amputations and AnesthesiaSource: This article originally appeared in the November-December 2011 issue of Mental Floss Magazine.

Note: The old battlefield technique of trying to save limbs with doses of TLC (aided by wound-cleaning rats and maggots) quickly fell out of favor during the Civil War, even for top officers. The sheer number of injured was too high, and war surgeons quickly discovered that the best way to stave deadly infections was simply to lop off the area—quickly. Due to high numbers of wounded and the need for extremely painful and traumatic procedures, much anesthesia was needed.

Civil War Amputation Hospital scene at Fortress Monroe, Va; either dressing wound or preparing for amputation U.S. Civil War (1861-65), c. (Photo by Hulton Archive/Getty Images) 01 Jan 1863

Amputation saved more lives than any other wartime medical procedure by instantly turning complex injuries into simple ones. Battlefield surgeons eventually took no more than six minutes to get each moaning man on the table, apply a handkerchief soaked in chloroform or ether, and make the deep cut. Union surgeons became the most skilled limb hackers in history. Even in deplorable conditions, they lost only about 25 percent of their patients—compared to a 75 percent mortality rate among similarly injured civilians at the time. The techniques invented by wartime surgeons—including cutting as far from the heart as possible and never slicing through joints—became the standard.

The Confederate Army had a tough time securing enough anesthesia because of the Northern blockade. The standard method of soaking a handkerchief with chloroform wasted the liquid as it evaporated. Dr. Julian John Chisolm solved the dilemma by inventing a 2.5-inch inhaler (the anesthesia inhaler), the first of its type. Chloroform was dripped through a perforated circle on the side onto a sponge in the interior; as the patient inhaled through tubes, the vapors mixed with air. This new method required only one-eighth of an ounce of chloroform, compared to the old 2-ounce dose. So while Union surgeons knocked out their patients 80,000 times during the war, rebels treated nearly as many with a fraction of the supplies.

1. Facts/What I See?

Document 7 (Social Studies): Jim Crow-Voting LawsSource: http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/white-only-1.htmlNote: Denying black men the right to vote through legal maneuvering and violence was a first step in taking away their civil rights. Beginning in the 1890s, southern states enacted literacy tests, poll taxes, elaborate registration systems, and eventually whites-only Democratic Party primaries to exclude black voters. The laws proved very effective. In Mississippi, fewer than 9,000 of the 147,000 voting-age African Americans were registered after 1890. In Louisiana, where more than 130,000 black voters had been registered in 1896, the number had plummeted to 1,342 by 1904.

From the newspaper PM by Dr. Seuss, 1942.

1. Facts/What I See?

U.S. Constitution, Amendment XIV, Section 1 -- All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities

of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the

laws.

Document 8 (Language Arts): Eyewitness Account of KKK ViolenceCategorizing through buckets (analytical categories or clusters)

Group the documents into buckets, by deciding the underlying commonality. This will provide the basis for organizing your essay.

Source: "The Ku Klux Klan, 1868", EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (2006).

Note: Ben Johnson was born a slave around 1848. Eighty-five years later, he was interviewed by a team from the Federal Writers' Project that was gathering recollections from former slaves. We join him and his wife as they sit on the front porch of their home near Durham, NC and he recalls his encounters with the Ku Klux Klan shortly after the end of the Civil War.

“I was born in Orange County [North Carolina] and I belong to Mr. Glibert Gregg near Hillsboro. I don’t know nothin’ ‘bout my mammy and daddy, but I had a brother Jim who was sold to dress young misses fer her weddin’. The tree is still standing where I set under an’ watch them sell Jim. I set dar an’ I cry an’ cry, especially when they puts the chains on him an’ carries him off…

…The most that I can tell you ‘bout is the Klu Klux. I never will forget when they hung Cy Guy. They hung him for a scandalous insult to a white woman an’ they comed after him a hundred strong.

They tries him there in the woods, an’ they scratches Cy’s arm to get some blood, an’ with that blood they writes that he shall hang ‘tween the heavens and the earth till he is dead, dead, dead, and that any nigger what takes down the body shall be hanged too.

Well sir, the next morning there he hung, right over the road an’ the sentence hanging over his head. Nobody would bother with that body for four days an’ there it hung, swinging in the wind, but the fourth day the sheriff comes an’ takes it down…

1. Facts/What I See?