paul clayton - zoonotic diseases affecting international trade
DESCRIPTION
Zoonotic Diseases Affecting International Trade - Paul Clayton, U.S. Meat Export Federation, from NIAA's One Health: Implications for Animal Agriculture, March 15 - 17, 2010, Kansas City, MO, USA.TRANSCRIPT
Zoonotic Diseases Affecting International Trade
NIAA Annual MeetingMarch 16, 2010
Paul ClaytonU.S. Meat Export Federation
Technical Barriers To Trade
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Ave
rage
Tar
iff ra
te
050
100150200
250300350400
450500
Num
ber o
f AD
Mea
sure
s in
Pla
ce
Avg. TariffsMeasures in Force
Source: Cato Institute
Trade Concerns Reported Solved After 10 Years
Partially Solved
7%
Not Solved
66%
Solved27%
Source: WTO
SPS Trade Concerns by Subject- last 10 years -
Other Concerns
4%Food
Safety27%
Animal Health &
Zoonoses40%
Plant Health
29%
Source: WTO
USDA FSIS Export Certificate 9060-5
USDA FSIS Export Certification on Diseases
• FMD• Rinderpest• Contagious Bovine (Caprine)
Pleuropnaumonia• Peste des Petitis – Ruminants• Anthrax• Tuberculosis• Brucellosis• Vesicular Stomatitis• Blue Tongue• Lumpy Skin• Rift Valley Fever• Theileriosis Hemorrhagic Septicemia• Bovine Babesiosis• African Swine Fever• Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)• Swine Vesicular Disease• Teschovirus Encephalomyelitis • Pseudo Rabies/Aujesky Disease• Swine Erysipelas• NIPAH Virus • Vesicular Exanthema• Sheep (Goat) Pox• Contagious Agalactia
Alternative Language• The United States has been free of foot and mouth
disease for the past 12 months and has been free of rinderpest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, lumpy skin disease, Rift Valley fever for the past 24 months. Vaccination has not been carried out against the aforementioned diseases (Korea).
• The animals from which the meats originate come from healthy herds under State supervision for the diseases regulated by the State and/or the United States Department of Agriculture, including OIE listed diseases which affect the species and may be carried through meat, and were not slaughtered as a result of any infectious, contagious, or parasitic disease eradication program. The meat is deemed by USDA to not pose a risk of transmission of brucellosis or tuberculosis (Dominica).
Current Restrictions• Beef
– BSE– Vesicular Stomatitis
• Pork– Trichinae– PRRS/PCVAD – H1N1
• Lamb– Scrapies– Full Bans – Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Russia– Partial Bans Require EV programs
• Mexico and Canada
Vesicular Stomatitis
• Beef products originating from animals raised in states with counties which have had confirmed bovine cases of vesicular stomatitis within the last 12 months.
• Russia and Saudi Arabia
BSE Restrictions
• Full Bans – 20 Countries– South America – 6– Pacific Rim – 7– Africa/Middle East – 5– Eastern Europe – 2
• Partial Bans – Require Export Verification – Mexico, Egypt, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, Lebanon,
Singapore, Taiwan, Russia, Thailand, Vietnam, Columbia, Malaysia, Panama, Peru, Chile, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, St. Lucia, Ukraine and UAE.
Summary of U.S. BSE Mitigation Procedures
Production Pre-Slaughter
Beef Slaughter &Carcass Chilling
Carcass Disassembly Rendering
FDA Mammalian to Ruminant Feed Ban
Feed Affidavits
Animal Identification
Feed Mill Reviews
Feed Testing
Exclusion of Downer Cattle
FSIS Antemortem inspection
Test & Hold Policy
APHIS Surveillance
No air injection stunning
Age Determination
Age Segregation & Carcass Identification [30 mo. of age & older]
SRM Removal & Disposal
Sanitation & Dedicated Equipment
FSIS Postmortem Inspection
Carcass Identification & Segregation [30 Months of Age & Older]
SRM Removal & Disposal
Equipment Sanitation
Product Separation & Labeling
AMR & MSM Policies
MBM Labeling
Inedible Processing of SRM’s
MBM sales designation
Handling Equipment Clean-out Procedures
FDA Verification
BSE Certification Language• The feeding of ruminants with meat and bone meal and greaves derived from
ruminants has been banned and the ban has been effectively enforced." • "The meat comes from cattle that were not rendered insensible by a device
injecting compressed air or gas into the cranial cavity prior to slaughter, or by any method that cuts the spinal cord."
• "The meat or meat products were not derived from the following specified risk materials: the brain, skull, eyes, trigeminal ganglia, spinal cord, vertebral column (excluding the vertebrae of the tail, the transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and the wings of the sacrum), and dorsal root ganglia of cattle 30 months of age and older, and the tonsils and distal ileum of the small intestine of any cattle, regardless of age."
• "The meat or meat products were not produced by a process of mechanical separation."
• "The meat comes from cattle less than 30 months of age that were subjected to ante and post mortem inspection and showed no evidence of systemic contagious or infectious diseases of animal or public health concern, including suspected or confirmed cases of central nervous system disorders."
• "The country or zone of origin is declared as free of foot-and-mouth disease without vaccination, rinderpest, and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia before the International Office of Epizootics and this sanitary condition is recognized by Chile."
• "The cattle from which the beef is derived were born, raised, and slaughtered in the exporting country or in a zone with similar epidemiological conditions."
Determination of <30moa
Bovine Dentition
Production records of birth dates can also be used
Japan’s Requirements for Age <20moa
• Basics for the cow calf producer– Calving Records (documented and
filed)– Unique Animal Identification
(individual or group qualifies)– Transfer of Information– Defined Calving Season– Maintain Records (3 yrs)
• Plants can also use A40 bone maturity
Identifying, Marking, & Segregating Carcasses of Cattle
that are>30 Months of Age
Specified Risk Materials (SRM) Definitions Associated with U.S. Beef Exports
SRM Definition
> 30 months of age: tonsils, distal ileum, brain, eyes, spinal cord, trigeminal ganglia, skull, dorsal root ganglia, vertebral column (excluding the vertebra of the tail, the dorsal spinous processes and transverse processes of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, and the wings and median crest of the sacrum)All ages: tonsil and distal ileum of the small intestine
> 30 months of age: tonsils, distal ileum, brain, eyes, spinal cord, trigeminal ganglia, skull, dorsal root ganglia, vertebral column (excluding the transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebra, the wings of the sacrum and the bones of the tail)All ages: tonsils and distal ileum
> 30 months of age: tonsils, distal ileum, brain, eyes, spinal cord, , skull, vertebral column All ages:tonsils, distal ileum
>12 months of age: the skull (excluding the mandible) brain, eyes, and the spinal cord, tonsils, intestines from the duodenum to the rectum, and the mesentery> 30 months of age: dorsal root ganglia, vertebral column (excluding the vertebrae of the tail, the spinous and transverse processes of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, and the wings and median crest of the sacrum), tonsils, intestines from the duodenum to the rectum, and the mesenteryAll ages: tonsils, intestines from the duodenum to the rectum, and the mesentery
All Ages: Tonsils, brain, eyes, spinal cord, skull, small intestine (bone-in beef)Tonsils, small intestine (boneless beef)
All Ages: tonsils, distal ileum, brain, eyes, spinal cord, skull, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, vertebral column (excluding the bones of the tail, transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and the wings of the sacrum)
All ages:Tonsils, distal ileum, brain, eyes, spinal cord, skull, vertebral column (including the vertebrae of the tail, the transverse process of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and the wings of the sacrum
All Ages:Tonsils, distal ileum, brain, eyes, spinal cord, skull, vertebral column
All ages:Tonsils, brain, eyes, spinal cord, skull vertebral column, small intestine (pylorus to rectum)
Countries where definition is applied for trade purposes
***** FSIS definitionBelize, Cayman Islands, Chile, DR, El Salvador, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Ukraine, Philippines, Indonesia, Canada, Lebanon, South Korea
OIE definitionfor Controlled Risk classificationColumbia, Malaysia, Panama, Peru
European Union Mexico Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan, Thailand
Russia Singapore Hong Kong, Egypt,
Removal of Spinal Cord
SRM Removal & Disposal Carcass Disassembly
Vertebral Column [DRG] is removed from Carcasses ≥ 30 MOA
Removal of Vertebral Column [DRG]
Wash/Sanitize Affected Equipment after Carcasses
of Cattle ≥30 MOA
U.S. Packer
AMS
FSIS
Product Code
USDA Export
Certificate
Role of USDA in Certifying
Boneless Ribeye Roll
Bone in short rib
SOVEC
Two signatures: SOV signature from AMS and Export Certificate signature from FSIS
Trichinae Restrictions
• Freezing according to 9 CFR 318.10 (c)(2)(iv) • Chilled requires testing at approved USDA AMS
lab – Trichinae Analyst and Laboratory Certification Program
• Cooking according to 9 CFR 318.10 (c)(1)(i) – 140°F for 1 min. or 144°F Instantaneous
• EU, Russia, Singapore, Columbia, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Tahiti, Peru, South Africa, Venezuela
Max. Internal Temp. - °F Minimum Time - Hours
0 106
-5 82
-10 63
-15 48
-20 35
-25 22
-30 8
-35 ½
Freezing Requirements for Trichinae Mitigation
PRRS/PCVAD• U.S./Australia Free Trade Agreement
– Only able to export cooked pork products to Australia• The meat has not been derived from the head or neck (this
includes all head and neck tissues cranial to the fourth cervical vertebrae but does not include the shoulders), major peripheral lymph nodes (popliteal – if present, iliac, inguinal, axillary – if present, ventral, middle and dorsal superficial cervical) have been removed and the meat has been deboned.
• Raw Packaged Product can go direct to cooking in Australia
• 56° C (133° F) for 60 min.• 65° C (149°F) for 20 min.• 70° C (158°F) for 11 min.
Market Displacement• Korea: FMD January 2, 2010• Taiwan FMD February 13, 2010• China: FMD October 29, 2009• Russia: African Swine Fever Sept. 16,
2009• Russia Classical Swine Fever August
3, 2009• Brazil Classical Swine Fever March
20, 2009
Summary
• “Most countries”– Follow the OIE Code for Animal Disease
restrictions for meat imports– BUT may require additional mitigation
procedures
• USDA FSIS is the competent authority
• Disease situations can provide economic opportunities or challenges