pattern recognition
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pattern Recognition
Nick LundAttention and Pattern Recognition
![Page 2: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Introduction
Pattern recognition has been defined as ‘the ability to abstract and integrate certain elements of a stimulus into an organised scheme for memory storage and retrieval’ (Solso,1998).
![Page 3: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Features of pattern recognition
Five principles(Solso,1998):
1.Quickly and accurately.
2.Recognise and classify unfamiliar objects.
3.Accurately recognise shapes and objects from different angles.
![Page 4: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Features of pattern recognition
4.Identify patterns and objects even when partly hidden.
5.Recognise patterns quickly,with ease,and with automaticity.
![Page 5: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Features of pattern recognition
Template matching theories
Feature analysis
Prototype theories
![Page 6: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Top-down and bottom-up processing
An examination of the theories of pattern recognition raises the question of whether pattern recognition involves top-down or bottom-up processing.
![Page 7: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Bottom- up process
Template matching theoryGeons (Structural- description theory)Feature theoryPrototype theory
![Page 8: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Template matching theory
External stumuli matches internal templateVast numbers of templates are storedTemplates are created by experience– E.x.: visit Russia
![Page 9: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Problems:– 1) Only occurs when there’s a one-to-one match
• Payne and Wenger (1998)
A
A
AA
![Page 10: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
2) Where are all these templates stored?
3) Slow process
Ex.: recognize 1000-1500 letters a minute
4) To recognize new variations of a pattern (Solso, 1998)
![Page 11: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Geons (Structural- description theory)
Biederman (1987)
Limited number (24) of simple geometric shapes , or geons for us to analyse patterns.– Ex.: mug v.s. bucket
![Page 12: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Geons
![Page 13: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Advantage:– Recognize pattern from different angles
Disadvantage:– Can’t explain why we recognize a particular
chair.– Ex.: My face v.s. my friend’s face
![Page 14: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Feature theory
Patterns are recognized by analysis of the individual features of the pattern.– Ex.: MANGO
M
A
![Page 15: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Four stages of pattern recognition– Image demons: record the image and pass it– Feature demons: analyse the image for specific
feature• Ex.:
Pandemonium model (Selfridge, 1959)
![Page 16: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
![Page 17: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
– Cognitive demons: detect the present feature and shout
– Decision demons: pick up the loudest feature
![Page 18: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Advantage:
More flexible than template theory– Ex.: A , regardless of size, shape or
orientation– Neisser: M → N H M V → longer RT (more distracter) M → O M Q G → shorter RT
![Page 19: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Disadvantage:
1) Fail to account for the effects of context and expectations
– Ex.:2) Two experiments which can’t explain feature
theorya. Fail to detect “t” in “the” (Healy)b. Teacup, eyebrow → cup, eye ; eac, ebr (Inhoff
and Topolski)
![Page 20: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
3) Eysenck and Keane:– How can we recognize patterns when their
features are hidden from view?4) Relationship between the features
– Ex. : T v.s. L
![Page 21: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The biology of feature theory
Hubel and Wiesel (1959)In visual cortex:– Simple cells: particular orientation, specific
location– complex cells: lines or edges, in all visual field– Hypercomplex cells: length and angles,
combination of features
![Page 22: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Disadvantage:
1) Some questioned the existence of hypercomlex cells
2) How specialized they need to be?3) Run out of cells
![Page 23: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Prototype theoryExternal stimuli matches with internal abstract prototype
– Ex.: R, compare to all other “R”s
Solso(1998): two theoretical models①Central-tendency model:
– The average, mean②Attribute-frequency model:
– Most common combination, mode
![Page 24: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Advantage:
1) More “economical” than template theory– Don’t need templates for every shape, size,
orientation
2) Explain the speed of recognition of letters, words and patterns / novel stimuli
![Page 25: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Disadvantage:
1) can’t explain the effect of context (Eysenck, 1993)
– old woman v.s. young lady
2) B, R, P have similar prototype
![Page 26: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Top-down processing
Word superiority effect Rat-Man demonstration
![Page 27: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Rat-Man demonstration
![Page 28: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Rat-Man demonstration
![Page 29: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Rat-Man demonstration
![Page 30: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
The effect of context
![Page 31: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Pattern Recognition
Theories– Template matching– Feature analysis
– Prototype Central-tendencyAttribute- frequency
Summary
![Page 32: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Summary
Top-down processing
Bottom- up processing
Word superiority effect
Rat-Man demonstration
Geons
Pandemonium model
![Page 33: Pattern Recognition](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022061210/5490cdfdb4795933768b497e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
THE END