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Pathway to Reformative Change:
Public Safety, Law Enforcement, and the Albany Community
PREPARED BY DR. ALICE GREEN, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Copyright August 2019 Center for Law and Justice Printing by
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Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... 5
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 7
Albany, Community Policing and Public Safety ........................................................................... 8
City Demographics and Arrests .................................................................................................. 8
PUBLIC SAFETY SURVEY .................................................................................................... 11
Methodology ........................................................................................................................... 11
Results and Findings ................................................................................................................. 12
Survey Questions and Responses ............................................................................................. 12
Qualitative Survey Responses .................................................................................................. 15
Summary Discussion ................................................................................................................ 16
RECOMMENDATIONS ....................................................................................................... 17
END NOTE ........................................................................................................................ 22
REFERENCE NOTES ........................................................................................................... 22
APPENDICES ..................................................................................................................... 23
APPENDIX A: Reproduction of Survey Questionnaire ................................................................ 25
APPENDIX B: Responses to Survey Questions ........................................................................... 26
APPENDIX C: Individual Responses to Qualitative Survey Questions ......................................... 31
APPENDIX D: Graphical representation of responses by race (Black, Latinx, White only) .......... 36
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Formorethantwodecades,theCenterforLawandJustice(Center)haswrittenandpublishedmanyresearch reports that examine issues around race, ethnicity, and the criminal justice system. The firstwaspublishedin1998andtitled,ToProtectandServe?A Status Report on the Relationship Between the Community and the Albany Police Department. The current document follows four of the most recent reports by theCenter.ThreeofthemdocumentthedisparateeffectsofthecriminaljusticesystemonpeopleofcolorintheCapitalRegion.Tworeportsdescribehowlocalminoritiesarearrested,detained,convictedandincarceratedinproportionsfargreaterthantheirrepresentationinthegeneralpopulation.Athirdreportdepictstheimpactofthe“warondrugs”inAlbany,resultinginthesentencingofscoresofAlbany’syoungAfricanAmericanmentomorethan600yearsinprisonfornon-violentoffenses.Thefourthreport,titled,Pathway to Change: African Americans and Community Policing in Albany,examinestherelationshipbetweentheAlbanyPoliceDepartment(APD)andAfricanAmericansinAlbanyin2012.ThosereportscanbeexaminedontheCenter’swebsite(www.cflj.org). This current report looks specifically at the relationship between lawenforcement andAlbany cityresidentsandtheirperceptionofandfeelingsaboutpublicsafetyinthespringof2019. Over300cityresidentsrespondedtoaquestionnairethatsolicitedtheiropinionsandthoughtsonpublicsafetyand lawenforcement.Someweredisqualified fornot reportingazipcode.TheCenterused256participantresponsesinthefinaldataanalysisforthisreport.
Our survey data report four major findings:
1. ManyblackandbrownresidentsreportstrongfeelingsofmistrustoftheAlbanyPoliceDepartment.
2. Many of these same residents report strong feelings of mistrust of the Albany County DistrictAttorney’sOffice.MostparticipantsstronglydisagreethattheDistrictAttorney’sOfficehandlescasesinafairmanner.
3. FewerresidentsthananticipatedknowoftheLawEnforcementAssistedDiversion(LEAD)programAlbanyimplementedinApril2016.Over50percentofsurveyparticipantsexpressedlackofknowledgeabouttheLEADprogram.Somedoubttheprogram’sabilitytosignificantlyimpactmassincarcerationandracialdisparityinlawenforcement.
4. Severalthemeswerealsoreportedonthequalitativepartofthesurveywhererespondentswereaskedtomentionanylocaleventthathadaninfluenceonhowtheyfeltaboutlawenforcementand/orpublicsafety.Threeofthemajorthemesmentionedinorderofrecurrencewerepolicemisconduct,racism,andpoliceconduct inboththeFirstStreet1 policeabusecaseandthepoliceshootingofEllazarWilliams.2
TheCentercautionsreaderstonotusethesefindingsasageneralperceptionofAlbany’stotalpopulation,butinsted,viewitasasamplingofthoughtsandfeelings.Hopefully,thisinitialsurveywillleadtomoreformalandexpandedresearcheffortswhichcanyieldmoredataandprovidegreaterdetailontheissuestheCenterpresents in this preliminary report. But, the findings do suggest that local government officials should beconcernedaboutthereportedresponsesandusethemtomorecloselyexamineresidentfeelingsandopinionsandtoworkwithcommunityresidentsandgroupstofindsolutionstoreportedproblems.Whilecommunitydialoguesarepositive,theyarenotenoughtobringaboutpower-sharingandtransformativechange.
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To begin the process of transformative change, a philosophical and practical process dedicated torevolutionarychange,theCenterforLawandJusticeoffersseveralrecommendations.Theyarebasedonourbeliefthatstructuralracismisatthecoreofourcommunityinstitutionsandoursocial,economic,andlegislativepolicies,andwemustcometounderstandhowitismanifested,acknowledgeitspresenceanddestructiveforce,andcommitourselvestodestroyingit.Webelievethetaskwillbeextremelydifficult,forweshareracismexpert,RobinDiangelo’sperspectivethatracismandwhitesupremacyhavebecomethenormandnotanaberrationasmanysuggest.
Our recommendations include theneed tofindways forour lawenforcementagenciesandcriminaljusticesystemtoexamine its internaloperations to identify thepresenceof systemic racismand learnwaystoaddress it.Otherrecommendationsaremadeonhowtobeginthatprocess. Somepointtotheneedforimmediatechanges thatwouldrequiremoretransparencyandclarificationofpolicies intheAlbanyCountyDistrictAttorney’sOffice,updatingand releasing theAlbanyPoliceDepartment’s racialprofilingpolicy, stateinvestigationsofallpoliceshootingsandchangeincivilservicelawSection50-Atoallowthepublictoseeuseofforcerecordsofpoliceofficers,andtherequirementthattheheadsofourlawenforcementagenciesprepareandreleaseannualreportsoftheiroperations,asdonebythechiefofpoliceoftheUniversityofAlbanyPoliceDepartment.3
Readersshouldnotviewthisreportasacondemnationofanyindividualsororganizations.TheCenterconductedasurveytogivecommunitymembersanopportunitytovoicetheirfeelingsandopinionsthroughcivicengagement.Readersshouldembracethefindingsasanopportunitytouniteourcommunityinasearchforandimplementationoftransformativechangesthatwillstrengthencommunity/lawenforcementrelations,improvepublicsafety,promoterespectforallourresidents,andreducestructuralracism.Thisisourhope.
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INTRODUCTION
TheCenterforLawandJustice,Inc.(Center)isacommunity-basedgrassrootsoperationdedicatedtostructuralchangeinourcriminaljusticesystemthatisdevotedtohumane,fair,andequitabletreatmentof all people engaged in the system. The Center supports underserved andmarginalized people, andoppressedandvulnerablecommunitiesthroughadvocacy,education,client-basedservices,andcommunityorganizingforempowerment.TheCenterprovidesservicestoassistincommunityre-entryforresidentsformerlyincarcerated.Itoperatesontheprinciplethatsocialjusticedemandstransformativechangeinourcriminaljusticesystem,whichdisproportionatelyincarceratesthepoorandpeopleofcolor.Asapathwaytochange,theCentercontinuestoworktoreducestructuralracism,eradicateracialdisparitiesinarrests,andeliminatemassincarceration. In2020, theCenter for Lawand Justicewill celebrate its35thyear inoperation.And, since itsfounding, ithasbeenat the forefrontofmostmajor criminal justice issuesof concern to residentsofNewYorkStateandtheCapitalRegion inparticular.Extremelytroubledbythehistorical racial,ethnic,and economic disparities that exist throughout the criminal justice system, the Center has, and withvigor,consistentlyadvocatedfortherightsofthepoorandpeopleofcolorwhileworkingcloselywithkeyplayersinlocalandstatecriminaljusticesystems.Ithelpeddeveloppolicingandtrainingpolicies,crimepreventionprogramsandstrategies,andlegalrights,advocacy,andeducationprogramsforcommunityschools and organizations. In addition, it hasworked to reduce sentencing disparities and promotedsoundprobation,parole,judicial,andsentencingpolicies.Theorganizationhasbeenaleaderineffortstoempowerindividuals,familiesandcommunitiesadverselyaffectedbyincarceration.
Much of the Center’s work has been devoted tomonitoring policing policies, operations, andpracticesandtheAlbanyPoliceDepartment’s(APD)fluidrelationshipwiththecommunity.Overtime,theCenterhasworkedcloselywithAPDtobringpositivechangetoitsrelationshipwiththecommunity.TheculminationofthatcollaborativeendeavorwastheadoptionofcommunitypolicingasabasicphilosophicalapproachtocarryingoutAPD’spublicsafetymandate.ThatapproachledratherquicklytotheadoptionandimplementationoftheLawEnforcementAssistedDiversion(LEAD)programwhichhasbeeninoperationforoverthreeyears.Ithasallowedthecommunityandpolicetoworkcollaborativelyindivertingpeoplefromarrestandincarcerationtotreatmentandotherhumanservices.Todate,closeto200peoplehavebeendiverted. Itisnoteworthythatmanyotherpositivechangeshavebeenmadeinlawenforcementpolicies,policing practices, and the relationship between police and community residents. Recently, however,manycommunityresidentshaveopenlyvoiceddissatisfactionwiththestateoflawenforcement,publicsafety,andtheirown limitedrole insecuringpublicsafety,due in largemeasuretoseveralregrettablepoliceactions. Concernedovergrowingtensionbetweenlawenforcementandcommunities,GovernorAndrewM.CuomoinapressreleaseonApril1,2019stated:
Recognizing that positive relationships between the police and their communities are crucial to creating a safer New York, the FY 2020 Enacted Budget includes reforms to use-of-force policies and reporting. Specifically, this legislation will now require that law enforcement agencies have a use-of-force policy with minimum standards, implemented and report all use-of-force incidents, particularly those incidents resulting in death or serious injury.
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These measures will ensure that New York’s police and peace officers maintain the utmost standards of professionalism and increase public trust in law enforcement [emphasis added].4
Many state legislators joined in support of the Governor’s position and voiced their own concerns,pointingoutthesignificanceofpublictrustandthepositiveroleitcanplayinpromotingpublicsafety.
Albany, Community Policing and Public Safety Acoretenetofcriminal justicereformisthe ideaofpublicsafety,or lackthereof.Specifically,effectivepublicsafety isthoughttonecessitateatrustingrelationshipbetween lawenforcementandcommunityresidents.OfgrowingimportanceincitieslikeAlbanyisthepracticeofcommunitypolicing,whichthecitysolidlyembraced10yearsago.Underthecity’sapproach,policeofficersweretrainedincommunitypolicingpracticesandassignedspecificgeographiclocationstoservelong-termtohelpthemlearn about specific social needsof their assignedneighborhood andhow they couldbe addressed.Policeofficersbecamemeaningfullyandthoughtfullyengagedinacooperativeway,workingtogethertoidentifycommunityproblemsandexploringsolutionsthoughttopromoteandmaintainthehealthof the community. Engagingand integratingofficers into the community allowed them toeffectivelyidentifythemostpressingconcernsinthecommunity.Itallowedthemtoaccuratelyidentifymanyofthecommunityresourcesthatcouldbeusedtoreducecrimeinthecityaswell. The city’s community policing strategy led to the development and implementation of thecollaborative approach topublic safety knownas LEAD (LawEnforcementAssistedDiversion). Sevengovernment,business,andcommunity-basedorganizationsjoinedtogethertolaunchLEADinApril2016.Thisharm-reductiondiversionprogram’sstatedmissionistoreducefuturecriminalbehaviorrelatedtomentalillness,druginvolvement,chronichomelessness,andotherhealthandwellnessissuesinAlbany’sneighborhoods.TheCenterpartnerswithLEADtoeducatethecommunityabouttheprogramandtodooutreach,ensuringcommunityinputandLEADaccountability.
*fromFBIUniformCrimeReport2017**Hispanicsnotrecordedseperately
Accordingtothe2010Census,theCityofAlbanyhadatotalpopulationof98,251,with54,039listedaswhite, 28,493asblack, 9,825asHispanic, and4,193asother. The city’s policedepartmentemployedatotalof339swornofficers:295werewhite,33wereblack,sevenwereHispanic,fourwereother.
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identify the most pressing concerns in the community. It allowed them to accurately identify
many of the community resources that could be used to reduce crime in the city as well.
The city’s community policing strategy led to the development and implementation of
the collaborative approach to public safety known as LEAD (Law Enforcement Assisted
Diversion). Seven government, business, and community-based organizations joined together
to launch LEAD in April 2016. This harm-reduction diversion program’s stated mission is to
reduce future criminal behavior related to mental illness, drug involvement, chronic
homelessness, and other health and wellness issues in Albany’s neighborhoods. The Center
partners with LEAD to educate the community about the program and to do outreach, ensuring
community input and LEAD accountability.
City Demographics and Arrests
CITY OF ALBANY 2010 POPULATION BY RACE/ETHNICITY
RACE/ETHNICITY POPULATION PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION 2017 ARRESTS BLACK 28,493 29% 1140WHITE 54,039 55% 471HISPANIC 9,825 10% OTHER 4,913 6% 13POPULATION TOTAL 98,251 1624
According to the 2010 Census, the City of Albany had a total population of 98,251, with
54,039 listed as white, 28,493 as black, 9,825 as Hispanic, and 4,193 as other. The city’s police
department employed a total of 332 sworn officers: 295 were white, 33 were black, seven were
Hispanic, four were other, and 325 were non-Hispanic.5
On the Albany County District Attorney’s office website, it states that the office employs
“over 30 assistant district attorneys.” It does not provide information on race or ethnicity for
the District Attorney’s office staff.
In a 2012 report, the Center for Law and Justice highlights that nearly 75 percent of the
arrests in the City of Albany were minorities, although they accounted for less than 59 percent
of Albany’s total population. Minorities were overrepresented among convictions which flowed
from an overrepresentation among arrests. And, in turn, their rate of imprisonment far
exceeded that of whites. Even the most recent LEAD data show blacks are disproportionately
arrested and underrepresented among those diverted from arrests.
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OntheAlbanyCountyDistrictAttorney’sofficewebsite,itstatesthattheofficeemploys“over30assistantdistrictattorneys.”ItdoesnotprovideinformationonraceorethnicityfortheDistrictAttorney’sofficestaff. Ina2012report,theCenterforLawandJusticehighlightsthatnearly75percentofthearrestsintheCityofAlbanywereminorities,althoughtheyaccountedforlessthan59percentofAlbany’stotalpopulation.Minoritieswereoverrepresentedamongconvictionswhichflowedfromanoverrepresentationamongarrests.And,inturn,theirrateofimprisonmentfarexceededthatofwhites.EventhemostrecentLEADdatashowblacksaredisproportionatelyarrestedandunderrepresentedamongthosedivertedfromarrests. TheseimbalancesandlawenforcementactionsconnectedtothemmayhavegivenrisetorecenttensionandcommunitymistrustalreadydeeplyembeddedintoAmerica’shistory. WhiletheheadsoftheAlbanyPoliceDepartmentandtheAlbanyCountyDistrictAttorney’sOfficeareblack,thisalonecannotpromisesolutionstosystemicproblems.However,theirleadership,culturalcompetency,policingskills,andexperiencescouldbequitehelpfulinchangingthesystem.
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PUBLIC SAFETY SURVEY
Tomore clearly understand the sentiment of Albany residents towards public safety and lawenforcementandtoseekeffectivepathwaystosystemicchange, theCenterconductedacommunitysurveythispastspring.SpecificoutcomemeasuresofthestudyweretoidentifygeneralissuesandresidentconcernsaboutlawenforcementandpublicsafetyinAlbany,andtomakeappropriaterecommendationsforchangesto lawenforcementoperations.Anothergoalwastocaptureascreenshotofthegeneralattitudesandfeelingsheldbyresidentsabouttheirrelationship,orlackthereof,withthepolice. Wehypothesizethatcommunityresidentsperceiveadifferenceinhowcertainneighborhoodsarepoliced.WehypothesizethatthereisahighlevelofmistrustbetweentheAlbanycommunity,particularlyAfricanAmericans,theAlbanyPoliceDepartmentandtheAlbanyCountyDistrictAttorney’sOffice.WealsohypothesizethatmanyresidentsarestillnotawareofandknowledgeableabouttheLEADprogram. This report presents the results of that survey, an analysis of the collected data, andrecommendationsforchange.
Methodology
TheCenterforLawandJusticedevelopedaPublicHealthandSafetysurveyinMay2019withideasaboutcommunitypolicinginmind.TheCenteradministeredthesurveyin-personatvariouscommunityevents inAlbany.AnonlineversionofthesurveygeneratedbyTypeformwasalsoavailabletothoseinterested.ThesurveywasdesignedtocapturetheconcernsandfeelingsofAlbanyresidentsregardingtheirpublicsafetyandperceptionsoflawenforcement.QuestionsincludetopicsabouttheworkoftheAlbanyCountyDistrictAttorney,theLEADprogram,andtheAlbanyPoliceDepartment.Aqualitative,open-endedaspectofthesurveyallowedresidentstoprocessandexplainwhytheyfeltacertainwayaboutlawenforcement. TheCenterdesignedthesurveyforCityofAlbanyresidentsonly,anditcaptureddemographicinformationincludingzipcode,agerange,race,andgender.ThosewhoenteredazipcodeoutsideofAlbanywereexcludedfromthefinaldataanalyses.Aftereliminatingnon-Albanyzipcodes,therewasatotalof256surveyparticipants.Ofthese256,therewere13participantswhodidnotentertheirzipcode.Forthepurposeofthisstudy,thoseindividualswereincludedinthefinalanalyses.SincetheCenteradvertisedthesurveyforAlbanyresidentsonly,wewillassumetheseparticipantsarefromanAlbanyzipcode.TheCFLJteamacknowledgesthatthereisameasurableleveloffearamongstAlbanyresidentswithregards to releasingpersonal informationabout themselves to thepublicandperceivedthreatsfromlawenforcement.
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Results and Findings
Ofthe256participants,55.1percentidentifiedasfemaleand43.6percentidentifiedasmale.About44.8percentofparticipantsidentifiedasblack,8.6percentidentifiedasLatinx,and41.0percentidentifiedaswhite.Theagerangesmostrepresentedinthesurveyare25-40(42.2percent),41-60(28.5percent),and61-80(18.4percent).
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Survey Questions and Responses Theresponsestothesurveyquestionsrangedfrom“StronglyAgree”to“StronglyDisagree.”Theresponseswerecompiledbyracetodetermineifanydisparitiesofperceptionexistbetweenblack/LatinxandwhiteAlbanyresidents.Questionsaskedincludetopicsonfeelingsofsafetyintheirneighborhood,efficacyoflawenforcementinprotectingthecommunity,concernsregardingcommunicationbetweenpolice/DistrictAttorney’sOfficeandresidents,andawarenessoftheLEADprogram.Resultswerebrokendownbyresponsesasawholeandbasedonrace.Over50percentofparticipantsexpressedlackofknowledgeabouttheLEADprogram.Ofnote,48percentofparticipants“stronglyagree”whenaskedwhethertheyfeelsafewhenaloneoutsideduringtheday;however,theresponsesvariedmuchmorewhenaskediftheyfeelsafealoneoutsideatnight.About45percentofparticipantsstronglydisagreethattheAlbanyPoliceDepartmenttreatsallpeoplewithrespect,andthattheAlbanyPoliceDepartmentdevelopspositiverelationshipswithallcommunitymembers.AdisproportionatenumberofblackcomparedtowhiteparticipantsdisagreethattheDistrictAttorney’sOfficeistrustworthy,handlescasesinafairmanner,andthattheymakeiteasyforcommunitymemberstoprovideinput.(SeeAppendixBforcompletesurveyquestionsandresponses.)
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Qualitative Survey Responses
Thequalitativeportionofthesurveyaskedrespondentsto“describeanyspecificeventsthatledyou to feel thewayyoudoabout theAlbanyPoliceDepartmentandabout theAlbanyCountyDistrictAttorney’sOffice.”
Forpurposesofanalyzingthequalitativesurveydata,theparticipantsexpressingagiventhememaybedouble-countediftheyprovidedmultipleevents.Also,policebrutalityinthecontextofthisanalysisisdefinedasphysicalviolence,threatofphysicalviolence,oractionsofthepolicethatdirectlyunderminetheimmediatesafetyoftheparticipant.Policemisconductincludesactionsbylawenforcementsuchasverbal abuse, damage to personal property, psychologicalmanipulation, stop-and-frisk, and perceiveddiscriminationonthebasisofrace,gender,classandage.Duetotheprevalenceofspecificincidents(e.g.FirstStreet,DontayIvy, EllazarWilliams)asarecurrentthemeinthissurvey,theyweregivenseparatecategoriesapartfromthoseofpolicemisconductandpolicebrutality.
Topics identified via the open-ended portion of the survey include police misconduct, youthperceptions,and labelingcommunityresidentsas“gangs.”Anadditional themecommontothosewhotook the survey includemistrust and feelings of ineffectiveness of District AttorneyDavid Soares. ThecaseofEllazarWilliamsalsoresonatedwithmanyinthecommunity,whodescribedhisshootingbythepoliceasunjustandhowthiscontributestothelackoftrustresidentshaveforlawenforcement.SpecificcommentsabouttheDistrictAttorney’sOfficeincludefeelingsofinabilitytovoicecommunityconcerns,racial profiling, and thehandingofWilliams’ case.A common themeamongst thosewhoexpressedadesireforchangeinleadershipsuggestdispatchingmoreblackpolice.
Othersdetailedspecificinteractionsinvolvingphysicalviolencethattheyortheirfamilymembershavehadwiththepolice.Manyresidentsattributethe ineffectivenessofpolicingeffortstoracismandlegalizeddiscrimination against theAfricanAmerican community.Many residents feel that due to thispowerdifferential,theyaredefenselessagainstunjustactionsbythepolice.
Someexpressedfeelingsoftrustforthepoliceanditsleadershipaswell.Somenotedthattheyfeltthepolicearerespectfulandserveasadvocatesforresidentsbyorganizingcommunityeventsandpublicprograms.
“It’s impossible to get through to share input or concerns with the DA’s Office, in my experience. The attor-neys and staff can regularly be heard using disparaging language based in race, gender, and sexuality, and despite having the LEAD program and a county commitment to diversion and restorative action I don’t feel able to trust that this program will be utilized when appropriate based on how I hear the staff talk about people. I hope that the perception doesn’t belie the actual action, but there’s just no way to be sure.”
“The DA office has been reluctant to speak to the rationale for decisions made this is problematic. We need a new DA.”
“Need more black police.”
“If lead was targeting citizens it was created for would be more effective. We don’t see that now.”
“As a black man, I am not safe or protected during the day or night.”
Results from the open-ended portion of the survey
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“I work in human services in Albany and have experienced a wide range of behavior from APD when assisting my clients -- some of the officers are really wonderful no matter what type of client I bring to them. Others have run the gamut from trying to bar sexual assault clients from having their advocate present during the initial contact to using slurs against LGBTQ people.”
“I have heard anecdotal stories of how the police officers have utilized the LEAD program to refer a person who stole food from a grocery store to connect the person to food pantry or feeding programs”
“You see the police in the news acting out against individuals of my race when they were not doing an-ything wrong. That’s not far from where I live, that could be MY child, MY son in a few years. I fear my colored children growing up being judged for the color of their skin.”
“They don’t care about justice just want to lock black people up.”
Themes Identified from Qualitative Part of Survey, in Order of Recurrence.
COMMON THEMES:
1. Police Misconduct2. Racism3. First Street4. Ellazar Williams5. Change in Leadership / District Attorney’s Office6. Police Brutality7. Strong Leadership by APD8. Dontay Ivy / LEAD Program / Youth Perception6
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Summary Discussion
Itisimportanttoagainpointoutthatwhiletheabovefindingsaccuratelyreflecttheresponsesofsurveyrespondents,theyhavesignificantlimitationsregardinganygeneralizationsthatmaybemadeaboutthethoughtsandfeelingsofthecity’stotalpopulation.But,theydosuggest,firstthatsystemicracismisthoughttobeatthecoreoflawenforcement/communityrelationshipproblems.And,secondlythatourlocalgovernmentofficialsandcommunitystakeholdersshouldandmustbeconcernedaboutthereportedresponsesandusethemtomorecloselyexamineresidentfeelingsandopinionsandtoworkwiththecommunitytounderstandsystemicracismandfindsolutionstomajorissuesandproblemsofconcern.Whilecommunitydialoguesarepositive,theyarenotenoughtobringaboutpower-sharingandtransformativechange;theyrequirestrongcommunityresolve,compassion,appropriateaction,andindividualreflectiononstructuralracismandhowindividualsmaybecomplicitinitscreation,promotionandmaintenance. Inkeepingwithitslonghistoryofcommitmenttosocialjusticeandpublicsafety,theCenterforLawandJusticebelievesitisappropriateandfittingtomakeanumberofrecommendationsforthecom-munity’sreflectionandinvolvementinworkingfortransformativechangeinourcriminaljusticesystemwhichhasabasicstructuredeemedbymanytobeunequal,racistanddestructiveoffartoomanylives,especiallythepoorandpeopleofcolor.Changecancomeabout.Butfirst,allofusmustbeabletoseewhatstructuralracismlookslike.Ourrecommendationsmustnotbeseenasexhaustive.Thereissomuchmorethatneedstobedonetoaddresstherootcausesofconflictanddespairinourcommunity. Mostimportantly,thisreportshouldnotbeviewedasacondemnationofanyindividualsororganizations.Itshouldbeviewedinapositivelight.Theseresidentresponsesarerealandshouldnotbeignored,butembracedasanopportunitytouniteourcommunityinasearchforandimplementationoftransformativechangesthatwillstrengthencommunity/lawenforcementrelations,improvepublicsafety,promoterespectforallcityresidents,reducestructuralracismandmoveoursocialjusticeagendaforward.Thisisourhope.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
WebelievethereportedsurveyfindingsandtheCenter’sstatedmissionprovideastrongbasisformakingthefollowingrecommendationsforsignificantchangeinlawenforcementpolicies,practicesandoperationsthatmayholdgreatpromiseforpromotingracialequity,socialjustice,andpublicsafetywhilestrengtheningrelationshipswiththecommunity.
1. Leaders Should Embrace Report Findings. Althoughwewelcomequeries and criticalcommentonthisreport,communityandgovernmentleaderscannotaffordtoignoreorcondemnthisreportanditsfindingsoutright.Theirleadershipiscrucialtobringingabouttransformativechange.AfricanAmericanswerebroughttothiscountryandthenquicklyenslavedover400yearsago,yetstillsufferfromtheoppressiveracismdeeplyimbeddedandlargelyignoredordeniedinallourinstitutions,especiallylawenforcement.Theycannolongerarguethattheyhavedoneenough,thatchangeiscoming,orthatourlegalandcriminaljusticesystemsarecolorblind.
2. Structural Racism Has to be Acknowledged.Perhapsourmostimportantrecommendationis that we as a community and nationmust seriously address structural racism. Racism hasinfectedthemakingandimplementationofsocialpolicyandissostronglyanddeeplyimbeddedinour institutionsthatmanycannotrecognizeit.Forexample, inthoserareinstanceswhenapoliceofficer is foundguiltyof abusinghisorherpowerandauthoritybybrutalizing ablackman,ithasbecomecustomaryfordepartmentleaderstoattributetheofficer’smalfeasanceto“onebadapple.”Muchtoooften,thattheoryisembracedtoexonerateanddistancethepolicedepartmentfromtheguiltyofficer.Unfortunately,thatapproachismostlikelytoignorestructuralracism,whichincludestightly-heldstereotypesofblackandbrownpeople,thatmayhavegivenlicensetoindividualofficerstorespondtocertainpeopleinamoreabusiveanduncaringmanner.Racismhasgreatpowertokill,particularlythepoor,themarginalized,andpeopleofcolor.Whileindividualofficersmustbeheldaccountablefortheirracistandabusiveactions,systemicracismmustnolongerbeignoredandallowedtoflourish;itmustberecognized,attackedanddestroyedinallourinstitutions,especiallylawenforcementwhichhasbeengivengreatpowerandauthoritytocontrolanddestroythelivesofanyindividualorgroup.ThatauthorityhasbeengreatlyabusedthroughoutAmerica’shistoryandremainsalegacythatmustbeunderstood,acknowledgedandobliterated.Whileitwillbeadifficultstruggle,itmustbegintobeaddressedimmediately.
3. All State and Local Government Officials and Legislative Bodies Should and Must Take Action. Theyshouldtaketheleadandusetheirauthorityandpowertodeclarestructuralracismacrisisthatcontinuestoresultinwholesaleinequitiesinoursystemsofhealth,education,housing,economics,justice,andhumanservicedelivery.Thiscanbedonethroughactionssuchasexecutiveorders,resolutionsandlegislation.Theleaderspossessthepowertosetthetoneforseriousdialoguestotakeplacethatcouldeducateandinspirecommunityactionsthat,inturn,could,leadtotransformativechangesinallourmajorinstitutions.
4. Law Enforcement Officers Must Be Taught Civil Rights History.Tobeginthestruggleagainststructuralracism,thosewhocontrolandthoseemployedinourcommunityinstitutions,particularly lawenforcement,mustbeeducatedaboutthehistoryofblacks inAmericawithamajorfocusonthehistoryoftherelationshipbetweenblacksandpolice.Thatlearningiscrucialtounderstandingblackangerandmistrustof lawenforcement. Behaviorcannotbechangedwithoutknowledgeofthathistory.
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AsDanielleSerednotesinherseminalbook,“UntilWeReckon”The racially inequitable legacy of policing stretches back to the formation of this nation, and police have not only failed to protect communities of color from, they have enacted, enormous levels of harm. This is not simply, or more importantly, about individual police officers. It is about an institution with a history of enabling and enforcing the worse disparities in our country’s history. It is about officers who returned escaped people to the plantation. It is about officers who publicly announced the times of lynchings to be carried out in the backyards of their own precincts, officers who drove black residents out of neighborhoods where they had bought homes, and officers who continue to arrest, assault, and shoot black people in glaringly disproportionate rates. Any substantial shift in police-community relations will require a direct acknowledgement and grappling with that history.
5. Colleges and Universities Should Develop History of Racism Curricula. Albanyisendowedwithmanycollegesanduniversities.Oneof theways theseacademic institutionscan becomemeaningfully involved is to assist in the development of curricula and teachingsaboutblacksandpolicinghistoryandsystemicimplicitbiasforpoliceandotherlawenforcementagencies.ThecurrentUniversityatAlbanyadministrationhasexpressedgreatinterestinworkingcloselywiththecommunity.Thiscouldbeaperfectopportunityforittocarryoutthatmission.Resourcescouldalsobesoughtfrombusiness,government,andother influentialsegmentsofourcommunities.And,strongcurriculamustbecomeapartoflawenforcementtraining.
6. Must Start the Process of Understanding and Acknowledging Structural Racism. TheAlbanyPoliceDepartmentandtheAlbanyCountyDistrictAttorney’sofficeshouldbegintheprocessoflearningandunderstandingstructuralracismbyhiringanexpertconsultantonracismwhomayalsobeabletohelpboththeirdepartments’understandingofwhytheirofficesremaindisproportionatelywhiteandwhytheymaybehavinggreatdifficultyattractingandmaintainingpeople of color on theirworkforce. Consultants such as Robin Diangelo, have received greatpraiseandbeenfoundtobeextremelyeffectiveinteachingaboutwhiteracismandhowtobeginaddressingtheproblem.Lawenforcementandentirecommunitiesshouldreadanddiscussherwell-receivedbook,“WhiteFragility”.7
7. The Albany Police Department’s Racial Profiling Policy Should be Updated and Released.TheAPD,withcommunityinput,developedaracialprofilingpolicynearly20yearsago, but has steadfastly refused tomake it public. The Center encourages the Albany PoliceDepartmenttocollaboratewithcommunityresidentstoupdateandreleaseitspolicyonracialprofiling.
8. Inclusion of Racial Impact Statements on Law Enforcement Policies. Like fiscalimpact statements, all proposed criminal justice andpolicingpolicies, procedures, operationsandpracticesshouldincluderacialimpactstatements.Theycouldbeusedtoevaluatepotentialdisparitiesbeforechangesareimplemented.Manystatesacrossthecountryhaveadoptedsuchstatements.
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9. ACPAC Should be Reorganized and Empowered. TheAlbanyCommunityPoliceAdvisoryCommittee,whichhasworkedcloselywithmembersofthepolicedepartmentandheldregularcommunity/policingforums,needstobestrengthenedbeginningwithfillingvacantseatsonthecommitteewhosemembersareappointedbyAlbanyCommonCouncilmembers.TheCommonCouncilmustassureallofAlbany’sneighborhoodshaverepresentationonACPACinordertomaximize the successof communitypolicingefforts. A similar reviewof theCitizen’sPoliceReviewBoardtodetermineitseffectivenessandneedforchangeshouldbeundertakenbyacommunitygrouporeducationalbody.
10. Section 50-A of the Civil Service Law Should be Changed. Section50-Ashouldbechangedsothatalluseofforcereportsinvolvingapoliceofficer’suseofaweaponwhileondutyduringtenurewithapolicedepartmentcouldbereleasedtothepublicaswellasdisciplinaryfindingssustaininganydisciplinarychargesagainsttheofficercouldbereleased.
11. All Police Shootings Should be Investigated. AllpoliceshootingsandpoliceactionsthatresultinseriousbodilyinjuryordeathofapolicevictimshouldbeinvestigatedbytheNewYorkStateAttorneyGeneralandaspecialprosecutorassignedinsuchcases.
12. New York State Should Pass Stricter Police Use of Force Legislation. Californiais currently considering passing a bill designed to provide a stricter policy regulating policeuseof force.Thebill,AB392,woulddirectpolice to“usedeadly forceonlywhennecessaryindefenseofhumanlife”and,whenpossible,tousetechniquestode-escalatethesituationbefore shooting. Itdoesnotexplicitlydefinewhatwouldbeconsidered“necessary,” thoughcourtscouldconsidertheactionsofboththeofficerandthesuspectwhendeterminingwhethertheforcewasjustified.Suchlegislationcouldpromotetrustinthepolice.
13. The Albany County District Attorney’s Office Should be More Transparent to the Public.ThepublicshouldbeinformedoftheracialandethnicmakeupoftheAlbanyCountyDistrictAttorney’sofficestaffandotherswhoworkforthedepartment,thenumberandtypesofdiversionsmadeannually,andalltypesofcommunityinvolvementsbytheoffice.
14. The Albany County District Attorney’s Office Should Clearly Define Special Prosecutor Policy. The Albany County District Attorney’s Office raised great communityconcernrecentlyoverconflictingpoliciesdesignatingwhenitismorallyandlegallyresponsibleand appropriate to recuse the Office from a case and/or request a special prosecutor in aparticularcase.
15. Annual Reports by the District Attorney’s Office and Albany Police Department Should Become Public. Both theDA’sofficeand theAPDshouldprepareannual reportstotheirrespectivelegislativebodies.NoteshouldbetakenoftheUniversityatAlbanyPoliceDepartment’sAnnualReportasanexample.
16. LEAD Community Outreach Must be Evaluated and Strengthened. WhiletheAlbanyLEADprogramhassuccessfullydivertedandassistednearly200people,theCenterforLawand
20
JusticehasnotbeenabletoeffectivelyfulfillitscommitmenttoeducatetheAlbanycommunityaboutLEADandpromotecommunity involvement intheLEADprocess. AlthoughtheCenterhasusedmanycommunityoutreachapproaches,APDmustexplorenewevidence-basedones.ItiscrucialthatcommunityresidentslearnmoreaboutLEADsothattheycanprovideinputandfeedbackandorganizetoholdLEADaccountableforcarryingout itsmissionofdiversionandpublicsafety.TheCentermustalsoassistthecommunityinexploringtheslowerthanexpectedpaceofdiversions.Somearguethataftermorethanthreeyears, thereshouldbemorethanthe182actualdiversionscarriedoutasofAugust1,2019.However,LEADandAPDhavenotsecuredadequatefundingtosupportmorecasemanagersandcommunityoutreachworkersorcompletedanoutcomeevaluationofLEAD.
17. LEAD Officials Must Become More Aggressive in Identifying Needed Funding. WhileLEADhascontributedmuchtoourcommunity,itneedsadequateandstablefundingtosupportwell-trainedprogramstaff,outreachworkersandcasemanagersandtocompletealongoverdueoutcomeevaluationofthis importantapproachtodivertingpeoplefromarrestsandintotreatmentandhumanservices.Onlythenwillthepublicknowofitstruepotentialtogreatlyimprovepublicsafetyandreducemassincarcerationandracialdisparityinourcriminaljusticesystem.
END NOTE
Whilethisreporthasfocusedonstructuralracisminlawenforcement,itisimportanttopointoutthatallourmajorinstitutions,includingpolitical,environmental,economic,educational,socialandhealthcaredeliverysystemsandothersareinfectedwiththediseaseofstructuralracism.Wearere-mindedbyRobinDiangelothat“theseinstitutionsaredesignedtoreproduceracialinequalityandtheydosowithefficiency.”Therefore,theseandothersystemsmustlookinwardtounderstand,acknowl-edge,andcommittopromotingequity.Ifwefailtoact,weareallcomplicitinmaintainingandpromot-ingsystemicracismthatproducesmoreofthesame.Thisrealitymustnotbeseenasablackorbrownproblem;itaffectsusallandlimitsourhumanspiritandcapacitytogrowandbewell.
21
REFERENCE NOTES
1 TheFirstStreetincidentreferstoaMarch2019altercationbetweenAlbanypoliceandthreemenataFirstStreetresidence.Policewerecalledbyneighborscomplainingaboutloudmusic.Whenpoliceweredeniedentrytothehouse,apolicebodycamerarecordedanofficerkickinginthedooroftheresidence.Observersreportedtheofficerthendraggingandkickingaman.Abystanderoutsiderecordedacellphonevideoofanotherofficerbeatingamaninthestreet.
2 EllazarWilliamswasshotinthebackbyanAlbanypolicedetectiveinAugust2018whilerunning away.Hewasbeingchasedbypolicerespondingtoareportofamanwithagunataconveniencestore.Williamswasnotfoundwithagun,althoughpolicereportedfindingaknifenearby.AlthoughWilliamswasinitiallychargedwithmenacinganofficerandcriminalpossessionofaweapon,thosechargeswerelaterdropped.AvideorecordingoftheeventandcommunityoutrageledtoagrandjuryconsideringchargesagainsttheofficerwhoshotWilliams.Chargeswerenotfiled,andtheofficerretired.Thedetective’sbulletlodgedinMr.William’sspine,leavingMr.Williamsparalyzedfromthechestdown.
3 https://police.albany.edu/UPDAnnualReport2017.pdf
4 Klopott,Freeman.“GovernorCuomoAnnouncesHighlightsoftheFY2020StateBudget.”NewYorkStateDivisionoftheBudget:HomePage.AccessedJuly24,2019.
https://www.budget.ny.gov/pubs/press/2019/pr-enactfy20.html.
5 “U.S.CensusBureauQuickFacts:AlbanyCity,NewYork.”CensusBureauQuickFacts.AccessedJuly23,2019.
https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/albanycitynewyork/PST040218#PST040218.
6 DontayIvywasayoungBlackmaleresidentofArborHillwhodiedin2015afteraconfrontationwithAlbanypolice.Allegedly,IvywaswalkinghomenearLarkandSecondstreetswhenpolicestoppedhimallegedlywithoutprobablecause.Questioningbypoliceledtoaphysicalconfrontation.Unarmedandsufferingfromparanoidschizophrenia,aswellasaheartproblem,Ivywastasered,thenchasedandtackled,resultinginhisdeath.Chargeswerenotbroughtagainsttheofficersinvolved.Asubsequentlegalactionbyhisfamilyallegedpolicenegligence,excessiveforce,andracialprofiling.
7 Diangelo,RobinJ.WhiteFragility:WhyIt’sSoHardforWhitePeopletoTalkaboutRacism.Boston:BeaconPress,2018.151
22 24
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Reproduction of Survey Questionnaire
17-2425-4041-6061-8081+ Zip Code:
GenderDemographics The NYS governor’s 2020 budget recognizes "that positive
relationships between the police and their communities are crucial to creating a safer New York" and seeks to increase public trust in NYS’ law enforcement agencies. CFLJ is interested in the views and opinions of community members about trust between local law enforcement and the community, and increased public
Age range Race
a.) the Albany Police Department engages in community policing?
a.) you feel safe in your community when you are outside alone during the day?
Somewhat Agree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Somewhat Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Don't Know/Refused to
answer
AsianBlackLatinxWhiteOther
MaleFemaleNon-Binary
Somewhat Agree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Somewhat Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Don't Know/Refused to
answer
Community Policing
2.) Community policing is a partnership between the community and police to identify and solve problems related to public safety. Based on this definition, to what extent do you agree or disagree that:
Strongly Agree
d.) always acts to promote public safety?
Albany DA/Community Relations
Don't Know/Refused to
answer
Don't Know/Refused to
answer
Strongly Agree
Somewhat Agree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Somewhat Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Strongly Agree
Somewhat Agree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
5.) In general, to what extent do you agree or disagree that the Albany District Attorney (DA):
a.) is trustworthy?
b.) treats ALL people with respect?
c.) develops positive relationships with ALL community members?
d.) makes it easy for ALL community members to provide input (e.g., comments, suggestions, and concerns)?
a.) is trustworthy?
b.) handles cases in a fair manner?
c.) makes it easy for community members to provide input (e.g., comments, suggestions, and concerns)?
b.) you feel safe in your community when you are outside alone at night?
3.) In general, to what extent do you agree or disagree that the Albany Police Department:
b.) the Albany Police Department effectively practices community policing?
Public Health and Safety
1.) Over the past 12 months, to what extent do you agree or disagree that: Strongly Agree
Somewhat Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Please Return to 220 Green St. Albany, NY 12202. 518-427-8361
APPENDICES
25
APPENDIX B: Responses to Survey Questions (1a)Overthepast12months,towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagreethat: you feel safe in your community when you are outside alone during the day?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0(0%)
0(0%)
0(0%)
0(0%)
0(0%)
0(0%)
0(0%)
Black 50(44.6%)
35(31.3%)
5(4.5%)
11(9.8%)
10(8.9%)
0(0.0%)
1(0.9%)
Latinx 11(50.0%)
6(27.7%)
3(13.6%)
2(9.1%)
0(0.0%)
0(0.0%)
0(0.0%)
White 55(52.4%)
35(33.3%)
4(3.8%)
8(7.6%)
3(2.9%)
0(0.0%)
0(0.0%)
Other 3(37.5%)
3(37.5%)
0(0.0%)
1(12.5%)
1(12.5%)
0(0.0%)
0(0.0%)
Unknown 4(44.4%)
4(44.4%)
0(0.0%)
1(11.1%)
0(0.0%)
0(0.0%)
0(0.0%)
Total 123(48.0%)
83(32.4%)
12(4.7%)
23(9.0%)
14(5.5%)
0(0.0%)
1(0.4%)
a.) the Albany Police Department.
Open-Ended Questions
b.) the LEAD program could be effective at reducing racial disparities in the criminal justice system?
c.) the LEAD program is applied equally to ALL who are eligible?
8.) Using the space below, mention any specific community events that have led you to feel the way you do about:
Don't Know/Refused to
answer
a.) the LEAD program is one that I could support?
City of Albany LEAD (Law Enforcement Assited Diversion) Program
6.) The LEAD program is a diversion program which allows Albany police officers to divert people from the criminal justice system primarily for issues related to substance use, mental health, and poverty. Are you:
a.) aware of the LEAD program here in Albany, NY?
7.) Based on the definition above, do you agree or disagree that: Neither Agree nor Disagree
Somewhat Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Yes No
Strongly Agree
Somewhat Agree
b.) the Albany District Attorney's Office
23
APPENDIX B: Responses to Survey Questions
(1a) Over the past 12 months, to what extent do you agree or disagree that: you feel safe in your community when you are outside alone during the day?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 50 (44.6%)
35 (31.3%)
5 (4.5%)
11 (9.8%)
10 (8.9%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (0.9%)
Latinx 11 (50.0%)
6 (27.7%)
3 (13.6%)
2 (9.1%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
White 55 (52.4%)
35 (33.3%)
4 (3.8%)
8 (7.6%)
3 (2.9%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Other 3 (37.5%)
3 (37.5%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (12.5%)
1 (12.5%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 4 (44.4%)
4 (44.4%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (11.1%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Total 123 (48.0%)
83 (32.4%)
12 (4.7%)
23 (9.0%)
14 (5.5%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (0.4%)
(1b) Over the past 23 months, to what extent do you agree or disagree that: you feel safe in your
community when you are outside alone at night?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 36 (32.1%)
28 (25.0%)
3 (2.7%)
21 (18.8%)
21 (18.8%)
0 (0.0%)
3 (2.7%)
Latinx 5 (22.7%)
8 (36.4%)
1 (4.5%)
4 (18.2%)
4 (18.2%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
White 18 (17.1%)
46 (43.8%)
5 (4.8%)
25 (23.8%)
11 (10.5%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Other 1 (12.5%)
4 (50.0%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (12.5%)
2 (0.25%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 3 (33.3%)
5 (55.6%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Total 63 (24.6%)
91 (35.6%)
9 (3.5%)
52 (20.3%)
38 (14.8%)
0 (0.0%)
3 (1.2%)
12
24
(2a) Community policing is a partnership between the community and police to identify and solve problems related to public safety. To what extent do you agree/disagree that: the Albany Police Department engages in community policing?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 5 (4.5%)
26 (23.2%)
9 (8.0%)
19 (17.0%)
49 (43.8%)
2 (1.8%)
2 (1.8%)
Latinx 2 (9.1%)
4 (18.2%)
4 (18.2%)
7 (31.8%)
5 (22.7%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0%)
White 21 (20.0%)
37 (35.2%)
12 (11.4%)
18 (17.1%)
7 (6.7%)
9 (8.6%)
0 (0%)
Other 1 (12.5)
1 (12.5%)
2 (0.25%)
1 (12.5%)
2 (25%)
1 (12.5%)
0 (0%)
Unknown 2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
2 (22.2%)
2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
0 (0%)
Total 31 (12.1%)
69 (27.0%)
29 (11.3%)
47 (18.4%)
65 (25.4%)
13 (5.1%)
2 (0.8%)
(2b) Community policing is a partnership between the community and police to identify and solve
problems related to public safety. To what extent do you agree/disagree that: the Albany Police
Department effectively practices community policing?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 3 (2.7%)
17 (15.2%)
8 (7.1%)
18 (16.1%)
52 (46.4%)
2 (1.8%)
12 (10.7%)
Latinx 3 (13.6%)
1 (4.5%)
3 (13.6%)
6 (27.3%)
9 (40.9%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
White 16 (15.2%)
27 (25.7%)
19 (18.1%)
21 (20.0%)
11 (10.5%)
8 (7.6%)
3 (2.9%)
Other 1 (12.5%)
2 (25%)
2 (25.0%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (12.5%)
2 (0.25%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 0 (0.0%)
2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
3 33.3%)
0 (0.0%)
2 (22.2%)
Total 23 (9.0%)
49 (19.1%)
33 (12.9%)
46 (18.0%)
76 (29.7%)
12 (4.7%)
17 (6.6%)
25
(3a) In general, to what extent do you agree/disagree that the Albany Police Department: is
trustworthy?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 4 (3.6%)
13 (11.6%)
12 (10.7%)
17 (15.2%)
63 (56.3%)
1 (0.8%)
2 (1.8%)
Latinx 3 (13.6%)
3 (13.6%)
2 (9.1%)
2 (9.1%)
12 (54.5%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
White 22 (21.0%)
34 (32.4%)
13 (12.4%)
18 (17.1%)
15 (14.3%)
3 (2.9%)
0 (0.0%)
Other 1 (12.5%)
1 (12.5%)
1 (12.5%)
2 (25%)
3 (37.5%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 2 (22.2%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (11.1%)
2 (22.2%)
3 (33.3%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (11.1%)
Total 32 (12.5%)
51 (19.9%)
29 (11.3%)
41 (16.0%)
6 (37.5%)
4 (1.6%)
3 (1.2%)
(3b) In general, to what extent do you agree/disagree that the Albany Police Department: treats ALL
people with respect?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 2 (1.8%)
10 (8.9%)
4 (3.6%)
21 (18.8%)
71 (63.4%)
2 (1.8%)
2 (1.8%)
Latinx 3 (13.6%)
2 (9.1%)
1 (4.5%)
2 (9.1%)
14 (63.6%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
White 16 (15.2%)
22 (21.0%)
11 (10.5%)
27 (25.7%)
23 (21.9%)
5 (4.8%)
1 (1.0%)
Other 0 (0.0%)
1 (12.5%)
2 (25.0%)
1 (12.5%)
3 (37.5%)
1 (12.5%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 2 (22.2%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
4 (44.4%)
3 (33.3%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Total 23 (9.0%)
35 (13.7%)
18 (7.0%)
55 (21.5%)
114 (44.5%)
8 (3.1%)
3 (1.2%)
26
(3c) In general, to what extent do you agree/disagree that the Albany Police Department: develops
positive relationships with ALL community members?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 2 (1.8%)
10 (8.9%)
7 (6.3%)
24 (21.4%)
64 (57.1%)
2 (1.8%)
3 (2.7%)
Latinx 2 (9.1%)
2 (9.1%)
0 (0.0%)
12 (54.5%)
12 (54.5%)
1 (4.5%)
0 (0.0%)
White 15 (14.3%)
22 (21.0%)
12 (11.4%)
32 (30.5%)
20 (19.0%)
3 (2.9%)
1 (1.0%)
Other 0 (0.0%)
1 (12.5%)
0 (0.0%)
3 (37.5%)
4 (50%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 2 (22.2%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (11.1%)
2 (22.2%)
4 (44.4%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Total 21 (8.2%)
35 (13.7%)
20 (7.8%)
66 (25.8%)
104 (40.6%)
6 (2.3%)
4 (1.6%)
(3d) In general, to what extent do you agree/disagree that the Albany Police Department: makes it easy
for ALL community members to provide input (e.g., comments, suggestions, and concerns)?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 2 (1.8%)
16 (14.3%)
10 (8.9%)
26 (23.2%)
52 (46.4%)
3 (2.7%)
3 (2.7%)
Latinx 1 (4.5%)
5 (22.7%)
2 (9.1%)
1 (4.5%)
11 (50.0%)
2 (9.1%)
0 (0.0%)
White 19 (18.1%)
22 (21.0%)
19 (18.1%)
21 (20.0%)
18 (17.1%)
4 (3.8%)
2 (1.9%)
Other 1 (12.5%)
1 (12.5%)
1 (12.5%)
2 (25.0%)
3 (37.5%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
4 (44.4%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Total 25 (9.8%)
45 (17.6%)
33 (12.9%)
51 (19.9%)
88 (34.4%)
9 (3.5%)
5 (2.0%)
27
(5a) In general, to what extent do you agree/disagree that the Albany County District Attorney's Office: is trustworthy?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 2 (1.8%)
18 (16.1%)
11 (9.8%)
15 (13.4%)
57 (50.9%)
8 (7.1%)
1 (0.9%)
Latinx 0 (0.0%)
2 (9.1%)
6 (27.3%)
6 (27.3%)
2 (9.1%)
6 (27.3%)
0 (0.0%)
White 12 (11.4%)
34 (32.4%)
20 (19.0%)
12 (27.3%)
14 (13.3%)
13 (12.4%)
0 (0.0%)
Other 0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
4 (50.0%)
1 (12/5%)
2 (25.0%)
1 (12.5%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (22.2%)
2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
0 (0.0%)
Total 16 (6.3%)
55 (21.5%)
42 (16.4%)
36 (14.1%)
77 (30.1%)
29 (11.3%)
1 (0.4%)
(5b) In general, to what extent do you agree/disagree that the Albany County District Attorney's Office:
handles cases in a fair manner?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 4 (3.6%)
12 (10.7%)
14 (12.5%)
18 (16.1%)
50 (44.6%)
11 (9.8%)
3 (2.7%)
Latinx 1 (4.5%)
1 (4.5%)
4 (18.2%)
2 (9.1%)
8 (36.4%)
6 (27.3%)
0 (0.0%)
White 9 (8.6%)
29 (27.6%)
22 (21.0%)
18 (17.1%)
11 (10.5%)
14 (13.3%)
2 (1.9%)
Other 0 (0.0%)
1 (12.5%)
2 (25.0%)
1 (12.5%)
2 (25.0%)
2 (25.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
0 (0.0%)
2 (22.2%)
2 (22.2%)
Total 15 (5.9%)
44 (17.2%)
44 (17.2%)
40 (15.6%)
71 (27.7%)
35 (13.7%)
7 (2.7%)
28
(5c) In general, to what extent do you agree/disagree that the Albany County District Attorney's Office:
makes it easy for community members to provide input (e.g., comments, suggestions, and concerns)?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 4 (3.6%)
6 (5.4%)
12 (10.7%)
22 (19.6%)
45 (40.2%)
20 (17.9%)
3 (2.7%)
Latinx 1 (4.5%)
1 (4.5%)
4 (18.2%)
2 (9.1%)
7 (31.8%)
7 (31.8%)
0 (0.0%)
White 9 (8.6%)
15 (14.3%)
30 (28.6%)
16 (15.2%)
19 (18.1%)
14 (13.3%)
2 (1.9%)
Other 0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
4 (50.0%)
1 (12.5%)
2 (25.0%)
1 (12.5%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 1 (11.1%)
2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
Total 15 (5.9%)
24 (9.4%)
51 (19.9%)
42 (16.4%)
74 (28.9%)
44 (17.2%)
6 (2.3%)
(5d) In general, to what extent do you agree/disagree that the Albany County District Attorney's Office: always acts to promote public safety?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 5 (4.5%)
10 (8.9%)
15 (13.4%)
14 (12.5%)
37 (33.0%)
26 (23.2%)
5 (4.5%)
Latinx 1 (4.5%)
1 (4.5%)
4 (18.2%)
4 (18.2%)
5 (22.7%)
7 (31.8%)
0 (0.0%)
White 18 (17.1%)
19 (18.1%)
26 (24.8%)
13 (12.4%)
13 (12.4%)
15 (14.3%)
1 (1.0%)
Other 0 (0.0%)
1 (12.5%)
3 (37.5%)
0 (0.0%)
2 (25.0%)
2 (25.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 1 (11.1%)
2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
0 (0.0%)
2 (22.2%)
2 (22.2%)
Total 25 (9.8%)
33 (12.9%)
49 (19.1%)
32 (12.5%)
57 (22.3%)
52 (20.3%)
8 (3.1%)
29
(6a) The LEAD program is a diversion program which allows Albany police officers to divert people from
the criminal justice system primarily for issues related to substance use, mental health, and poverty. Are
you: aware of the LEAD program here in Albany, NY?
RACE Yes No Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 46 (41.1%)
63 (56.3%)
3 (2.7%)
Latinx 6 (27.3%)
16 (72.3%)
0 (0.0%)
White 46 (43.8%)
58 (55.2%)
1 (1.0%)
Other 4 (50.0%)
4 (50.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 5 (55.6%)
3 (33.3%)
1 (11.1%)
Total 107 (41.8%)
144 (56.3%)
5 (2.0%)
(7a) Based on the definition above, do you agree/disagree that: the LEAD program is one that I could
support?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 24 (21.4%)
16 (14.3%)
19 (17.0%)
5 (4.5%)
2 (1.8%)
31 (27.7%)
15 (13.4%)
Latinx 6 (27.3%)
3 (13.6%)
2 (9.1%)
2 (9.1%)
0 (0.0%)
7 (31.8%)
2 (9.1%)
White 51 (48.6%)
22 (21.0%)
13 (12.4%)
5 (4.8%)
5 (4.8%)
4 (3.8%)
5 (4.8%)
Other 2 (25.0%)
2 (25.0%)
2 (25.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
2 (25.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 3 (33.3%)
2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
Total 86 (33.6%)
45 (17.6%)
37 (14.5%)
12 (4.7%)
8 (3.1%)
45 (17.6%)
23 (9.0%)
30
(7b) Based on the definition above, do you agree/disagree that: the LEAD program could be effective at
reducing racial disparities in the criminal justice system?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 18 (16.1%)
18 (16.1%)
19 (17.0%)
9 (8.0%)
2 (1.8%)
32 (28.6%)
14 (12.5%)
Latinx 5 (22.7%)
3 (13.6%)
3 (13.6%)
0 (0.0%)
2 (9.1%)
7 (31.8%)
2 (9.1%)
White 36 (34.3%)
26 (24.8%)
15 (14.3%)
5 (4.8%)
8 (7.6%)
9 (8.6%)
6 (5.7%)
Other 2 (25.0%)
1 (12.5%)
2 (25.0%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
2 (25.0%)
1 (12.5%)
Unknown 3 (33.3%)
2 (22.2%)
0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
Total 64 (25.0%)
50 (19.5%)
39 (15.2%)
14 (5.5%)
14 (5.5%)
51 (19.9%)
24 (9.4%)
(7c) Based on the definition above, you do you agree/disagree that: the LEAD program is applied
equally to ALL who are eligible?
RACE Strongly agree
Somewhat agree
Neither agree nor disagree
Somewhat disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know/refuse
to answer
Missing data
Asian 0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
0 (0%)
Black 9 (8.0%)
9 8.0%)
22 (19.6%)
10 (8.9%)
13 (11.6%)
34 30.4%)
15 (13.4%)
Latinx 0 (0.0%)
0 (0.0%)
6 (27.3%)
3 (13.6%)
3 (13.6%)
8 (36.4%)
2 (9.1%)
White 11 (10.5%)
13 (12.4%)
36 (34.3%)
6 (5.7%)
7 (6.7%)
28 (26.7%)
4 (3.8%)
Other 0 (0.0%)
2 (25.0%)
3 (37.5%)
0 (0.0%)
1 (12.5%)
2 (25.0%)
0 (0.0%)
Unknown 3 (33.3%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
0 (0.0%)
2 (22.2%)
1 (11.1%)
1 (11.1%)
Total 23 (9.0%)
25 (9.8%)
68 (26.6%)
19 (7.4%)
26 (10.2%)
73 (28.5%)
22 (8.6%)
31
APPENDIX C: Individual Responses to Qualitative Survey Questions
Themes from Qualitative Survey
questions
Number of participants expressing
theme
Comments
1st street incident 11 The attack of individuals on 1st. After a noise complaint.; 1st street ; Ellazar
& recent late night beatings on 1st St. and recent unabated violence in Albany;
Ellazar/1st st./Beat my son on Grand St.; They target black people - Racist 1st
St/Ellazar/Dontay Ivy; Broke my sister's cheek when she was only 16 the lied to
arrest her, just like those guys on 1st st.; They did those boys on 1st street
wrong.; Shooting black man in his bqck. Beating up black men on first street.
Stealing from black people everyday. Racist; First St Incident with police and
residents.; The police involved incident on first st, the tasering of black male on
2nd st then he died, shooting of black male left him paralyzed no proactive
measures at new courts they dit and watch listen and wait for something to
happen before reacting i was harassed almost assaulted by a well known person
with issues right infront of 2 officers they did nor said anything.; The first street
incident. The Sheridan Street incident the Tony Clement incident;
Change in leadership
desired
8 Vote him out.; Need more black police ; Low moral due to understaffing.
They appear to be very disconnected.; detective Olsen retired with full benefits;
Needs to revisit its approach to community engagement.; The back up the
police. There are many times when the police are wrong and no charges are
brought against them; Get more black police - these police don't know us - they
are scared of us and can't wait to shoot us; The DA office has been reluctant to
speak to the rationale for decisions made - this is problematic. We need a new
DA.;
32
Dontay Ivy 4 killed Dontay ivy; They target bla;ck people - Racist 1st St/Ellazar/Dontay Ivy;
"Dontay Iveys case was handled so bad. Those officers should have been
charged.";Shooting of Dante Ivy, consideration of drones, shooting of Elazar
Williams;
DAO 8 It's impossible to get through to share input or concerns with the DA's Office,
in my experience. The attorneys and staff can regularly be heard using
disparaging language based in race, gender, and sexuality, and despite having
the LEAD program and a county commitment to diversion and restorative action
I don't feel able to trust that this program will be utilized when appropriate
based on how I hear the staff talk about people. I hope that the perception
doesn't belie the actual action, but there's just no way to be sure.; Did not agree
with DA's decision in Ellazar Williams case.; They are very disrespectful to the
community./You only see them in the community when there is a high profile
case.; During occupy Albany movement, the DAO refused to arrest protesters;
DA protects cops and doesn't treat them like us more scared of police - they
make us unsafe; He lied about not prosecuting weed under 2 oz.; The DA office
has been reluctant to speak to the rationale for decisions made - this is
problematic. We need a new DA.; I've never seen Albany's District in any Albany
communities.; He promised not to prosecute weed but lied. ;
LEAD 4 What is LEAD. As a black man, I am not safe or protected during the day or at
night.; I have heard anecdotal stories of how the police officers have utilized the
LEAD program to refer a person who stole food from a grocery store to connect
the person to food pantry or feeding programs; If LEAD was targeting citizens it
was created for would be more effective. We don't see that now.; LEAD is not for
all people;
33
Elderly perceptions 1 Police do good for community. Come to speak with Elders.
Ellazar Williams 9 Ellazar W.; No comment shot Ellazar in the back; Ellazar/Detective/Grand
Jury; Ellazar was shot and the DA looked the other way. Luke Deer beat someone
up in front of 12 officers and 3 were reprimanded.; Did not agree with DA's
decision in Ellazar Williams case.; Ellazar & recent late night beatings on 1st St.
and recent unabated violence in Albany/ charging Ellazar Williams to prevent his
testimony in grand jury against cop who shot him in the back; Ellazar/1st st./Beat
my son on Grand St.; They target black people - Racist 1st St/Ellazar/Dontay Ivy;
Shooting of Dante Ivy, consideration of drones, shooting of Elazar Williams;
Police brutality 6 The cops in Albany (Schenectad Kill my brother) and beat my son and
grandson; Albany Police don't care about the South End community. To many
killings no results.; Beat my brother up.; They beat my son and lied/Railroaded
my son, let officer go with nothing done.; APD beat me up. It was a lot of them
not just 1 (felt like the whole force); Police Brutality and they take forever when
you call them for an emergency;
Police misconduct 17 They always stop us and ask us for id. Or say we smell like weed. They always
act like tough guys or bullies!; The Blue code of silence is strong in Albany.; They
can do whatever they want because they are an officer.; they are a
gang/Protects police more than community.; Still arresting people for low level
petty crimes instead of going after major criminals, just to meet their quota.;
They are the biggest gang.; They break laws (especially traffic) all the time. ; They
violate us everyday where I live.; Police crashed into me and lied about it.
Wouldn't give me their insurance info. Threatened to arrest me if I didn't calm
down. ; Do whatever they want. ALWAYS STOP AND FRISK. Everyday especially 4-
34
midnight shift -> "way disrespectfull"; Police illegally searched my car and tore
my radio out and broke stuff on my car. ; Harrassed me. Lied to me about a
curfew in South End. (Lincoln Sq.) Asked me why I was dressed up. Told me I look
like a drug dealer. Stopped me on St. Pearl for giving homeless people money.
Said I looked like I was selling drugs./ railroaded my son; I work in human
services in Albany and have experienced a wide range of behavior from APD
when assisting my clients -- some of the officers are really wonderful no matter
what type of client I bring to them. Others have run the gamut from trying to bar
sexual assault clients from having their advocate present during the initial
contact to using slurs against LGBTQ people.; You see the police in the news
acting out against individuals of my race when they were not doing anything
wrong. That's not far from where I live, that could be MY child, MY son in a few
years. I fear my colored children growing up being judged for the color of their
skin.; they recently tried to sweep the whole March 2019 melee under the rug
until the witness's video footage was released; Cop "Marshie" (Marshmello) is
out of control. No one stops him. "Det. Anderson" is corrupt.; Stay illegally
searching us. STOP and Frisk is alive in Albany; They never help when we call but
always pull us over with guns drawn.;
Positive feelings 6 Police do good for community. Come to speak with Elders.; They do great
things in our building. Always respectful.; The events the department holds for
people in the community after school and camp programs./ Crime victims
week/memorial; I work in human services in Albany and have experienced a
wide range of behavior from APD when assisting my clients -- some of the
officers are really wonderful no matter what type of client I bring to them.
Others have run the gamut from trying to bar sexual assault clients from having
their advocate present during the initial contact to using slurs against LGBTQ
35
people.; APD's outdoor activities, forums, meetings and community events.; they
participate in panel discussions, youth bbqs, and evening speak-out sessions;
Racism 12
Police and DA all work together against black people; "Don't treat black folks
the same.; Stop racist policing; They harras us for being black in our own
neighborhood; Need more black officer that live in Albany; They don't care about
justice just want to lock up black people.; Section 3 - all answers depend on your
skin. If 4the answer is agree if non-4disagree; What is LEAD. As a black man, I am
not safe or protected during the day or at night.; Disparities in Black people
arrested on weed charges compared to whites; Shooting black man in his bqck.
Beating up black men on first street. Stealing from black people everyday. Racist;
They target black people - Racist 1st St/Ellazar/Dontay Ivy; He works with them
and knows how they treat black people;
Youth perceptions 4 1st street incident. Elizar Williams witness to officer and rudeness to young
people minding their own business; Diversion Program Works - Great for youth;
Handling kids at acrecent party; Broke my sister's cheek when she was only 16
the lied to arrest her, just like those guys on 1st st.
36
APPENDIX D: Graphical Representation of Responses by Race (Black, Latinx,
White only) (Graph not readable at font size)
APPENDIX D: Graphical Representation of Responses by Race (Black, Latinx,
White only) (Graph not readable at font size)
APPENDIX D: Graphical Representation of Responses by Race (Black, Latinx,
White only) (Graph not readable at font size)
APPENDIX D: Graphical Representation of Responses by Race (Black, Latinx,
White only) (Graph not readable at font size)
37
APPENDIX D: Graphical Representation of Responses by Race (Black, Latinx,
White only) (Graph not readable at font size)
38
39
40
AND SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS
JUDY CHEN, MARY ELLEN FRIEBERG, ANTHONY HENDY, KATHERINE IWANOWICZ, BENJAMIN KUETTEL, LAUREN
MANNING, MIA NILO, SCHYLA SILBURN
41
AND SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS
JUDY CHEN, MARY ELLEN FRIEBERG, ANTHONY HENDY, KATHERINE IWANOWICZ, BENJAMIN KUETTEL, LAUREN
MANNING, MIA NILO, SCHYLA SILBURN
42
AND SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS
JUDY CHEN, MARY ELLEN FRIEBERG, ANTHONY HENDY, KATHERINE IWANOWICZ, BENJAMIN KUETTEL, LAUREN
MANNING, MIA NILO, SCHYLA SILBURN
Special thanks to contributors
Center for Law and Justice, Inc.
Celebrating it’s 35th year
in 2020
2
Pathway to Reformative Change:
Public Safety, Law Enforcement, and the Albany Community
PREPARED BY DR. ALICE GREEN, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Copyright August 2019 Center for Law and Justice Printing by
43
2
Pathway to Reformative Change:
Public Safety, Law Enforcement, and the Albany Community
PREPARED BY DR. ALICE GREEN, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Copyright August 2019 Center for Law and Justice Printing by
AND SPECIAL THANKS TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS
JUDY CHEN, MARY ELLEN FRIEBERG, ANTHONY HENDY, KATHERINE IWANOWICZ, BENJAMIN KUETTEL, LAUREN
MANNING, MIA NILO, SCHYLA SILBURN
Eliminating the GAP between Law and Justice
Center for Law and Justice, Inc. Pine West Plaza, Building 2, Washington Ave Ext.
Albany, NY 12205 Tel: 518-427-8361 Fax: 518-427-8362
www.cflj.org
Program Office220 Green Street, Albany, NY 12204