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Slide-1: Atrophy The slide show two testicular tissues.

The left one is normal in size.

The right one is small in size and this

called atrophy

Atrophy means: decrease in the size of an

organ, due to decrease in the size or

number of the cells of that organ or tissue.

Slide-2: Atrophy The slide show atrophy in the liver.

The central vein looks atrophic, and the

cells are small in the size, and there are

gaps (here cells are lost) between them.

Also we have a brown pigment (yellow-

brown, lipobrown, lipofuscin), this

pigment start to accumulate in cells such

as hepatocytes, kupffer cells, when these

cells start to die or atrophy.

Slide-3: Hypertrophy The slide show hypertrophy in the left

ventricle.

At some conditions when the tissue get

over-load, over-function, like in

hypertension, tissue will start to

accommodate.

Heart muscle cells can’t divide so they

will start to get hypertrophy (increase in

size).

Slide-4: Hyperplasia The normal size of prostatic gland is 3-4

cm in the diameter.

The slide shows large prostate which is

composed off nodules.

Nodules are not normally found, and they are

part of prostatic hyperplasia.

Slide-5: Hyperplasia The slide show a histological section of

the same hyperplastic prostate we have

talked about.

The epithelial lining is more stratified

and has more layers.

Also stroma starts to proliferate.

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Slide-6: Metaplasia: The slide shows a tissue that supposed to

be an esophageal tissue.

Esophageal tissue: the normal lining of

esophagus, which is non-keratinized, stratified

squamous epithelium.

In the left side, we have columnar

epithelium lining mucosa -like which is

found in the stomach-, and this called

esophageal metaplasia.

In esophagus, in gastroesophageal reflux

disease, acid that is retained from the

stomach upward will cause chronic

irritation.

So mucosa accommodate to change it is

type, and become columnar, as gastric

mucosa.

And esophagus tissue will change from

non-keratinized to columnar epithelium.

Slide-7: Fatty change Intracellular accumulation may be

pathological or physiological.

The slide shows a liver with fatty

change.

Fatty droplets are accumulated in the

hepatocytes and kupffer cells

(macrophages of the liver).

Slide-8: Prussian blue reaction This reaction used in the demonstrating

of iron accumulated in the hepatocytes.

The cells will appear blue (blue

accumulation within hepatocytes and

kupffer cells of the liver, due to specific

condition that lead to increase in the iron

of the liver such as hemochromatosis,

hemosedrosis,…etc.

From the slide “A Prussian blue

reaction is seen in this iron stain of the

liver to demonstrate large amounts of

hemosiderin that are present within the

cytoplasm of the hepatocytes and

Kupffer cells.

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Slide-9: Anthracosis The slide shows lung tissue with

anthracosis.

There are black coal pigments within

macrophages known as anthracotic

pigment, due to history of smoking; also

can be due to breathing only.

Slide-10: Acute inflammation As a sign of acute inflammation in the

peripheral blood there will be

“segmented neutrophils” which is

accumulated such as PMN’s.

PMN’s may have 3 or 5 loops.

Slide-11: Chronic inflammation As a sign of chronic inflammation

some inflammatory cells will go to the

tissue, such as plasma cells,

lymphocytes, and histiocytes (activated

macrophages).

Slide-12: Abscess formation In some cases of acute inflammation,

where it becomes aggravated, some

accumulations might take place theses

called abscess.

If the abscesses undergo liquefactive

necrosis the end result will be cavities

in the tissue.

The slide shows lung tissue, started with

pneumonia, the abscess formation, then

liqufactive necrosis, and end with

cavities.

Slide-13: Effusion Effusion: accumulation of fluid within

the body cavity.

Effusion might be exudate (rich in

protein) or transudate (not rich in

protein).

The slide shows a clear yellow fluid

within the pleural cavity, this fluid

usually 500 ml maximum, but here

there is a large amount of it, and this is

called “serous effusion”.

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Pathology lab- Sheet & slide

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Slide-14:Serosanguinous

effusion The slide shows right and left lung.

There is a bloody red effusion.

This demonstrates an accumulation of

RBC’S + a transudate, and this is named

Serosanguinous effusion.

Slide-15: Fibrinous exudate When the effusion start to

accumulate, and fibers start to

approach, the viscera and right

peritonea of the lung start to organize,

and give fibrous tissue.

This is called fibrinous exudate,

because it is rich in protein.

Slide-16: Ulcer Means discontinuity of certain

tissue.(for the picture refer to the soft

copy of the slides)

Slide-17: Gangrene The leg looks: 1.brown in color.

2. has certain ulcer.

and this is called gangrene.

When tissue has decreased blood

supply in some conditions, like

diabetes, the tissue will start to have

coagulative necrosis, if the bacterial

infection is superimposed, this will

result in liqufactive necrosis, at the

end gangrene will result, and this is

called wet gangrene.

Slide-18: Granulation tissue When the tissue is injured, the body

will start to form new tissue, with

proliferation of new small blood

vessels, fibrous tissue, and infiltrated

inflammatory cells.

The slide shows multiple blood

vessels, fibroblast in the stroma, and

some infiltrated inflammatory cells.

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Slide-19: Scar formation One of the healing mechanisms.

The slide shows lung with alveolar

spaces, and normal alveolar lining.( At

the bottom of the picture)

(At the top of the picture), there is

some eosinophilic bodies, and this is

called scares.

Scar formation start due to

accumulation of collagen strands,

which will start to organize, and give

scar as healing process.

Slide-20: Pulmonary

granulomas. The expanded area indicates the

pulmonary granulomas

The expanded area is due to:

1. Multinucleated giant cells

(Histiocytes).

2. A band of fibroblast.

3. Infiltrated inflammatory cells

such as plasma cells, and

lymphocytes.

It is not caseating granuloma.

Slide-21: Caseating granuloma The central is a pink acelluar area

composed of a shadow of cells.

The central is surrounded by :

1. Plasma cells

2. Lymphocytes

3. Infiltrated inflammatory cells.

Done by:

Ibrahim Shanti

Ibrahim Sabri