path to net-zero - becor · 08-12-2010 · may 19, 2010 becor - path to net-zero energy housing 2...
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May 19, 2010
BECOR - Path to Net-Zero Energy Housing 1
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Path to NetPath to Net--ZeroZero…… a stepa step--up approach to transform the housing marketup approach to transform the housing market
Anil ParekhAnil ParekhMay 19, 2010 May 19, 2010 –– Technical SeminarTechnical Seminar
Building Envelope Council Ottawa Region (BECOR)Building Envelope Council Ottawa Region (BECOR)
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OutlineOutline……
DefinitionsProject scope and objectivesFrameworkSummary resultsDiscussions
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CanadianCanadianHousing StockHousing Stock
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Canadian Housing StockCanadian Housing Stock13.2 million New homes – 190,000 /year.About 85% of housing stock is at least 15 years old.
Apartment < 5 storeys
18%
Semi-detached5%
Row11%
Single-detached55%
Mobile2%Apartment > 5
storeys9%
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Canadian Residential SectorCanadian Residential SectorAnnual residential energy use is 1,447 PJ – about $24 billion a year.
Energy Use by Sectors - 2007(energy use in PJ)
Residential Buildings, 1447.2,
16%
Commercial/Inst Buildings, 1141.6,
13%
Industry, 3471.6, 40%
Transportation, 2595.2, 29%
Agriculture, 215, 2%
Source:Energy Use Data Handbook, 1990 to 2007.Natural Resources Canada
GHG Emissions by Sectors - 2007(GHG Emissions in Mt)
Agriculture, 14.3, 3%
Transportation, 179.4, 35%
Industry, 168.5, 34%
Commercial/Inst Buildings, 64.5,
13%
Residential Buildings, 74.3,
15%
Source:Energy Use Data Handbook, 1990 to 2007.Natural Resources Canada
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Annual Energy Use in Typical HomeAnnual Energy Use in Typical Home
Based on the current conventional construction practices average per household is about 137 GJ - average cost of $2,100 per household.
Hot water14%
Space cooling
3%
Space heating
63%
Lighting3%Appliances
17%
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Trends in HousingTrends in Housing
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
1920
1920-45
1946-60
1961-70
1971-80
1981-90
1991-99
R-2000
NZEH
Hou
sing
Sto
ck V
inta
ge
Energy Consumption Index (MJ/DD • m2 Floor Area)
1991-08
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DefinitionsDefinitions
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A quick refresherA quick refresher……
What is EnerGuide Rating System?What is EnerGuide Rating System?Rating system to assess and rank the energy efficiency of a home Based on the systems approach of ‘house as a system’ – includes all components and systems with their interdependent effectsApplicable to low-rise residential buildingsPredominantly considers fixed and permanentfixture of a home for energy evaluations (envelope components, space heating, hot water and ventilation systems)
Resilient, repeatable and robust
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EnerGuide Rating SystemEnerGuide Rating System
Definition
Rating scale
Ranges from 0 to 100100 represents zero energy use onan annual basis0 represents very inefficient home58 = average existing house73 = average new house80 represents R-2000 energy level
ERS = 0 ERS =100
20*100_ __Re___
nConsumptioEnergyferencenConsumptioEnergyTotalEquivalentRatingEnerGuide −=
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EnerGuide Rating and Energy ConsumptionEnerGuide Rating and Energy Consumption
-
50
100
150
200
250
300
60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100
EGH Rating
Ann
ual E
nerg
y C
onsu
mpt
ion,
GJ/
year
Each ERS point is about 3.5 to 6.5 GJ
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A home that produces as much energy as it uses on an annual basis (All energy used in a home, including that for heating, hot water, ventilation, air conditioning and all miscellaneous electrical consumption)
2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Marketable Innovations and IndustryCapacity for Net Zero
New Communities Self-Sufficient and Sustainable
72-74 (80) 80 (86) 83 (90) 90 (100) 100 (100)
Code requirement
Industry capacity
DefinitionDefinition
Path to NetPath to Net--Zero Zero ……
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Getting to Net ZeroGetting to Net Zero
EnerGuide Rating
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion
72 80 90 100CurrentAverage
NewConstruction
R-2000/EnergyStar
performance
Approx.Maximum
Performancew/ Efficiency Alone
Net ZeroEnergy
Performance
100%-
67%-
33%-
Energy EfficiencyRenewable Energy Supply
86
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Net Zero Energy HousingNet Zero Energy Housing
Stnd Const Practice NZE Housing
NZE elements
+ $60,000 to $110,000
Goal: Market Viable NZE Housing. … R&D required to determine how best to reduce costs through application of:
technologies, systems, design, modelling, tech transfer +
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Proven Demonstration Proven Demonstration –– New HomeNew Home
Inspiration Inspiration —— The Minto EcoHomeThe Minto EcoHome
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
As per OBC-2006
As per OBC-2012
Upgrade Envelope
Reduce Baseloads and Efficient HVAC
Add Solar DHW
Add Solar Combi
Install PV
Overall Energy Use (GJ/Year)
Note: Energy estimates from ‘as-built’specifications.
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Proven Demonstration Proven Demonstration –– New HomeNew Home
Inspiration Inspiration —— The Minto EcoHomeThe Minto EcoHome
Getting to Net ZeroGetting to Net Zero
EnerGuide Rating
Ener
gy C
onsu
mpt
ion
68 80 90 100CurrentAverage
NewConstruction
R-2000/EnergyStar
performance
Approx.Maximum
Performancew/ Efficiency Alone
Net ZeroEnergy
Performance
100%-
67%-
33%-
Energy EfficiencyRenewable Energy Supply
Note: Energy Estimates from ‘as-built’specifications and without any cost optimization.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
72 76 80 84 88 92 96 100
EnerGuide Ratings (ERS)
Ene
rgy
Cons
umpt
ion
OBC 2006
OBC 2012
Envelope Upgrades
Reduce Base Loads
Solar DHW
Solar Combi
PV
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General information– footprint = 17 x 6 m (55 x 20 ft)– 4/12 roof, no significant heel @
eave – framed w/2x4 walls– poured concrete basement– single pane windows
Proposed Demonstration Proposed Demonstration –– Existing HomeExisting Home
Vancouver GreenShiftVancouver GreenShift
Note: Energy Estimates from planned specifications.
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Path to net zeroPath to net zero--energy houseenergy house……
Minimisespace heat and hot water loads
How? - passive solar design, insulation levels, airtightness, heat generators…… also consider cooling needs
electricity consumptionHow? – ventilation systems, appliances, energy and load management, integrated approaches
MaximiseRenewable energy (solar thermal, solar electric, wind, bio-mass and other) contribution to the house’s heating and electricity supply
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Source: Gordon Howell
“House as a system”
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Baseline Baseline –– current and proposed codescurrent and proposed codesManitoba
• Prescriptive requirements – close to ERS 78 by 2011
British Columbia• Target set for BC Building Code to require ERS 77 by 2011
Nova Scotia• Target set for BC Building Code to require ERS 80 by 2010
Ontario• Ontario Building Code:
• Demonstrated Design to ERS 80 or• Prescriptive Efficiency Measures
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Building EnvelopeBuilding Envelope
Advanced framing layoutsRationalized framingStandard sizing and field guidesWell defined and training and guides available
Insulation methodsWindows – optimize
Solar gains for heating / shades for coolingWindow/wall interface – design details and construction
Attic ceiling – insulation opportunities Airtightness
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Source: CMHC Equilibrium Home – Riverdale, Edmonton, AB
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23 Source: CMHC Equilibrium Home – Riverdale, Edmonton, AB
24Source: CMHC Equilibrium Home – Riverdale, Edmonton, AB
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Getting to Net ZeroGetting to Net Zero……Efficient Building Envelope
R51 Walls (Double Stud)R48 Foundation WallsR90 CeilingTriple Glazed Windows (W,S, E)Quad Glazed Windows (N)
Achieves ERS 86
Source: Gordon Howell
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What to do with thick walls?What to do with thick walls?
Living space – penaltyRanges from 3% to 9% of living space areaeven at a low-cost of $100/sqft - $6K to $20K
So, there is a need for ‘high R-value dense’insulation materials…
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Sta
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6
Sta
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6 w
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Sta
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Sta
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Sta
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6, R
22
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Sta
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6, R
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9" o
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9"o/
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ith S
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g, R
22, 2
4"o/
c
2x4
with
Insu
late
d S
heat
hing
, Bric
k
2x4
with
Insu
late
d S
heat
hing
, Sid
ing
2x4
with
Insu
late
d S
heat
hing
, R14
,
2x4
with
Insu
late
d S
heat
hing
, R14
,
2x4
with
4"
Insu
late
d S
heat
hing
2x6
with
Insu
late
d S
heat
hing
2x6
with
BA
SF
Pro
duct
s
VIP
with
sid
ing
1950
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etro
fit
SIP
2x4
with
Can
-Cel
l Ins
ulat
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2x6
with
EIF
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with
Pol
yiso
cyan
urat
e
2x4
and
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Com
bine
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Insu
late
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oncr
ete
Form
s
Wall Assembly
RSI
per
mm
thic
knes
s x1
0-3
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Insulation approachesInsulation approaches
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Insulation MaterialsInsulation Materials
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Power of VacuumPower of Vacuum
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Fiberglass
EPS
12.5”
10.5”
R36
VIP
1”
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Vacuum Insulation PanelVacuum Insulation Panel
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Wall Mock UpWall Mock UpSuperSuper--E Demonstration (Japan)E Demonstration (Japan)
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NRC Lab Work
VIP Wall Assembly Concepts and Mock-up
Source: IRC/NRC
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Mechanical SystemsMechanical Systems
Loads and system sizing – very importantSpace heating – what works best for the location and high efficiency appliancesDomestic hot water – drain water heat recoveryVentilation – one of the key cost increment, exploring for opportunities for low-cost systemsAir distribution – key part of electrical loadsAir conditioning – common in many parts of the countryIntegration of these appliances – advantages of system efficiency - eKOCOMFORT
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Electrical EfficiencyElectrical Efficiency
Energy Efficient AppliancesStove/oven, refrigerator, clothes dryer, clothes washerUsing the most efficient EnerGuide rated appliances
Energy Efficient Lightingcompact fluorescents, LEDstask lightingday lighting through windows
Energy Efficient Motorsventilation, heating
Control of Phantom Electrical LoadsUses only 4500 kWh (about $500 per year)(conventional is 9058 kWh, about $1000 per year)
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AppliancesAppliances
Rapidly increasing energy use in the housing sector.
Kitchen appliancesClothe washers and dryersEntertainment and home office
OpportunitiesEvaluate Energy Star (or better) appliancesCostsStand by losses
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Water Efficiency + Heat RecoveryWater Efficiency + Heat Recovery
To reduce consumption of water and the energy used to heat it
Household hot water consumption:average: 225 L per daycan be reduced to 100 litres of hot water per day
low flow shower heads and faucetsWater conserving dishwasherWater conserving clothes washer
Drain water heat recoveryreduces water heating to equivalent of 90 L/d
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The Power of SolarThe Power of Solar
Solar thermal solar electric systemsIntegration of passive solar designActive solar systems for DHW & space heatingPV electric supply systemsImproved daylighting (for improved living quality)Natural cooling and solar/glare control
Clean energy solutionsMicro wind generatorCombined heat and power
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Getting to Net Zero through TechnologyGetting to Net Zero through TechnologySolar Thermal System
Combined home and water heatingHigh-efficiency flat-plate collectors mounted on a vertical tilt17 000 litres of water storage in basement for home heating300 litres of hot water storage for water heatingResult EGH 96
PhotoVoltaic System28 Sanyo 200 W PV modules5600 W in bright sunshineGrid-dependent, exports to grid every day of the year No battery bankResult EGH 100.4
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Research ProjectResearch Project
Path to netPath to net--zero energy homeszero energy homesRegional CostRegional Cost--Optimization Study of ProgressivelyOptimization Study of ProgressivelyImproving Energy Efficiency Towards Net Zero HousesImproving Energy Efficiency Towards Net Zero Houses
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Research ProjectResearch Project
Path to NetPath to Net--ZeroZeroRegional Cost-Optimization Study of Progressively Improving Energy Efficiencytowards Net Zero Houses
establish the framework and methodologybaseline energy performance and costing based on regional preferences for the current building code (as applied now) and reaching towards ERS-80methodology and demonstrate techniques to achieve the cost-effective path to reducing total energyby 25-50-75-100%.
Aims to develop regionally-sensitive recommendations to achieve improvements in energy efficiency and to the net-zero energy
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Key TasksKey Tasks
1. Identify current building practices in different regions
2. Identify conventional and increased insulation construction details
3. Develop load profiles
4. Identify regionally appropriate Energy Technology options
5. Develop most cost-effective packages to reach energy milestones
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MethodMethod
Each study involves the following steps:Develop the regionally-specific three detached and one attached archetypes (modify the main archetype files)Preliminary analysis for at least 3 options for each energy efficiency milestones based on regional construction practices (thermal descriptors, energy efficiency levels, costing data and ROI analysis)Consultations with builders and service providers (feasibility, constructability, barriers, market acceptance)Revised analysis along with at least two options for achieving each energy efficiency milestone Develop regional specific instruction module
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StatusStatus
Progress to dateestablished preliminary set of methods and frameworkCompleted southern Ontario (GTA, London area) studyNova Scotia study – consultations with builders completed, revised analysis and construction packages being reviewed by builders.consultations with builders and service providers
ScheduleNS study – complete by March 2010OPA study by May 2010replicate for other regions (2010)
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Key resultsKey results……Sothern Ontario / GTA areaSothern Ontario / GTA area
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Archetype HousesArchetype Houses
Four archetype houses were used from plans commissioned by NRCan
Archetype Descriptions For GTA Region Study
Description Liveable Area m²(s.f.)
Archetype 1 One storey with full basement 177 (1900)Archetype 2 Two storey with full basement and >
15% window area201 (2160)
Archetype 3 Two storey slab on grade 195 (2100)Archetype 4 Two storey end row house with full
basement139 (1500)
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Baseline and Progressive ReductionsBaseline and Progressive Reductions
Each archetype is modelled for:Baseline (ERS 75 – OBC 2006);ERS 80;ERS 80 – 25%;ERS 80 – 50%;ERS 80 – 75%;100% reduction
The following information is presented for each progressive level of reductions for each archetype:
Summary of energy reduction measuresReductions on fuel consumptionImpact of increased insulation levelsImpact of Alternate Energy Technologies (AET) and Renewable Energy Technologies (RET)Impact of load managementCost optimization (10 and 20 years) - Projected Operating Costs with Estimated Premium for Energy Reduction MeasuresNet Present Value
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Fuel RatesFuel Rates
An average of current fuel rates was determined via an on-line survey of fuel and power providers in the GTA region, carried out in March 2009. For illustrative planning purposes, the current rate was used to estimate fuel costs for years 1-5.
for years 6-10 the initial rate was multiplied by 150%, andfor years 11-20, the years 6-10 rates were multiplied by 150%.
Years 1‐5 Years 6‐10 Years 11‐20
Electricity $/kWh
0.085 0.128 0.191
Natural gas $/m³
0.385 0.578 0.866
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Assemblies and MechanicalsAssemblies and Mechanicals
Using the builder consultations and input, house form, assemblies and mechanical systems were developed to achieve the targeted energy efficiency levels:
A variety of possible super-insulated and advanced wall assemblies are created. Current installed costs associated with various mechanical systems are also compiled.Construction costing was complied using the local surveys. Cost includes material and labour.
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Energy Modelling ToolsEnergy Modelling Tools
HOT2000 (v.10.31) is used forenergy analysis.
Modified ERS* used for the Equilibrium Initiative was used forthe Net Zero Calculations
The performance and sizing parametersfor at least 6 m2 collector solar hot water system and the PV systemsassociated with each house in various scenarios are based on RETScreen results.
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Financial Valuation Methods Financial Valuation Methods
Accepted methods of analyzing return on investment (Net Present Value in this instance) assess the attractiveness of an investment against the baseline ERS 80.
Planning assumptions for cost of capital are included in the calculation of ROI (Net Present Value).
A high hurdle rate of 7% is used in order to generate conservative results.
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Archetype 2 Archetype 2 –– 2 Storey w/Basement2 Storey w/Basement
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Measures for Each Reduction in Measures for Each Reduction in Space and Water Heating LoadsSpace and Water Heating Loads
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Measures for Each Reduction in Measures for Each Reduction in Space and Water Heating LoadsSpace and Water Heating Loads22--storey homestorey home
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Impact of Increased Insulation LevelsImpact of Increased Insulation Levels
Aggregate Reductions in Space Conditioning Energy Use, MJ
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Impact of Alternate Energy Technologies (AET) and Impact of Alternate Energy Technologies (AET) and Renewable Energy Technologies (RET)Renewable Energy Technologies (RET)
The drainwater heat recovery unit can save up to about 73 m3 of natural gas annually (equivalent to 2.8 GJ).
AET and RET measures are carried out only in the 75% and 100% reductions after all envelope improvements are carried out.
The 6.8 kWp PV system introduced in the 100% reduction scenario produces enough power annually to compensate for the energy used by the natural gas fired water heater that provides back up to the solar thermal combination space and water heating system.
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Energy Reductions Through AET Energy Reductions Through AET and RET and RET
50% better 75% better Net Zero
Design heat loss Btu/hr 37,000 No change No change
Design heat loss W 10,838 No change No change
Space heating MJ 28,286 7,240 7,240Ventilation MJ 3,293 1,411 1,411
DHW MJ 15,064 14,928 14,928Baseload MJ 31,536 31,536 13,140
Total MJ 78,179 55,115 36,719Total MJ PV production 36,000
Target reduction from ERS 80
59,186 29,593 0
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Utility CostsUtility CostsProjected Operating Costs with Estimated Premium for Energy Reduction Measures
2006 Code
ERS 80 ERS 80 –25%
ERS 80 –50%
ERS 80 –75%
ERS 80 -100%
Difference in cost from ERS 80 Base $7,750 $17,170 $30,857 $83,757
Current annual gas & electric cost
$2,133 $1,638 $1,477 $1,070 $944 -$1,638
Year 6: fuel cost increase 1 $3,199 $2,458 $2,216 $1,605 $1,415 -$2,458
Year 11: fuel cost increase 2 $4,799 $3,686 $3,324 $2,407 $2,123 -$3,686
Total projected operating costs over 10 yrs
$26,660 $20,480 $18,465 $13,375 $11,794 -$20480
Total projected operating costs over 20 yrs
$74,650 $57,340 $51,705 $37,445 $33,022 -$57,340
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Key Market Specific FindingsKey Market Specific Findings
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Improve Typical Assemblies FirstImprove Typical Assemblies First
The Ontario new home market is price/location driven first, and specification driven second (by consumers).
The production housing market in Ontario tends to deal inadequately with dramatic changes.
Therefore…The most effective starting point is to improve typical assembliesbefore looking at the use of different materials.Modifying typical wall assemblies allows production builders to quickly and easily compare cost differences, as the original assembly is familiar and a revised assembly would be easy to benchmark within current costing databases.
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Market and Labour ConstraintsMarket and Labour Constraints
airtightness goal is difficult to meetextreme price sensitivity of the market(housing as a commodity)scheduling concernslabour and union resistance to new construction methods
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Major Shift in Focus Away from Major Shift in Focus Away from Space HeatingSpace Heating
As the envelope improvements reduce the heating load, the relationships between the various end uses change in the house.Appliances and other internal gains, such as occupants and available passive solar gain begin to play a stronger role in the space heating regime.
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Solar & PV Makes SenseSolar & PV Makes Sense
Solar ready features (pre-plumbing, pre-wiring) are achievable in cost-effective manners and also provide marketing opportunities.
Current costs for renewables, such as PV, are not in line with production builder pricing at this point, but preparation for these items makes sense as building envelope improvements are made.
Need for the Solar and PV market – industry, installers, service providers
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Retrofit OpportunityRetrofit Opportunity
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‘‘DeepDeep’’ RetrofitsRetrofitsThe Now House™ project turned a 60-year-old WWII house into a near zero energy home—one that produces almost as much energy as it uses.
The Now House™ is located in Topham Park, Toronto. The home is a 1200 square foot, 1-1/2 storey, detached structure in a community of 200 similar homes. It was built in 1946.
The Now House™ project is a collaboration of designers, architects, engineers, homeowners and sustainable building experts.
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‘‘DeepDeep’’ RetrofitsRetrofits
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
As Is
Insulation Measures
HVAC Measures
Solar Thermal
Solar Electric
After Retrofits
Annual Energy Consumption, GJ
HVAC Measures7%
Solar Contribution19%
After Retrofits27% Insulation Measures
47%
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What can we do?What can we do?Ready for moving towards Net Zero House!Ready for moving towards Net Zero House!
Build houses as energy efficient and solar friendly as possible!
Start with a comprehensive integrated approaches‘House as a System’ approach provides cost-effective solutions
Engage service providers, trades and owners and various stakeholders
Our challenge is to…
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Incremental Cost ProfileIncremental Cost Profile
$-$10,000
$20,000$30,000$40,000
$50,000$60,000
$70,000$80,000$90,000
$100,000$110,000$120,000
$130,000
Base
ERS
80
25%
bet
ter
50%
bet
ter
75%
bet
ter
Net-Z
ero
Levels of Energy Performance
Estim
ated
Incr
emen
tal C
ost,
$
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DiscussionsDiscussions
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For further InformationFor further Information……
Anil ParekhAnil ParekhPhone: 613 947 1959Phone: 613 947 1959
[email protected]@NRCan.gc.ca