104

999

1 Circle the correct answer.

1 I was / had been there for ten minutes

when the police arrived.

2 They shut the road because there ’d been /

was an accident.

3 There were / had been three pet shops in

our town, but one of them is closed now.

4 I didn’t go to the cinema last Saturday because

I ’d already seen / already saw the fi lm.

5 We didn’t have / hadn’t had much money

when I was a kid, but we always had a

good time.

6 Tina wasn’t / hadn’t been very well last night.

➟ Answers page 116

Past perfect: questions

Questions

Had I passed?Had you passed?Had he passed?Had she passed?Had it passed?

Had we passed?Had you passed?Had they passed?

Short answers

Affi rmative Negative

Yes, I had. No, I hadn’t.Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.Yes, he had. No, he hadn’t.Yes, she had. No, she hadn’t.Yes, it had. No, it hadn’t.

Yes, we had. No, we hadn’t.Yes, you had. No, you hadn’t.Yes, they had. No, they hadn’t.

Past perfect

Affi rmative

Full form Contracted form

I had passed. I’d passed.You had passed. You’d passed.He had passed. He’d passed.She had passed. She’d passed.It had passed. It’d passed.

We had passed. We’d passed.You had passed. You’d passed.They had passed. They’d passed.

Negative

Full form Contracted form

I had not passed. I hadn’t passed.You had not passed. You hadn’t passed.He had not passed. He hadn’t passed.She had not passed. She hadn’t passed.It had not passed. It hadn’t passed.

We had not passed. We hadn’t passed.You had not passed. You hadn’t passed.They had not passed. They hadn’t passed.

• We use the past perfect to talk about something that happened before something else in the past.Marie had left the café when we arrived. (= Marie left the café, then we arrived.)When Colin had fi nished his dinner, he watched TV. (= Colin fi nished his dinner, then he watched TV.)

• We can also use the past perfect to explain a situation or give a reason.I was nervous because I hadn’t fl own in a plane before.

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105

999• Past perfect questions are used in the

same situations as the affi rmative and negative forms.

Had you ever been to Benidorm before this summer?No, I hadn’t.

2 Complete the dialogue with the correct past perfect form of the verb in brackets.

A I got to know a great girl at the party on

Saturday.

B Really? (1) _______________ (you / meet)

her before?

A No, but (2) _______________ (I / see) her.

B How did you get talking?

A Well, (3) _______________ (the party /

start) when I arrived. (4) _______________

(she / be) there for an hour but she

(5) _______________ (she / not speak) to

anybody. I started chatting to her. The next

thing I knew, the party was over and

(6) _______________ (everybody / leave).

We were the last people there.

➟ Answers page 116

Reported speech

• Reported speech is used to repeat what another person said.

Direct speech Reported speechHe told me, He told me (that)‘I’m worried.’ he was worried.

He said, He said (that) ‘I’m worried.’ he was worried.

• When the verb introducing the reported speech (the ‘reporting verb’) is in the past, the following changes occur:

Direct speechPresent simpleShe said, ‘I work in London.’

Present continuousHe said, ‘I’m completing a project.’

Present perfectShe said, ‘I’ve broken my arm.’

Past simpleHe said, ‘I talked to them.’

will + infi nitiveHe said, ‘I will arrive home early.’

Reported speechPast simpleShe said (that) she worked in London.

Past continuousHe said (that) he was completing a project.

Past perfectShe said (that) she had broken her arm.

Past perfectHe said (that) he had talked to them.

would + infi nitiveHe said (that) he would arrive home early.

• We also change modal verbs:

Direct speechcanShe said, ‘I can speak German.’

must/have (got) toShe said, ‘You must leave.’

mayHe said, ‘It may snow later.’

Reported speechcouldShe said (that) she could speak German.

had toShe said (that) I had to leave.

mightHe said (that) it might snow later.

say and tell

• Say and tell are the most common reporting verbs.

• If we use told, we must follow it with a person or an object pronoun.She told me (that) she was going away.NOT She told (that) she was going away.

• However, this is not the case with said.NOT She said me that …

Had you met

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106

999weather forecast /ˈweðə ˈfɔːkɑːst/ _____________

world news /wɜːld njuːz/ _____________

Reporting verbs

admit /ədˈmɪt/ _____________

claim /kleɪm/ _____________

confi rm /kənˈfɜːm/ _____________

deny /dɪˈnaɪ/ _____________

insist /ɪnˈsɪst/ _____________

reveal /rɪˈviːl/ _____________

English you need

• Gossip

Hey, you’ll never guess what I heard.

____________________________________

____________________________________

I heard that they’ve just got engaged.

____________________________________

____________________________________

You won’t believe this, but Marty’s got a job.

____________________________________

____________________________________

A little bird told me.

____________________________________

Have you heard about Kate and Darren?

____________________________________

____________________________________

Apparently, they had a big argument.

____________________________________

____________________________________

Newspapers

caption /ˈkæpʃn/ _____________

cartoon /kɑːˈtuːn/ _____________

front page /frʌnt peɪdʒ/ _____________

headline /ˈhedlaɪn/ _____________

horoscope /ˈhɒrəskəʊp/ _____________

local news /ˈləʊkl njuːz/ _____________

sports section /spɔːts ˈsekʃn/ _____________

• There are other reporting verbs that we can use apart from say and tell. These include: admit, claim, confi rm, deny, insist, reveal. These verbs are like say, they can’t be followed by an object pronoun.They admitted (that) they’d committed the crime.NOT They admitted me (that) …

3 Write the following sentences in reported speech. Use the reporting verbs in brackets.

1 ‘I don’t like coffee.’ (he / admit)

____________________________________

2 ‘We’ll visit soon.’ (they / confi rm)

____________________________________

3 ‘Paul wasn’t there.’ (she / deny)

____________________________________

4 ‘Heather’s getting married.’ (he / claim)

____________________________________

5 ‘You (singular) can do it.’ (he / insist)

____________________________________

6 ‘There’s been an accident.’ (Eddie / tell / us)

____________________________________

➟ Answers page 116

He admitt ed that he didn’t like coff ee.

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107

999Don’t tell anyone, though!

____________________________________

I won’t say a word.

____________________________________

single parent

Learning tip

Making cards with a new word or phrase on the front and a defi nition in English on the back is a good way to revise vocabulary.

1 Find words from Unit 9 to match the defi nitions.

1 ___________________

a parent who looks after a child without

the help of the other parent

2 ___________________

travel by asking cars to stop and take you

to your destination

3 ___________________

electricity that you see during storms

4 ___________________

talk about other people’s lives when you

aren’t with them

5 ___________________

a section in a newspaper where you can

read a prediction for the day’s weather

6 ___________________

let something fall out of your hand by

accident

2 Write defi nitions for these words.

1 volunteer (n)

___________________________________

___________________________________

2 vandalize

___________________________________

___________________________________

3 rainforest

___________________________________

___________________________________

4 clue

___________________________________

___________________________________

3 Make revision cards for words on your word list. Then test your memory. Read a defi nition. Can you remember the word?

➟ Answers page 116

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108

Newspapers

1 Look at the defi nitions for different parts of a newspaper and complete the puzzle.

1 To see the main news story, look here. (5, 4)

2 If you want to see something funny, look at this. (7)

3 Look at this to quickly fi nd out what’s in the news. (8)

4 You can fi nd out what’s happening in other countries in this section. (5, 4)

5 You sometimes see one of these under photos. (7)

6 If you want to fi nd out what’s happening in your area, read this. (5, 4)

7 To read a prediction for your future, read this. (9)

8 If you want to know yesterday’s football results, turn to this. (5, 7)

9 If it will rain tomorrow, it tells you. (7, 8)

10 You can read about the news here. (2, 3, 5)

10

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

F R O N T P A G E

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109

1 Complete the sentences with the past perfect and the words below.

2 he / be / asleep for an hour when a loud

noise / wake / him up

____________________________________

____________________________________

3 he / get up / to see what / make / the noise

____________________________________

____________________________________

4 on the fl oor there / be / a man who / fall

over / in the dark

____________________________________

____________________________________

5 he / break / his leg and / ask / Jim to call

an ambulance

____________________________________

____________________________________

3 Write complete sentences with the past perfect and past simple.

1 Jim Green / go / to bed early because he /

have / a tiring day

____________________________________

____________________________________

spend not read

sleep not book eat

not rehearse

a snack the paper

a table enough

badly all her money

Past perfect

Jim Green went to bed early because he’d

had a tiring day.

Had it held

14-year-old Chris Hemmings surprised police on Saturday when he (1) gave / ’d given them two bags that he (2) found / ’d found. Th e bags contained more than £15,000. When Chris fi rst saw the bags at the bus stop on Friday evening, he (3) thought / ’d thought that someone (4) left / had left their rubbish there. But when he saw that they (5) didn’t go / hadn’t gone the next morning, he (6) decided / ’d decided to open them.

Honest teenager returns £15,000

4 Complete the questions. Then match them with the answers.

1 Greece held the Olympic Games in 2004.

______________________ them before?

2 When J.K. Rowling wrote the fi rst

Harry Potter book, how many books

______________________ before?

3 When Pierce Brosnan stopped

playing James Bond, how many times

______________________ the character?

4 Kanye West won a Grammy in 2008.

______________________ one before?

5 When the Americans elected Barak Obama

as President, ______________________ a

black President before?

_ None _ No, they hadn’t. _ Yes, he had.

_ Four _ Yes, it had.

Past perfect: questions

1 Jack wasn’t hungry because he __________

_____________________________________

2 Gigi didn’t buy any shoes because she

_____________________________________

3 The play went badly because the actors

_____________________________________

4 Dan was very tired because he ___________

_____________________________________

5 We didn’t go to a restaurant because we

_____________________________________

6 Wendy didn’t know the news because she

_____________________________________

2 Circle the correct options.

a snack.

’d eaten

1

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110

1 Write the verbs.

1 say something is a fact c________

2 say that something isn’t true d________

3 repeat something for emphasis i________

4 say that a rumour or belief is correct

c________

5 confess that something is true a________

6 say something that has been a secret

r________

2 Circle the correct option.

1 She claimed / revealed that she was the best.

2 She revealed / insisted that she had a pet.

3 They denied / admitted that they had

broken the window.

4 He admitted / insisted that she was doing

her homework.

5 He confi rmed / denied that he’d eaten the pie.

6 They claimed / confi rmed that they were

more than good friends.

Reporting verbs

1 Write what the people say in reported speech.

1 He told the waiter that ________________

____________________________________

2 He said _____________________________

____________________________________

3 She told him _________________________

____________________________________

4 They said that _______________________

____________________________________

5 They told her ________________________

____________________________________

6 She said that ________________________

____________________________________

laim

I haven’t told you before, but I’ve got a pet.

Reported speech

they were

celebrating the end of the school.

I’ve won again. I’m the best!

I told you before, I’m doing my homework.

OK, you’re right. We’re more than

good friends.

We’re celebrating the end of

school.

I don’t understand

I’ve ordered sushi.

We didn’t have

lunch.

We’re hungry!

I’ll pour the drinks

I didn’t eat the

pie.

We’re sorry. It was us. We broke the

window.

1

4

2

5

3

6

1

2

3

4 5

6

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111

2 Write said or told in the sentences.

1 Our neighbours ________ us that they

were going on holiday.

2 My friend ________ she hadn’t watched

TV last night.

3 I ________ the teacher that I would study

hard for the test.

4 My mum ________ that she was very

tired.

5 My uncle ________ he’d been to France

three times.

6 I ________ my parents I was going to a

friend’s house.

3 Read the dialogue between Marc and Sandra. Then write it in reported speech.

A What do you think of Spain, Sandra?

B I love it. I think it’s beautiful.

A Have you been here before?

B Yes, I came here two years ago, but I

haven’t been to Madrid before.

A Ah! And where are you staying?

B With some friends.

A Do you speak any Spanish?

B No, I don’t. I didn’t study it at school.

A I’ll teach you if you like.

1 Sandra said that she loved Spain. She

thought it _____________ beautiful.

2 She said she _________________________

to Spain two years before.

3 But she said that she __________________

to Madrid before.

4 She said that she _____________________

with some friends.

5 She said she ______________ any Spanish

because she _______________ it at school.

6 Marc said that he _____________________

her if she liked.

4 Read the star’s words. Complete the newspaper article with reporting verbs from vocabulary exercise 1 and reported speech.

‘Yes, the rumours are true. I’ll be the star of

Olivier’s next fi lm. No, it isn’t true. I’m not

doing it for the money. I’m only interested in

art – that’s a fact! I don’t know when

fi lming will start. I said I don’t know when

fi lming will start. Yes, it’s true that I’ve been

out with Sharon a few times. No, we aren’t

getting married. It’s been a secret before but I

can tell you now, we argued all the time.’

toldwas

p p

In an exclusive interview, Ryan Philips (1) _____________ that he would be the star of Olivier’s next fi lm but he (2) _____________ that he was doing it for the money. He (3) _____________ that he (4) __________ only interested in art. He (5) _____________ that he didn’t know when fi lming (6) _____________. He (7) _____________ that he had been out with Sharon a few times but he said that they (8) _____________ married. In fact, he (9) _____________ that they (10) _____________ all the time.

confi rmed

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112

1 Read the extracts from a newspaper. Match them with the sections below.

TV Guide __ Health and relationships __ Gossip column __ Horoscope __

2 Answer the questions.

Who …

1 has just published a book? _____________

2 are enemies in public but friends in

private? ____________________________

____________________________________

3 meet in secret? ______________________

____________________________________

4 are going to have problems this week?

____________________________________

5 are healthier because of their friends?

____________________________________

6 has contracted a private detective?

____________________________________

3 Circle the words and expressions in the extracts. Then match them with the defi nitions.

1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5 __ 6 __

1 re-run

2 in disguise

3 stormy weather

4 keep in mind

5 actually

6 attacked

a criticized

b a repeat of an old programme

c problems

d really, in fact

e dressed so that people can’t recognize you

f remember

A

Faith Norton

I was in a r estaurant on Thursday night, and imagine my surprise when politicians John Redford and Samuel Hill came in. They’re political opponents, and Redford had attacked Hill earlier in the day about the gover nment’s health plans. But here they were, enjoying a meal together, like two actors after a play.

For this week’s Satur day interview I spoke to psychologist and writer Faith Nor ton about her new book, Defi nitely Different. In it, she looks at the dif ferent way that men and women relate to their friends, and explains why female friendships actually help women to live longer.

In tonight’s re-run of the fourth series

of Desperate Housewives, Carlos tells

Edie that he’s going away on a golfi ng

weekend, but is really seeing his ex-

wife, Gabrielle. Meanwhile, Gabrielle

realises that her husband has hired a

private detective to watch her, so she

leaves home in disguise.

A

C

D

If you Scorpios thought that you had solved last week’s

problems, prepare for a few more diffi cult days. There are

dark clouds on the horizon, and more stormy weather is

probably on its way. Keep in mind that there’s generally

sunshine after a storm, and that things will improve!

B

b

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113

1 Complete the dialogues between Boris and his friends with a word or phrase from each box.

A You’ll (1) __________________________

I heard, Boris.

B What?

A Gloria’s going to leave her band.

Apparently, she doesn’t think the others

play well enough.

B They won’t be very happy.

A No! Don’t (2) _________________________,

though.

B I (3) __________________________ a word.

B Have you (4) _________________________

Gloria?

C What about her?

B You (5) __________________________ this,

but she’s leaving her group.

C Well, I heard that her band’s going to throw

her out because she sings so badly.

B Really? How do you know that?

C A (6) __________________________ me.

little bird won’t

never guess tell

won’t heard

about say

anyone believe

told what

2 17 Circle the options that you think are correct. Then listen and check.

1 Boys have more / fewer friends than girls.

2 Boys and girls talk about the same /

different things.

3 Girls gossip more / less than boys.

3 17 Listen again. Are the sentences about girls (G) or boys (B)?

1 __ 2 __ 3 __ 4 __ 5 __ 6 __

1 They talk about personal problems.

2 They do competitive activities when they

meet.

3 Their behaviour produces oxytocin.

4 Their relationships help reduce stress.

5 They prefer to solve problems alone.

6 They should have more respect for

gossiping.

never guess what

4 18 Listen. Write six sentences from a dialogue.

1 ____________________________________

____________________________________

2 ____________________________________

____________________________________

3 ____________________________________

____________________________________

4 ____________________________________

____________________________________

5 ____________________________________

____________________________________

6 ____________________________________

____________________________________

You’ll

G

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114

1 Read the news article. Then choose the headline.

3 They ran after the lorry _____________ it

was driving away. __

4 _____________ they arrived, they’d driven

300 miles. __

5 _____________ they were taking out the

suitcases, they found her. __

6 They gave him some lettuce to eat

_____________ they got home. __

3 Write the story for headline A or B.

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

2 Circle as, as soon as and by the time in the article. Then write them in the sentences. Are they from story A or B?

1 _____________ they realized where Fred

was, the men had taken the rubbish. __

2 _____________ they were ready, they set

off on their journey. __

Time connectors

Nobody believes this excuse any mor e, but for Paul Wheeler it was true.

Paul had gone out with friends after fi nishing a school project. When he got back home, his dog had destr oyed his USB memor y stick with the only copy of his project on it.

Paul saw Buster eating something as he was walking thr ough the door. But by the time he r ealized that it was his memory stick, it was too late.

Paul tried to tell his teacher what had happened. As soon as he said that the dog had eaten his homework, she started to laugh.

Paul failed his project. At fi rst he was annoyed with Buster , but now he’s forgiven him.

Cat travelled 300 miles in car

Tortoise thrown out with rubbish

My dog ate my homework

A

B

C

A news article

By the time

B

4 Translate the sentences.

1 I always read the local news.

____________________________________

2 Yesterday I read an article about a robbery.

____________________________________

____________________________________

3 A robber had stolen a million Euros.

____________________________________

4 When the police found him, he’d spent it.

____________________________________

____________________________________

5 He denied that he’d stolen it.

____________________________________

6 You won’t believe this, but I know him!

____________________________________

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