ParvovirusNavies 03/2011

History• CPV-1 was the first described Canine Parvovirus to

be reported in the late 60’s/early 70’s• Species specific• Canine Parvovirus Type 2 (CPV-2) was first

reported in 1978• Most cases are believed to be caused by 2 strains

of CPV-2:• CPV-2a• Reported in 1979

• CPV-2b• Reported in 1984

• A third strain has recently been discovered• CPV-2c• Reported in Italy in 2006 • Spread quickly around the world by 2007

Etiology• Origin has not been

established• Not zoonotic• Stable in the environment• Withstands wide pH ranges and high temperatures

• Resistant to a wide variety of common disinfectants• Can survive for several months in contaminated areas of the environment• Example: Where other animals that are infected have defecated or vomited

Puppies are prone to disease because they are not protected by maternal antibodies or vaccination

Pathogenesis• After contact with the virus it will multiply within

the lymphoid region of the oropharynx.

• Once in the blood, parvovirus will find cells that rapidly divide, these include, cells of bone marrow, lymphopoietic, and the intestinal lining. Which leads to further breakdown of the host cells.

• This leads to the degeneration of intestinal villi, which also leads to the shedding of the virus in the feces

Signalment• 85% of infected dogs are less than a year old• Why? Dogs between the ages of 6 weeks and 6 months are especially susceptible

• Breeds with an increased risk:• Rottweiler's, American Staffordshire Terriers,

Doberman Pinschers, German Shepherds• Dogs that roam are more likely to contract the virus• Unvaccinated/poorly vaccinated

animals

Direct: In contact with infected Dog’s

Indirect: Fecal-contaminated fomites; virus is said to shed in the feces of infected dogs for up to 3 weeks after infection. Recovered dogs may serve as carriers and shed the virus periodically.

Course of Disease• Incubation period is 3-8 days• After the incubation period, the onset of

clinical signs are sudden (12 hours or less)• Shed in the feces of infected animals • Begins 3-4 days after infection• Shed for up to 3 weeks after infection• Amount shed increases when clinical signs are present, but shedding may begin before the onset clinical signs

• Can live in environment for roughly 6 months

*Dogs that have survived the disease may serve as carriers and periodically shed the virus.

Clinical Signs• Lethargy• Vomiting• Loss of appetite• Diarrhea - usually bloody, and

very foul-smelling (Odor is characteristic to parvovirus)

• Fever• Asymptomatic

• Diagnosis is confirmed by a positive fecal ELISA,

or hemagglutination test.• The ELISA can be positive the first day and

3-4 days after.If a puppy is tested for virus and has had

the vaccine it can result in a false positive, usually after 5 to 12 days after vaccination.

Laboratory tests include a blood test to detect a lowWBC count and other tests to detect the virussuch as looking at the blood through an electron microscope (biopsy)

Diagnostic

Treatment/Prognosis

• There is no specific cure, only supportive care.• Maintaining proper fluid balance is imperative.• Most dogs that survive the 2-3 days of supportive care, usually survive.• Mortality rate is very high, however if caught early there is a better chance of survival.

• Behind treatment is about attacking the symptoms and these are just a few ways to do so on top of getting the CPV vaccination

• Crystalloids• Special intravenous fluids – colloids:

loss of protein in blood• Immune-modulatory proteins - assist

the body in generating an effective immune response, antibodies – is blood containing anti-parvo antibodies from animals already vaccinated

•

• Special intravenous fluids - blood: Blood transfusion to replace RBC lost into the gut

• Antibiotics: Broad spectrum• Antiemetics• Ulcer medications• Analgesics• Anticonvulsants

• Dependent on PCV and WBC count• 90 – 95% success rate with AGGRESSIVE

therapy ($$$)• Risk: Regardless of the special care they

receive and the thousands of dollars you may spend, affected puppies may simply not survive.

• Morphologic diagnosis & disease in dog. Peyer's patch necrosisparvovirus

• Plate 4 in book

• The disease in

dogs-parvovirus

Prevention(Client Education)

• Vaccination is critical• Puppies should receive their first vaccination at 5-8 weeks and should receive 2 more vaccines before 16-20 weeks of age to complete their booster series.• Annual vaccination is recommended• Avoid public areas until your puppy is fully vaccinated.

Prevention(Client Education)

• If you suspect your dog has contracted the virus:• Seek Veterinary Care Immediately!• Isolate the animal • Clean up after your pet and spray the area with a 1:30 bleach/water solution.

• Canine Parvovirus is one of the most deadly canine illnesses and it's especially common in young and un-vaccinated puppies. It strikes quickly, is highly contagious, and can kill a young puppy within 24 hours.

• Transmission- Parvo is transmitted through contact with the feces of an infected/sick dog.

• Symptoms- Diarrhea, Vomiting, Fever, Lethargy

• Treatment- The main treatment for canine parvovirus is hospitalization, rest, intravenous fluids to combat the severe dehydration that result from the constant diarrhea and vomiting, and antibiotics to treat any secondary infections. This is called 'supportive care'.

• De-contamination & Disinfection- Outdoors -When in the soil, canine parvovirus is not dramatically affected by heat, rain, cold, frost or any other climatic condition. If the ground is frozen it basically puts the virus into a 'dormant' state and when the ground thaws there is still a risk of contamination.

• If you don't treat/disinfect the ground, this is what you can expect....

• Areas in direct sunlight: contamination lasts approx. 5 - 6 months

• Areas in shade: contamination lasts approx. 7 - 8 months

• Indoors -Parvovirus becomes inactive much more quickly indoors than it does outside. Normally contamination will last for approx. 1 month inside your home.

• Sodium hypochlorite (1:30 or 1:32 ratio)

• http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp?cfile=htm/bc/23301.htm, http://www.cpvh.com/Articles/39.html, http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=582&S=1&SourceID=42, http://www.the-puppy-dog-place.com/canine-parvovirus.html,http://dogp`arvo.blogspot.com/2008/05/history-of-dog-parvo-virus.html-history,http://petcaretips.net/canine_parvovirus.html