partitions compartmentation one area of a building is separated from another by the use of fire...
TRANSCRIPT
PartitionsCompartmentation
• One area of a building is separated from another by the use of fire rated
materials
• System that creates self contained areas within a building
Definitions
• Assembly, Construction
The number of building materials used together to create a structure element
• Assembly, Fire Rated
Refers to all the parts that make up a rated assembly
• Damper
Device to restrict passage of flames in duct systems
• Fire Barrier
Continuous fire rated assembly (either vertical or horizontal).
Definitions, Con’t
• Fire Blocking
Materials installed to resist the passage of fire to other areas of the building through concealed spaces.
• Fire resistance
Prevention or retarding the passage of excessive heat, hot gases, or flame.
Resistance to fire exposure in hours or fraction of an hour.
• Firestop
Assembly to prevent spread of flame through penetrations in fire resistive assemblies
• Smoke Barrier
Continuous membrane (either vertical or horizontal) that restricts movement of smoke
Fire Barriers
The Actual Fire Rating Of The Wall Depends On:
The occupancy classification The location of the wall Sprinkler status
Fire Barriers, con’t
Three Types
Fire Walls
Highest fire ratings
Usually part of building shell
Party walls and occupancy separation walls
Fire Separation Walls –
Tenet separation walls
Corridor separation walls
Room separation Walls
Floor/ Ceiling Assemblies
Determined by construction type or occupancy classification
Fire Barriers, con’tFire Walls
Provide continuous fire protection from the foundation to the roof
Construction on one side is separated from failure of other side
The most common rating – 3 to 4 hours
Can be affected by occupancy classification
Fire Barriers, con’t
Occupancy Separation Walls
May be used to separate different uses in the same occupancy
Typically separation walls must have a 1 to 2 hr fire rating
Use the higher rating between different occupancies
Fire Barriers, con’t
Tenant separation Walls
Demising walls separate two tenants with the same occupancy
The most common rating is 1 hr.
Corridor Walls
Typically corridors used as exits, such as exit passageways must have a 2 hr.
Corridors used as exit accesses – 1 hr
Horizontal Exits
Occupants are not expected to leave the building but to pass to the other side of a fire wall to an area of refuge.
2 hr.
Fire Barriers, con’t
Vertical Shaft Enclosures
Determined by the number of floors it penetrates
Walls are usually continuous from bottom of the building to the underside of the roof deck.
Typically – 1 hr if three stories or less
2hr rating if four or more stories.
An exit access stair may require a fire rated enclosure if it connects more than two floors
There is a limit to the number of elevators in a single shaft to two to four
Room Separation
Contents of room may be considered hazardous
Boiler, furnace, large storage rooms
Smoke Barriers
• Consists of either a wall assembly or a full enclosure
• Limited openings are allowed
• Additional mechanical functions are required – ventilation and air circulation
Smoke Barriers, con’t
Smoke
Buoyancy – increases with heat – forced upward
Expansion – Gases create pressure
HVAC – Transport and air supply
Stack Effect – Cold outside – forced up
Warm – forced down
Smoke Barriers, con’t
Wall Assemblies
Continuous from outside wall to outside wall
Areas created are considered a smoke compartment – area of refuge
Other requirements
Specific swing type doors
Automatic release door closures
Smoke dampers at the mechanical ducts
Smoke Barriers, con’t
Vertical Shafts
Smoke proof required if a building is over a certain height
All doors must automatically close on the detection of smoke
Smoke Stop Door is required as well
Through Penetration ProtectivesFirestops, Draftstops and Fire Dampers
FirestopsSeal and Protect any opening created by penetrations
Conduit, Pipes, HVAC, Cables
LSC require the use of listed and approved firestops and smoke barriers
Firestop device
Endothermic – release water when exposed
Intumescent – Expands in volume when exposed – sealing the gap
Draftstop
Create separate spaces or areas to prevent movement of air
Through Penetration ProtectivesFirestops, Draftstops and Fire Dampers
Damper SystemsAlso considered a smoke barrier
Two kinds
Static – shuts down during a fire
Dynamic – remains in operation during a fire to control air flow
Fire Dampers
Installed whenever there is a wall penetration
Rating – 1-1/2 to 3 hours
Smoke Dampers
Activated specifically by the presence of smoke
Ceiling Dampers
Prevent heat from entering the space between the ceiling and the floor or roof above
Closes when heated air moves through
Rated Materials
Underwriters Laboratories
Fire resistance Directory, Vol 1
Beams, columns, floors, roofs, and penetrations
Fire resistance Directory, Vol II
Through penetration firestop system
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
New Products
Gypsum and fiber from recycled paper
Use
Studs
Over furring
Suspended ceilings
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Gypsum Wallboard
Panels 4 and 4-1/2 Ft (1200 and 1372) wide
8,10,12,14 ft (2400, 3000, 3600, 4200mm) long
¼, 3/8, ½, 5/8, ¾ (6.4, 9.5, 12.7, 15.9, 19mm) thick
5/8” (16mm)Commercial and high quality residential
½” (12.7mm) Common residential
3/8” (9.5) – used for double layer applications and remodeling work
¼” (6.4) – used for curved surfaces
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Gypsum Wallboard, con’t
Double layers used for fire resistance and acoustic benefits
Most common form has tapered edges – allows for reinforcement tape and joint compound
Fire rated Gypsum Wallboard
Type X
Must be used for fire rated applications
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Gypsum Wallboard, con’t
Water Resistant Wallboard
Backing for adhesive applied ceramic tile
Areas where wallboard may be exposed to moisture during construction
Better to use Portland cement plaster setting bed or other cementitious panel products
Foil Backed Wallboard
Vapor barrier to prevent transmission of water vapor to the exterior wall and ceiling spaces
Pre- finished Wallboard
Used with demountable partition systems
Exposed vertical joint or covered with proprietary trim
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Framing
Wood
Residential or small commercial
Can double as load bearing wall
Common – 2x4 (actual – 1-1/2x 3-1/2” – 38.1 x 88.9mm)
Spaced 16” or 24” on center (406, 610)
16” is more common in commercial construction
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Framing, con’t
Metal
Usually nonbearing walls
Can be load bearing if heavy gage studs are used
(Requires calculation by structural engineer)
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Framing, con’t
Metal, con’tSize
Thickness
25 gage – most common
22 gage – used for very tall partitions
12, 14, 16, 18 gage for structural steel studs
Depths
Determined by height of partition
Most common is 2-1/2” (63.5) and 3-1/2” (92.1)
2-1/2” adequate for normal ceiling heights of 8-10’
1-5/8”, 2-1/2”, 3-5/8”, 4, and 6”(41.3, 63.5, 92.1, 101.6, 152.4mm)
Width
Varies slightly around 1-1/4” (32mm)
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Framing, con’t
Metal, con’t
16 or 24 inch on center (406, 610)
24 inch is more common for non load bearing partitions
Runners on floor and ceiling “C” shaped
Attached with self tapping screws
Special framing shapes for application from one side as needed for wall liners in stairways, elevators, and dumbwaiters.
H shaped studs are used for area separation walls to provide firebreak between apartments or condos
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Wood and Metal furring
Usually placed 16 or 24 inch on center (406, 610)
Base for attachment to one side of construction
Wood
1x2 (3/4 x 2-1/2) (19.1x38.1)
Metal
Hat channel is most common
Resilient channel – for acoustic application requirements
Z-furring – accommodate electrical conduit, switch boxes and insulation
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
TrimStandard – 6 common shapes
Corner bead trim
LC bead trim
Used where edge of wallboard is exposed
Needs to be installed before wallboard
L- bead trim
Similar to LC but may be installed after wallboard
U trim
Does not require finishing – esthetic concern
LK Trim
Similar to LC trim – fits into slot of frame
Control joints
Used at distances of 50 ft
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Trim, con’t
Proprietary Trim
Usually extruded aluminum
Large curved corners
Reveals
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Finishing
Reinforcing tape
Joint Compound
Tape used in process of finishing joints
Placed in joint compound
Usually three layers of compound to finish joint treatment
Three layers are usually used for nail or screw holes
Finishes
Textured coatings
Hides minor surface imperfections
Orange peel
Knock Down
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Finishing, con’t
Standard Types
Level 0
No taping
Level 1
Tape imbedded – free of excess compound
Level 2
Level 1 with a separate layer of joint compound as well
Use for substrate for ceramic tile
Level 3
Level 2 plus another compound coat
Used anywhere wherever medium or heavy textured surface is applied
Used where heavy wall covering is to be applied
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Finishing, con’t
Standard Types, con’t
Level 4
Three coats of joint compound
Used for light textured wall covering is to be applied
Economic concerns
Do not use gloss paint
Level 5
Level 4 with the addition of a skim coat over entire surface
Severe lighting conditions and gloss paint situations
Components
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Gypsum is inherently fire resistant
Density makes gyp a good material for fire resistance
Ratings
1, 2, 3, 4 hour rating requirements
Established by independent testing laboratories
Standard fire tests
Used to protect columns, beams, and other building components
Fire and Sound Ratings
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Ratings, con’t
One hour partitions
Separating lease corridors from lease space
Separating houses from attached garages
Separating one type of occupancy from another
Two hour Partitions
Enclose vertical shafts
Stairways
Elevators
Some types of occupancy require 3-4 hour separation
Sound ratings
Determined by STC requirements
Fire and Sound Ratings
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Typical Residential Partition
2x4, 16 to 24” OC
¼ to ½” gap at the floor hidden by the baseboard
Typical partition construction
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Non-rated Commercial Construction
LC trim used at ceiling
Runners for ceiling and floor
5/8” (15.9) in most cases – 24” (610) OC
½” (12.7) – 16” (406) OC
2-1/2” (63.5) for ceiling heights of 8 – 10 Feet (2438, 2743)
3-5/8” (92.1) when additional dimension is required
for mechanical, electrical systems.
Typical partition construction
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Non-rated Commercial Construction, con’t
Most contractors will apply horizontally:
Fewer joints Convenient Ties more studs together Strongest dimension across the studs
Typical partition construction
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
1 Hour Rated
Fire rated sealant
Slip joint at ceiling – note this is in the plenum space so finishing is not a concern
Fire rated wallboard – type X
Attached to fire rated ceiling and floor assemblies
All joints edges and penetrations must be sealed
Electrical boxes may be placed but are limited – one box on one side in each space between studs.
Fluted metal deck – must be sealed
Typical partition construction
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
2 Hour Rated
Required around vertical enclosures
Slip joint at ceiling
Fire rated sealant at ceiling and floor
Two layers of 5/8” (16) type X gyp on both sides
Or
¾” single type X gyp
Typical partition construction
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Chase Walls
Double row of studs
Provides space for plumbing
May be used for recessing for large elements
Typical partition construction
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Special Partition ConstructionAcoustical partition design
Single row of studs
Adding more layers of wallboard.
Use resilient channels
Use batt insulation in the stud cavity
High attenuation partitions
Usually double row of studs
Note proprietary shaped studs held ½” (13) above “floor angle”
Need to verify compliance
Small “leak” can make a significant difference
Typical partition construction
Gypsum Wallboard Partitions
Special Partition Construction
Support for Hanging heavy loads
Blocking must be shown on the drawings when heavy loads are involved
Partition Anchoring
Partitions that are built to the suspended acoustical ceiling
Need to indicate additional bracing above the ceiling to the structural floor above. –
especially if heavy loads are to be “hung” on the partition.
Called “kickers”
Usually metal studs screwed to the runner
Typical partition construction
Lath and Plaster - The most common wall finish prior to the introduction of drywall. Thin wood strips (lath) were nailed onto the framing as a base for the sand/lime plaster (see diagram).
Advantages
Form multiple curves
High abrasion resistance
Water resistant if Portland cement is used
Lath And Plaster Partitions
ComponentsMaterial
Combination of gypsum, Portland cement, lime, water, aggregates of sand, vermiculite, or perlite
Portland cement is used where wetting, steam, or severe dampness is expected.
Plaster
Where extreme abrasion resistance is needed – Keene’s cement is used
Dehydrated gyp and lime putty
Texture is created through the incorporation of sand
Fresco – Painting of freshly spread plaster before it sets
Lath And Plaster Partitions
Standard lath Traditional
Several coats over some type of open lath
Lath is attached to the studs
Lath types
Diamond mesh lath
Attached to studs using metal ties
Used for complex double curves
There is a self furring type to be used over old surfaces
Lath And Plaster Partitions
Standard lath, con’t
Lath types, con’t
Flat rib metal lath
More rigid
Use for flat ceiling where greater rigidity is needed
Rib metal lath
Used for studless solid partitions – for use in widely spaced framing
Rib metal lath
Used for studless solid partitions – for use in widely spaced framing
Lath And Plaster Partitions
Gypsum lath
Used for veneer plaster installations
Blueboard
Can be fire rated
Lath And Plaster Partitions
Gypsum lath
Construction
Codes do address use of Plaster – requirements for mixing, frame spacing, types, and application.
Applied in three coats
Scratch coat
½” (12)
roughened to attach next coat
Brown coat
¼” (6)
Finish Coat
1/8” (3)
Lath And Plaster Partitions
Construction, con’t
Advantages – gypsum lath
Faster and less expensive to construct
Provides a hard surface
Not as much moisture involved in environment Disadvantage – gypsum lath
Not appropriate as base around in wet areas – Use standard lath for this or cement backing boards
(residential)
Stud spacing – gypsum lath
Usually 16” (406)
Lath And Plaster Partitions