Humboldt University Berlin International Master Science of Rural Development

(IMRD)

Participatory Poverty Assessment in Cambodia

Kennvidy SA

(512757)

Module ‘Participatory Research Methods’ Prof. Silke Stöber Summer Semester 2007

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Table of content

Table of content ........................................................................................................................ 2 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3 2. What is a PPA? ..................................................................................................................... 3 3. Objective of PPA ................................................................................................................... 3 4. PPA in Cambodia.................................................................................................................. 4 4.1. Cambodia’s background..................................................................................................... 4 4.2. Poverty line ........................................................................................................................ 4 4.3. Criteria utilized for selection of poor communes ................................................................ 5 4.4. Criterion applied for the selection of poor villages.............................................................. 5 4.5. Major concerns of the poor................................................................................................. 6 4.5.1. Lack of food security ................................................................................................. 6 4.5.2. Life crisis of poor people ........................................................................................... 7 4.5.3. Poor physical infrastructure....................................................................................... 8 4.5.4. Lack of micro-finance ................................................................................................ 9 5. Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 10 Reference:............................................................................................................................... 12 Annex 01: Major concerning the poor ..................................................................................... 13 Annex 02: Map Commune-Level Poverty Rates ..................................................................... 14 Annex 03: Major reason of Poverty from differences countries .............................................. 15

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1. Introduction

A participatory poverty assessment (PPA) is a process to study poor people’s views on poverty

and the strategies in reducing it1a (in other words, to improve a better living conditions). During the

period between late October and mid-December of year 2000, Royal Government of Cambodia

had accomplished a nationwide PPA in Cambodia with the technical assistance from Asian

Development Bank (ADB), with the participation of poor people living in both urban and rural (i.e.

village) sectors2a.

This seminary paper present herewith the studies on the selecting criterion which covers poverty

ranged from small communities to a village, the method to define “poverty in Cambodia” and the

focus on major problems concerning poverty in Cambodia and other countries.

2. What is a PPA?

The Participatory Poverty Assessment or PPA is an approach for the sharing and learning between

locals and outsiders so as to provide appropriate ideas and plans for poverty reduction2b, which will

be worked under locals, government officials, social workers and development specialists.

The nature of PPA is a qualitative social research approach2c and it starts with grass-roots

participatory analysis and dialogue1b. PPA intends to study and find out the opinions and

expectations of the poor people on facing their life and road to poverty, the problems concerning

them and what they have in mind in resolving these issues to achieve the objective of poverty

reduction2d.

3. Objective of PPA

According to Bakhteari (2003), PPA is not simply a new approach on the studies of poverty and its

root causes, but it covers also four (4) critical areas as follows :

- better understanding of poverty from the perspective,

- new constituencies for anti-poverty action,

- improved accountability to poor people,

- more effective policies and action (PPA initiated a process of dialogue between

policymakers, district-level providers and the poor3).

1a, 1b Bakhteari Q et al. (2003): Between Hope & Despair: Pakistan Participatory Poverty Assessment, p 12, 27. 2a,b, c,d ADB. (2001): Asian Development Bank Participatory (ADB): Poverty Assessment in Cambodia, p 5. 3 Narayan D. (1996): Learning from the Poor: A Participatory Poverty Assessment in Kenya. p 1

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4. PPA in Cambodia

4.1. Cambodia’s background

Cambodia is one of the developing countries located South-East Asia with total area of 181.035

square kilometers. In year 2006, Total population was recorded as 13.099.472 in Cambodia with

an average growth rate at 2.4 percent and population density of 72 persons per square kilometers.

Wet land in Cambodia covers more than 30 percent of the land which forms an important part of

rural livelihoods because it provides food and other natural resources to 85 percent of Cambodia

people who depend on agriculture (Vimean, 2006). Cambodia is ranked 130th in the human

development index, just below Myanmar and India. This situation has slightly been improved over

the period of year1990-2000, moving from 0.501 to 0.543. It has a gender development index of

0.537 which is the lowest in Asia and a human poverty index of 43.3 percent. Life expectancy in

Cambodia is only 56.4 years. Adult literacy rate is 67.8 percent. Clearly, Cambodia’s socio-

economic indicators are not good. Cambodia’s per capita GDP in the year 2001 was estimated to

be US$ 259 (Sotharith, 2003).

4.2. Poverty line

Poverty line has been established to calculate the level of food consumption for the households in

a country. In Cambodia, the poverty lines are plotted based on the information of living costs

reflected on the Cambodian Socio-Economic Survey (CSES) of 1997. A person is considered poor

if they are consuming less than 2 100

calori4 of food and 58 grams of protein5,

including a small payment for important

non-food expenses likes clothing and

shelters, per day. Take into account

varying cost of living in different areas

whereby separated calculations are

performed for Phnom Pen6, other Urban

Areas and Rural Areas. The result

shown in terms of per capita per day

consumption, are 1,629 Riels, 1,214 Riels and 1,036 Riels for Phnom Penh, other Urban Areas

and Rural Areas7 (Than and Hansen, 2003) respectively. ADB (2001) announced that result

Baseline Poverty Profile in Cambodia 1993-1998

0%10%20%30%40%50%

Total City Urbanarea

Rural area OtherPerc

enta

ge o

f pov

erty

1993/94 1998

Source: 1993/94/97, Cambodia Socio Economic Survey (CSES)

4 The level of 2 100 calories is an internationally recognised benchmark for the minimum amount of energy required to adequately sustain an average adult. 5 ADB. (2001): Asian Development Bank Participatory (ADB): Poverty Assessment in Cambodia, p1. 6 Phnom Penh is capital of Cambodia. 7 The average official exchange rate in 1998 was USD 1 = 3807.8 Riels. The purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion to official exchange rate in 1998 was 0.189 (Based on the World Development Indicators). When domestic price differences are ignored, poverty lines for Phnom Penh for, other Urban and Rural translate into 2.30, 1.72 and 1.46 in term of PPP USD respectively.

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shown is equivalent to US$0.45 per day, which is considerably less than the World Bank’s “dollar-

a-day” adjusted measurement for extreme poverty. In addition to this, data collected from CSES in

1997 found that 36.10 percent of the population (including 11.3 percents in Phnom Penh, 29,7

percents in the urban areas, 40.10 percent in rural areas and 19.10 percent in other area), has

been living under the poverty line.

4.3. Criteria utilized for selection of poor communes

Based on the combined work of World Food Program (WFP)8, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural

Development in the field, the following criterion are used to define the “poor commune” :

- Poor agricultural production and lack of potential in improving the situation,

- Access to natural resources had been severely diminished in the past few years,

- Ratio of rice-indebted households to non kinship based households,

- Shortage of development agencies or NGOs supportive works,

- Problems with land mines and other land clearing difficulties,

- Comparison with other regions in Cambodia,

- High positive-growth possibilities in the next three years.

According to the analysis of the various databases and indicator in 1997, 1998, 19999 and 2000,

the total number of communes classified as poor was 358, with total of 2,431,000 people or 20

percents of the population. Due to lack of data, other 27 communes were also automatically

classified as poor. These communes were not under government control10 until early 1999 (ADB,

2001). (See annex 02: Map Commune-Level Poverty Rates11).

4.4. Criterion applied for the selection of poor villages

WFP12 could not identify poor households in specific villages because the results collected after

civil war is statistically insignificant. Poor communes in most parts of Oddar Meanchey province

were not identified by the WFP poverty mapping due to missing information.

8 The United Nations World Food Program has been in assistance (emergency food aid) to Cambodian suffering from the impact of war, rural poverty and food in security since 1979 (WFP, 2000). 9 WFP selected 550 communes in 1997, 412 communes in 1998 and 1 600 communes in 1999 to define the poor communes. 10 Census and CSES could not be performed d in those communes which under the Khmer Rouge government. 11 Than and Hansen. (2003): Poverty and Vulnerability Analysis Mapping in Cambodia. p 11 12 WFP utilized the Nation Census of 1998 by CSES which based on census since 1963. The first round’s data had problem because after the civil war (1975-79), around 3 millions of Cambodia’s people has been killed. Year later, WFP surveyed 3 000 household socioeconomic for the second round which it was sufficiently in-depth to complement the other stand-alone surveys.

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According to ADB (2001) stressed that the criteria utilized to define the poor villages in the PPA’s

workshop13 should base on:

- Remoteness,

- Absence of accessible road and lack of road construction,

- No school or other educational facility,

- Absence of marketplace,

- No development for health center,

- Shortage of portable drinking water,

- Absence of irrigation system,

- No development, no projects or infrastructure

- Lack of arable land.

4.5. Major concerns of the poor

Before we show our concerns to the poor, we shall analyze the way to define “poverty”. As refer

to the definition of Yothvixay (2006), the primary signifiers of poverty happen when the degree of

rice and the number of livestock, especially cows and buffaloes are declining in all the villages.

Other studies referred to Sotharith (2003) state that poor people often face the shortage of food

and shelter, education and healthcare, deprivations that keep them away from leading the kind of

life everyone values. In addition to the downside of poverty, the poor people also face extreme

vulnerability to ill health, economic dislocation, and natural disasters. Vimean (2006) mentioned

that 22 % of Cambodia’s people living in mountainous areas fall below the poverty line. The

deterioration in the forest resource has put pressure on local communities forcing the villagers to

travel long distances to collect non-timber forest products (See annex 01).

4.5.1. Lack of food security

The food insecurity and poverty are closely linked. Shortage of food is a major concern to the

poverty. Rice is the most important crop among the harvest and it is consumed daily by

Cambodia’s people [in Vimean (2006)]. Yearly consumption of rice in Cambodia rated around 67kg

per person. Generally, rice consumption to farmers before and during harvest season is critical but

poor households may experience food shortage for about 3 to 6 months of the year. Middle-income

households generally face food shortage from 1 to 3 months every year. According to ADB, 2001,

it stated 86 % people from Coastal region, 78 % people from North-eastern region, 75 % people

13 Between late October and mid-December 2000, the Royal Government of Cambodia, with technical assistance from the Asian Development Bank, conducted a nationwide Participatory Poverty Assessment. The aims of PPA in this workshop provided a qualitative assessment of poverty involving the participation of the poor themselves. The Cambodia PPA involved 154 villages in 70 communes of all 24 provinces and municipalities and 15 non rural urban socioeconomic groups.

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from Tonle Sap region and 54% people from Mekong Bassin region lack of food to nourish their

lives.

Poor people lived around Mekong River encountered natural catastrophes likes flooding and

drought every year which has destroyed their crops, vegetable and tuber crops resulting in huge

agricultural lost. To seek a living, the poor farmers will move to the forest looking for wood cutting

and to sell it for survival or they will hunt the animal at their own risks to make a living. Nowadays,

many forests are considered protected areas under Government control which has stopped the

wood cutting business to the poor. Facing the difficulties to seek a living, many poor people has no

choice but to leave the country and cross the borders (like Vietnam and Thailand) working as

illegal workers. There has no protection and insurance for illegal workers in neighbor countries and

it is violation to immigration law, these poor people will never make a better living with such

insecure move. Unfortunate case if poor workers lost their life in neighbor countries will lead to

other social problems like: some poor children will move to cities, ends up begging for survival,

robbing, stealing and becoming gangster.

4.5.2. Life crisis of poor people

Life crisis of poor people include the illness or bad health conditions and the problems faced in

education. The report NPRS (2002) indicated that illiteracy results in barrier to the poor as they

are excluded or abandoned from the development process (either intentionally or unintentionally.)

Psychologically, illiterates could be perceived as a lazy and useless person in all societies which

will be discriminated by others in general. Being discriminated results in depressions among the

poor and the children growing up in poor areas are generally illiterate due to poverty. According to

ADB (2001), there were many factors affecting the education establishment in the poor rural area

or deserted villages located on the mountains, besides the rivers, village without transportations

access. In addition to the drawbacks of poor environments and locations, there exists shortage of

teachers and teaching materials due to the reasons of insufficient funds and supports from the

government or society.

For the topics related to poor health conditions, Cambodians have a proverb ‘Kror kror choh kom

aoy tae chheu’ meaning “being poor is better than suffering from illness”. More than 40 percent of

the PPA villages recorded general illness like malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid, dysentery, a range of

reproductive tract and upper respiratory14 . Why do the poor always suffer from more illness?

Reason being poor people is less aware or unaware of hygienic or proper living habits, and less

likely to have the resources to provide healthy life-styles in term of the supplies of water, sanitation

requirements, choices of healthy foods and sufficiency, consideration of prophylaxis (preventive

measures on illness, like vaccination) and other negative conditions exists in poor areas. Generally,

14 ADB. December 2001. Asian Development Bank (ADB): Poverty Assessment in Cambodia, p25-26

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the poor people are more likely to grow up or live in a less hygienic environment with over-crowded

conditions.

As far as agricultural area is concerned, some less educated farmers are careless on using

chemical pest especially insecticides and herbicides results in poisonous incidents or fatal cases.

Farmers may not read and follow proper instruction written in the introduction15 of the products,

they may not wear protective gloves/garments or take any precaution while applying those

chemicals. Some may overlook the necessity of hand cleaning after completing their works

involved of chemicals dosing. Poor farmers may get food contamination without hand washing.

Many years later, these unprotected habits will directly affect the health of the poor farmers

causing various disease and illness. Under such conditions, the poor risk losing whatever savings

they have and/or incurring debts that they cannot repay. Consequently, they are forced to sell

assets including land and draft animals.

Nowadays, HIV 16 is one of the most critical illnesses affecting the Cambodians. Poor people

infected with HIV will be suffering from both the financial and emotional problems. Money spent on

medication forms a heavy burden to the poor family with their low income. Children will be growing

up as orphan if they lost their parents suffered from HIVs and to the poor family, losing a young

member dying with HIVs will be losing a production force.

Health care and education are two major concerns to the poor in Cambodia society. The mentality

of the poor people is to be covered under public health care with lower cost so that they can have

more savings for their children’s education. The poor have hopes on their children and they

believe that education can bring opportunities and brighter future to their children. They believe

that only education can provide knowledge to their children so that these children can secure a

better job in the society when they grow up. This will be a way to improve their living condition and

reduce poverty situation. However, health care policies and education in Cambodia have limited

covers for the poor. Despite the fact the Constitution states that people have freedom accessing to

public hospital/health care centre, poor people still facing difficulties to afford the service. Most of

public hospitals have slowly been privatized or transferred to be autonomous institutions whereby

all treatments will be charged without considering wealth status (Sotharith, 2003).

4.5.3. Poor physical infrastructure

Poor constructions of road or bridges in rural area or the absence of infrastructure is another major

cause of poverty. The cost of the agricultural supplies (particularly seed and fertilizer) will be

increased due to extra transportation charges incurred on the deliveries to the deserted villages.

On the contrary, freshness of the agricultural products will be affected upon long distance delivery

to the market which directly lowers down the market price of the supplies. According to the

15 Cambodia is only the importer of chemical pest from other country such Thailand, Vietnam, China … So all the instructions are written in the foreign languages. The farmers follow only the instruction given by retailers 16 Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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expression of a farmer stay Kampong Speu province: ‘We can grow vegetables, but it is difficult to

send them to the market because the road conditions are very poor. Should we persist with trying

to sell these vegetables, we find that the high transport costs will result in making no profit

whatsoever’ (ADB, 2001).

In addition to the above mentioned drawbacks, non developed areas without proper infrastructure,

canals or dams will directly affect agriculture yield throughout the year and the poor farming will be

damaged by natural disasters like flooding or drought. During dry season, farmers live in the

deserted areas which located far away from the water source like Mekong River and Tonle Sap

Bassin(lake) will be facing shortage of water supplies for farming whereas those farmers who live

next to the river will encounter problem of water salinity which reduced the agriculture yield. As we

look at the disaster impact in year 2001: 14 provinces, 84 districts, 595 communes and 2,121,952

people were affected by flooding with a report of 62 people killed and 2,251 houses destroyed. The

total estimated direct damage was estimated at US$36 million17.

Sotharith (2003) mentioned that situation of poverty and lack of job opportunities in rural areas has

forced many poor people move into cities or urban sectors to seek a living. The demand of job will

be more than supplies of workers which in turns form a negative competitiveness to a developing

country like Cambodia. Generally, most poor people will stay in the slum sectors whereby the poor

slum communities slowly grow with crimes, drug, prostitution and disease. Government started

interfering with residents in slum settlement and relocating their places without proper plans, ends

up with many conflicts, dispute, violence and unfair solution.

4.5.4. Lack of micro-finance

Lack of micro-finance system in Cambodia has seriously affected the poor on paying higher

interest rate for their loan from the private source. High interest rates up to 20% per month can be

imposed in the market. Poor people always require credits/advance cash to purchase draft

animals, farming implements and other agricultural inputs particularly seed and fertilizer. In addition

to these expenses, the poor also need some money to cover medical/health care costs, support of

technical/vocational training, establishment of small scale businesses including the raising and

selling of livestock and the purchases of primary consumption - rice (ADB, 2001). According to

Sotharith (2003), in Cambodia, there are about 2,000 local and international Non-Governmental

Organizations (NGOs) operating in the country. With at least US$50 million per year, NGOs

contribute their active roles in rebuilding the country especially in micro-finance, rural development,

healthcare, capacity building, human right, democracy and women in development. In addition,

NPRS (2002) mentioned that Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) had established a Rural

Development Bank (RDB) to sustain micro-finance and rural finance sector. The aim of the RDB is

to improve agricultural and rural development so as to reduce poverty. RDB has played an

17 Sokha. K: (2002). Country Report 2002: Disaster Management in Cambodia.

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important role in mobilizing domestic and foreign financial resources to support the provision of

rural credit for micro-finance activities. The RDB plays an important role in financing, refinancing

and providing technical assistance to Micro-Finance Institution (MFIs).

5. Conclusion

The poor in Cambodia are in many ways no different than other developing countries such as life

crisis, poor infrastructure, lack of education, and lack of micro finance. Most of the poor

Cambodians still suffer from shortage of food, complaining that they are worse off now than before.

Cause of domestic violence mainly due to illiteracy and jobless among the poor, which appears

worsen now than in the past (ADB, 2001).

In order to reduce the poverty situation in rural area, the following points should be considered:

- To develop poor areas by providing infrastructure including construction of roads and

bridges completed with supplies of electricity, water and access to basic services for the

urban poor by securing affordable land and housing, enabling the delivery of physical

infrastructure (damming, water supply, drainage, roads, sanitation, electricity, transport,

solid waste collection), of social infrastructure (education, health care, family planning) and

the implementation of disaster management (against floods, drought and fire). Example:

Construction of Road and bridges to develop infrastructure in the rural area. Poor people

could access their production to the market with the best price and be on the time (market

demand). Other hand, the government should build more canals or dams which contain the

water for irrigation in the dry season and avoid the flooding in the raining season. Water is

used not only for agriculture but also it use for drinking, cooking and bathing. The program

of utilization clean or pure water ought to introduce to poor people because dirty water

directs to diarrhea, dysentery and other water-related infections, which take their toll on the

very young, weak and older people.

- Augmenting local economic potentials especially for women by providing education,

vocational and business skills, credit and savings, industrial employment, marketing

information, and space for small businesses and marketing;

- Reinforcing participatory urban governance mechanisms by facilitating community

organization and leadership, setting community development management committees,

creating land and housing policies for the urban poor, simplifying procedures for

government services, eliminating corruption, and securing tenure.

As refer to the seminar held on Friday 15th June 2007, all participants were brainstorming with

question ‘what is the main reason causing poverty in your country?’. The aim of this questions was

to study different opinions concerning the poverty exists in different countries such as India, Peru,

Bulgaria, Thailand, Germany, Belgium, Philippine, Bangladesh, Uzbekistan, Vietnam and

Cameroon. Most of the participants perceived that the cause of poverty in their countries mainly

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result from regional climate and environmental problems, unexpected disaster, unequal distribution

of wealth, lack of development capacity, poor education level and technology, alcoholism, pride,

laziness, gap between poor and rich people becomes wider and impropriated policies implemented

by the government. In addition, most participants agreed that corruption18 in a country could be the

main reason/root cause of poverty.

Regarding the controversial topic on corruption in Cambodia, there are many different reasons in

different sectors; for instance, as we refer to teachers with low-paid salary, they may request the

students to pay extra money for their services which directly putting on pressure to the poor

families. Neither the educational system is well organized nor there exist any proper auditing

departments to protect the school and studying environment. Other corruption example related to

public health center will be: generally most doctors pay more attention to patients from rich family

and they will reject the poor by saying ‘no money, no medicine’; there is neither ethical sense of

being an educated doctors nor any love to poor patients.

Nevertheless, the corruption situation in Cambodia on security and economy sector is getting

better after civil war between years 1975-1979. Cambodians do hope that anti-corruption law will

be improved, implemented and enhanced as soon as possible. Cambodia society can only be

saved without corruption, with transparent government policies and with freedom for Cambodians

to participate in politics.

18 Except one person who comes from Ghana. She did not clearly that the poverty in her country comes from the corruption.

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Reference:

- ADB. (2001): Asian Development Bank (ADB): Poverty Assessment in Cambodia, p1, 25-27

and 30. http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Participatory_Poverty/prelims.pdf (Accessed on:

16. August. 2007).

- BAKHTEARI, Q., NAQVI, A., JAN, A and Field team. (2003): Between Hope & Despair:

Pakistan Participatory Poverty Assessment, p 12 and 27. http://www.dfid.gov.uk/pubs/files/ppa-

balochistan.pdf (Accessed on: 10. August. 2007).

- NARAYAN, D and NYAMWAYA, D. (1996): Learning from the Poor: A Participatory Poverty

Assessment in Kenya. p 1

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETSOCIALDEVELOPMENT/873204-

1111663181192/20489259/sdn26.pdf (Accessed on: 10. August. 2007).

- NPRS. (2002): National Poverty Reduction Strategy 2003-2005.

http://www.fasttrackinitiative.org/library/cr04200.pdf (Accessed on: 16. August. 2007).

- SOKHA, K. (2002): Country Report 2002: Disaster Management in Cambodia.

- SOTHEARITH, C. (2003): Urban Poverty and Social Safety Net in Cambodia.

http://www.eadn.org/reports/urbanweb/u05.pdf (Accessed on: 12. July. 2007).

- THAN, C and HANSEN, R. (2003): Poverty and Vulnerability Analysis Mapping in Cambodia,

p.2, 3 and 11. http://www.foodsecurity.gov.kh/docs/KHM/Poverty%20-

%20Vulnerability%20Analysis%20Mapping-ENG.pdf (Accessed on: 12. July. 2007).

- VIMEAN, H., CHHOEUN, T., MENG, L. S., MUNNY, NGA, P., NGOC, V., and

PARASURAMAN, P. (2006): Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) Stung Treng Province,

Cambodia, p 7 and 10.

http://www.mekongwetlands.org/Common/download/Cambodia_PPA_Final_w_cover.pdf

(Accessed on: 12. July. 2007).

- World Food Programme. (2000): Working Paper One of the 1999 Gender Research Project,

WFP Cambodia.

- YOTHVIXAY, V., KHAMKEEP, SENGPHACHANH, PARASURAMAN P., Ngoc, P. V. (2006):

Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) Attapeu Province, Lao PDR, p 20.

http://www.mekongwetlands.org/Common/download/Laos_PPA_Final_w_cover.pdf (Accessed

on: 12. July. 2007).

Annex 01: Major concerning the poor

- - Education: Low salary for government worker, teachers

take extra money from the student - Public health center: no money, no medical, no treatment - Micro-finance: High interest in the private sector. - Law sector: rich win, poor lose. - Non security in society - Violence - Not balance between human and human (poor and rich)

Consequence:

CORRUPRION- - Hindering access to education:

o Distance from home to school o Shorting of teacher and irregular schedule

- Non exist road: o No market: decrease the price of agriculture product

- Increase the value input (seed, fertilize…) - Non canal or dam

o Flooding / Drought o Lack of water for agriculture and drinking

- Illiteracy - Decrease agriculture product - Increase more death by flooding

Consequence:

POOR INFRASTRUCUREMajors concerning the poor

- Food: rice, meat … - Run small business - Buy raw material/input for agriculture activities: seed,

fertilizer … - Livestock: pig … - Health: service, medical - Poor become poorest because high interest from the private

sector - The poor sold their access: Agriculture’s land

Consequence:

LACK OF MICRO-FINANCE - - Lack of education - Poor knowledge of public health care:

o Sanitation, pure water o Malaria, HIV, …

- Lack of capacity to integrate new technology - Increase the poverty - Lose labour for young people by HIV - Lose income - Get more diseases by lack of using new technology

(chemical pest)

Consequence:

LIFE CRISES

- Increase their families’ members - Decrease the agriculture products

o Natural catastrophe o Poor technology

- Lose access to find food from other sources (protected area)

- Destruction natural resource - Malnutrition (street children) - Non security in the society

Consequence:

LACK OF FOOD SECURITY

To reduce the poverty, we should think about some important likes: - Repair and build infrastructure: road, canal, dam … - Improve the education system: teacher’s salary… - Provide more scholarships for poor students - Develop agriculture sector (Improve technique) - Create the micro-finance in the village with low interest

rate - Push the small business and the agriculture small scale

like livestock by providing technique … - Offer the service health care for poor people free of

charge Concerning to the corruption, the government should improving the anti-corruption law as soon as possible.

STRATEGIES

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Annex 02: Map Commune-Level Poverty Rates

Annex 03: Major reason of Poverty from differences countries

Photo: Seminary on Friday 15th June 2006

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