partial melting 1. binary and ternary phase diagrams; melting of the mantle
TRANSCRIPT
Partial melting
1. Binary and ternary phase diagrams; melting of the mantle
1 - C Systems1 - C SystemsThe system SiOThe system SiO22
Stishovite
Coesite
- quartz
- quartz
Liquid
TridymiteCristobalite
600 1000 1400 1800 2200 2600
2
4
6
8
10P
ress
ure
(GP
a)
Temperature oC
After Swamy and Saxena (1994), J. Geophys. Res., 99, 11,787-11,794. AGU
The Olivine SystemThe Olivine SystemFo - FaFo - Fa (Mg (Mg22SiOSiO44 - Fe - Fe22SiOSiO44))
also a solid-solution seriesalso a solid-solution series
Isobaric T-X phase diagram at atmospheric pressure (After Bowen and Shairer (1932), Amer. J. Sci. 5th Ser., 24, 177-213.
Fo20 40 60 80Fa
1300
1500
1700
1890
1205
T oC
Olivine
Liquid
Liquid
plus
1900
a
b c
d
Wt.% Forsterite
Olivine
2-C Eutectic Systems2-C Eutectic Systems Example: Diopside - AnorthiteExample: Diopside - Anorthite
No solid solutionNo solid solution
1274
Di 20 40 60 80 An
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
T oC
Anorthite + Liquid
Liquid Liquidus
Diopside + Liquid
Diopside + Anorthite
1553
1392
Wt.% Anorthite
Isobaric T-X phase diagram at atmospheric pressure (After Bowen (1915), Amer. J. Sci. 40, 161-185.
C = 3: Ternary Systems:Example 1: Ternary Eutectic
Di - An - Fo
TT
MM
AnorthiteAnorthite
ForsteriteForsterite
DiopsideDiopside
Note three binary Note three binary eutecticseutectics
No solid solutionNo solid solution
Ternary eutectic = MTernary eutectic = M
T - X Projection of Di - An - Fo
Figure 7-2. Isobaric diagram illustrating the liquidus temperatures in the Di-An-Fo system at atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa). After Bowen (1915), A. J. Sci., and Morse (1994)(1994), Basalts and , Basalts and Phase Diagrams. Phase Diagrams. Krieger Publishers.Krieger Publishers.
An + Liq
Liquid
Di + Liq
Di + An
aAn
Effect of pressureEffect of pressure
Figure 7-16. Effect of lithostatic pressure on the liquidus and eutectic composition in the diopside-anorthite system. 1 GPa data from Presnall et al. (1978). Contr. Min. Pet., 66, 203-220.
Pressure effects:
Figure 10-8 Figure 10-8 After Kushiro (1968), After Kushiro (1968), J. Geophys. Res.J. Geophys. Res., , 7373, 619-634., 619-634.
NeNe
FoFo EnEn
AbAb
SiOSiO22
Oversaturated(quartz-bearing)tholeiitic basalts
Highly undesaturated
(nepheline - b
earing)
alkali basalts
Undersaturated
tholeiitic basalts
EE3GPa3GPa
EE 2Gpa2Gpa
EE1GPa1GPa
EE 1atm1atm
Volatile-freeVolatile-free
Effect of waterEffect of water
Figure 7-25. The effect of H2O on the
diopside-anorthite liquidus. Dry and 1 atm from Figure 7-16, PH2O = Ptotal curve
for 1 GPa from Yoder (1965). CIW Yb 64.
Figure 7-20.Figure 7-20. Experimentally determined melting intervals of gabbro under H Experimentally determined melting intervals of gabbro under H22O-free (“dry”), and O-free (“dry”), and
HH22O-saturated conditions. After Lambert and Wyllie (1972).O-saturated conditions. After Lambert and Wyllie (1972). J. Geol., 80, 693-708. J. Geol., 80, 693-708.
Ne
Fo En
Ab
SiO2
Oversaturated(quartz-bearing)tholeiitic basalts
Highly undesaturated(nepheline-bearing)
alkali olivinebasalts
Undersaturated
tholeiitic basalts
3GPa2GPa
1GPa
1atm
Volatile-free
Ne
Fo En
Ab
SiO2
Oversaturated(quartz-bearing)tholeiitic basalts
Highly undesaturated(nepheline-bearing)
alkali olivinebasalts
Undersaturated
tholeiitic basalts
CO2
H2Odry
P = 2 GPa
Effect of Pressure, Water, and COEffect of Pressure, Water, and CO2 2 on the positionon the position
of the eutectic in the basalt systemof the eutectic in the basalt systemIncreased pressure moves theIncreased pressure moves theternary eutectic (first melt) fromternary eutectic (first melt) fromsilica-saturated to highly undersat.silica-saturated to highly undersat.alkaline basaltsalkaline basalts
Water moves the (2 Gpa) eutecticWater moves the (2 Gpa) eutectictoward higher silica, while COtoward higher silica, while CO22
moves it to more alkaline typesmoves it to more alkaline types
> 4 Components
Figure 7-13. Pressure-temperature phase diagram for the melting of a Snake River (Idaho, USA) tholeiitic basalt under anhydrous conditions. After Thompson (1972). Carnegie Inst. Wash Yb. 71
Experiments on melting mantle samples:
• Tholeiite easily created
by 10-30% PM
• More silica saturated
at lower P
• Grades toward alkalic
at higher PFigure 10-17a. Figure 10-17a. After Jaques and Green (1980).After Jaques and Green (1980). Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 73, 287-310.Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 73, 287-310.
15
10
5
00.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Wt.
% A
l 2O3
Wt.% TiO2
DuniteHarzburgite
Lherzolite
Tholeiitic basalt
Partia
l Melt
ing
Residuum
Source, melt and residuum:Source, melt and residuum:
Figure 10-1 Figure 10-1 Brown and Brown and Mussett, A. E. (1993), Mussett, A. E. (1993), The Inaccessible Earth: The Inaccessible Earth: An Integrated View of Its An Integrated View of Its Structure and Structure and Composition. Composition. Chapman Chapman & Hall/Kluwer.& Hall/Kluwer.
How does the mantle melt??1) Increase the temperature
Figure 10-3Figure 10-3
2) Lower the pressure– Adiabatic rise of mantle with no conductive heat
loss– Decompression melting could melt at least 30%
Figure 10-4Figure 10-4
3) Add volatiles (especially H2O)
Figure 10-5Figure 10-5
ObliqueObliqueViewView
IsothermalIsothermalSectionSection
Figure 7-8.Figure 7-8. Oblique view illustrating an isothermal section through the diopside-albite-anorthite Oblique view illustrating an isothermal section through the diopside-albite-anorthite system. system. Figure 7-9.Figure 7-9. Isothermal section at 1250 Isothermal section at 1250ooC (and 0.1 MPa) in the system Di-An-Ab. Both from C (and 0.1 MPa) in the system Di-An-Ab. Both from Morse (1994)Morse (1994), Basalts and Phase Diagrams. Krieger Publishers., Basalts and Phase Diagrams. Krieger Publishers.