partial key for - latin: a new...

Partial Key for

Latin: A New Grammar

Book of Exercises

2

This is a partial key that supplements the book Latin: A New Grammar. Book of Exercises.

What does it feature?

It features the answers in full for most of the exercises, especially for the exercises of English sentences to be translated into Latin, as this is usually the most challenging kind of exercise.

What doesn’t it feature?

This is a partial key, not a total key. It is not supposed to be a book on translation. For the exercises of reading Latin sentences (I prefer the concept of “reading” rather than “translating”) only a small hint in English is suggested (usually, related to the grammatical item being dealt with, but not always). As a general rule, in these cases the note in brackets “(partial suggestions)” is shown. Also for exercises that ask student to fill a gap with one of the given options, or to change some verbal form, etc. the solution to that requirement is offered, but not the translation of the sentence.

Is the offered answer the only right possibility?

As happens in the case of keys offered for books of exercises of modern languages, they key is straightforward for exercises in the style of multiple choice and similar, but in the case of translation of sentences from Latin into English or vice-versa the offered solution should be considered only as a suggestion; students should not consider that a translation that they have devised is wrong if it does not coincide with the one offered in this key, as the possibilities are many: different word order, usage of synonyms, etc.

Format and English language used

Although I have used the same square-shaped format of 8.5 x 8.5 as for my grammars and for their two corresponding books of exercises, this is not a book to be published, but just a PDF to be downloaded so that students can check the accuracy of their answers. It has not been formatted for publication.

The numeration of the paragraphs has been kept as in the book of exercises.

Neither the parts inside each exercise are numbered in the Book of Exercises nor the answers are numbered here, and moreover, for the sake of saving space, in many exercises the answers have been written horizontally. In spite of this, it will not be difficult to see what answer corresponds to what part of the exercise, to what sentence, etc., as the order has not been changed and no exercise features a block of more than seven sentences/parts.

The English of the sentences to be translated into Latin will sound unnatural in many cases, as the purpose is to address the student’s mind to what must be said in Latin; for instance, you may find the expression “the book of the teacher” instead of the more natural “the teacher’s book” because the first one resembles more what would be said in Latin by means of the genitive case. And the same applies for the English translation of Latin sentences or of part of them.

Alphabet and writing

a) The alphabet [1]

1/ w x y z

2/ x y z

3/ uir, uocare, uenio, uia, uideo

4/ VRBS, VTERQVE, VNDA, VBI, VVLTVS, VVLGVS, VVA, VVIDVS

5/ uiuere, undique, ubicumque, uulgus, uallum

4

a) Definition of basic grammatical concepts: case, declension and gender

1.Conceptsofsyntactical function, endingsandcase [3]

a) Concepts of syntactical function and endings

• TRUE • FALSE • FALSE • TRUE • FALSE

b) Concept of case

1/ • TRUE • FALSE • TRUE • FALSE

2/ Nominative, Vocative, Accusative, Genitive, Dative, Ablative.

2.Mainsyntacticalfunctionsandcorrespondencetocases [4]

a) Main syntactical functions

1/

w Subject: — It means the performer of the action. — The teacher teaches.

w Predicative object: — It means how or what somebdy is. — Peter is a teacher.

w Addressed object: — It means the person addressed. — Teacher, tell me this, please.

w Direct object: — It means the person, object etc. acted upon. — I see the teacher.

w Possessive object: — It means the person to whom something belongs. — I have the book of the teacher.

w Indirect object: — It means the person for/to whom something is done. — I have brought a book for the teacher.

w Circumstantial object: — It means the object that affects the action in some way. — I travel with my teacher.

2/ Ø the builder: subject Ø father: indirect object Ø the general: possessive object Ø a house: direct object Ø a politician: predicative object

3/ Ø Peter: addressed object Ø me [give me]: indirect object Ø you: subject Ø me [hear me]: direct object Ø this table: direct object Ø the owner: indirect object Ø the house: possessive object

4/

w them is a/ direct object

w them is b/ indirect object

w The first her is b/ indirect object

w The second her is a/ direct object

b) Correspondences between functions and cases

1/ genitive > possessive object / nominative > subject / dative > indirect object / vocative > addressed object

/ ablative > circumstancial object / accusative > direct object

2/

For calling someone: vocative For indirect objects: dative

For predicative objects: nominative For possessive objects: genitive

For direct objects: accusative For subjects: nominative

For circumst. objects: ablative

3/

•

— the book: subject, nominative

— of the teacher: possessive object, genitive

— nice: predicative object, nominative

•

— boy: addressed object, vocative

— he: subject, nominative

— your book: direct object, accusative

•

— I: subject, nominative

— this: direct object, accusative

— to you: indirect object, dative

•

— she: subject, nominative

•

— children: addressed object, vocative

— you: subject, nominative

— ready: predicative object, nominative

•

— the president: subject, nominative

— of the country: possessive object, genitive

— two children: direct object, accusative

•

— he: subject, nominative

— books: direct object, accusative

— for his friends: indirect object, dative

•

— Peter: subject, nominative

6

— you: indirect object, dative

— this: direct object, accusative

•

— they: subject, nominative

— the door: direct object, accusative

— of the house: possessive object, genitive

— the brother: predicative object, nominative

— of my teacher: possessive object, genitive

•

— we: subject, nominative

— with our friends: circumstancial, ablative

3.Conceptofdeclension [5]

a/ Each one of the patters through which Greek nouns modify their endings.

b/ To go through all its possible endings in a pre-established order

c/ Five, and the most complex one is the third declension.

4.Conceptofgender [6]

a/ Three: masculine, feminine and neuter.

b/ Although there are some patterns, a lot of times it is impredictable.

5.Lackofdefinitearticle [7]

a door the door

b) Declensions

1.1stdeclension [8]

a/ Sing.: -a, -a, -am, -ae, -ae, -a Pl: -ae, -ae, -as, -arum, -is, -is

b/

Sing: pecunia, pecunia, pecuniam, pecuniae, pecuniae, pecunia

Pl.: pecuniae, pecuniae, pecunias, pecuniarum, pecuniis, pecuniis

Sing.: scientia, scientia, scientiam, scientiae, scientiae, scientia

Pl.: scientiae, scientiae, scientias, scientiarum, scientiis, scientiis

c/

Acc. pl.: tabulas insulas

Nom. pl.: tabulae insulae

Dat. sing.: tabulae insulae

Abl. pl.: tabulis insulis

Abl. sing.: tabula insula

Gen. pl.: tabularum insularum

Acc. sing.: tabulam insulam

Gen. sing.: tabulae insulae

d/

deabus - To avoid concidence with “deis” from “deus.”

e/

w littera, -ae

Singular: letter (a, b, c…)

Plural: letter (post)

w copia, -ae

Singular: aboundancy

Plural: troops

w vigilia, -ae

Singular: watch

Plural: sentinels

f/ They do not have singular.

g/

ianua door

mensa table

aqua water

magistra teacher

pecunia money

terra land

filia daughter

cena dinner

causa cause

8

amicitia friendship

puella girl

agricola farmer

ira anger

via road

regina queen

poena penalty

insula island

patria homeland

dea goddess

ancilla slave girl

agricola farmer

hasta spear

mora delay

nauta sailor

2.2nddeclension [9]

a) First sub-variant: -us, -i

1/ Sing.: -us, -e, -um, -i, -o, -o Pl.: -i, -i, -os, -orum, -is, -is

2/

Sing.: modus, (mode,) modum, modi, modo, modo

Pl.: midi, modi, modos, modorum, modis, modis

Sing.: nuntius, nunti, nuntium, nuntii, nuntio, nuntio

Pl.: nuntii, nuntii, nuntios, nuntiorum, nuntiis, nuntiis

3/

Acc. pl.: equos terras

Nom. pl.: equi terrae

Dat. sing.: equo terrae

Abl. pl.: equis terris

Abl. sing.: equo terra

Gen. pl.: equorum terrarum

Acc. sing.: equum terram

Gen. sing.: equi terrae

4/ dii c di deorum c deum diis c dis

5/ loci = book passages loca = geographical places

6/

gladius sword

filius son

populus people

vulgus mob

dominus master

cibus food

annus year

amicus friend

murus wall

discipulus student

deus god

servus slave

ludus game

equus horse

morbus illness

7/

Sing.: bonus nauta, bone nauta, bonum nautam, boni nautae, bono nautae, bono nauta

Pl.: boni nautae, boni nautae, bonos nautas, bonorum nautarum, bonis nautis, bonis nautis

b) Second sub-variant: -ø, -i

1/ Sing.: -ø, -ø, -um, -i, -o, -o Pl.: -i, -i, -os, -orum, -is, -is

2/

Sing.: ager, ager, agrum, agri, agro, agro Pl.: agri, agri, agros, agrorum, agris, agris

Sing.: liber, liber, librum, libri, libro, libro Pl.: libri, libri, libros, librorum, libris, libris

3/

Acc. pl.: magistros viros

Nom. pl.: magistri viri

Dat. sing.: magistro viro

Abl. pl.: magistris viris

Abl. sing.: magistro viro

Gen. pl.: magistrorum virorum

Acc. sing.: magistrum virum

Gen. sing.: magistri viri

4/

Sing.: altus puer, alte puer, altum puerum, alti pueri, alto puero, alto puero

Pl.: alti pueri, alti pueri, altos pueros, altorum puerorum, altis pueris, altis pueris

c) Third sub-variant: -um, -i

1/

Sing.: -um, -um, -um, -i, -o, -o Pl.: -a, -a, -a, -orum, -is, -is

Sing.: oppidum, oppidum ,oppidum, oppidi, oppido, oppido Pl.: oppida, oppida, oppida, oppidorum, oppidis, oppidis

2/

Acc. pl.: dona nautas

Nom. pl.: dona nautae

Dat. sing.: dono nautae

Abl. pl.: donis nautis

Abl. sing.: dono nauta

Gen. pl.: donorum nautarum

Acc. sing.: donum nautam

Gen. sing.: doni nautae

10

3/

w auxilium, -i

Singular: help

Plural: auxiliary troops

w castrum, -i

Singular: castle

Plural: military camp

w impedimentum, -i

Singular: obstacle

Plural: baggage

4/

exitium destruction

praemium reward

officium duty

caelum sky

auxilium help

proelium battle

oppidum town

factum deed

bellum war

odium hatred

periculum danger

praemium reward

5/

Sing.: magnum praemium, magnum praemium, magnum praemium, magni praemii, magno praemio, magno praemio

Pl.: magna praemia, magna praemia, magna praemia, magnorum praemiorum, magnis praemiis, magnis praemiis

General exercises for the 1st and 2nd declensions [10]

1/

invidiam acc. sing.

vulgum acc. sing.

poetas acc. pl.

annis (dat. pl.)

dona (nom. pl.)

templum (nom. sing.)

gladii (gen. sing.)

scientia (abl. sing.)

somnus nom. sing.

vir (nom. sing.)

filium acc. sing.

cenarum gen. pl.

officia (nom. pl.)

magistrae (gen. sing.)

iudicio (dat. sing.)

muros acc. pl.

verba (acc. pl.)

morae (nom. pl.)

servi (nom. pl.)

hastas acc. pl.

dominis (abl. pl.)

oculos acc. pl.

puer (nom. sing.)

ianuis (dat. pl.)

2/

proelium: acc. sing. proelium

equus: gen. pl. equorum

amica: dat. pl. amicis

magister: abl. sing. magistro

verbum: acc. pl. verba

insula: nom. pl. insulae

scientia: dat. sing. scientiae

filius: acc. pl. filios

nuntius: gen. sing. nuntii

3/

• The teacher of the girl

• The mob of the town

• with a sword

• The son of the farmer

4/

• Magistri scribunt libros pueris.

• Semper praemia relinquo in templo deae.

• Nautae vident exitium oppidi.

• Incolae insulae ferunt gladios in templum.

3.3rddeclension [11]

a) Consonant stems

1/

Masc. / Fem.

Sing.: -ø, -ø, -em, -is, -i, -e Pl.: -es, -es, -es, -um, -ibus, -ibus

Neuter

Sing.: -ø, -ø, -ø, -is, -i, -e Pl.: -a, -a, -a, -um, -ibus, -ibus

2/

Sing.: ratio, ratio, rationem, rationis, rationi, ratione

Pl.: rationes, rationes, rationes, rationum, rationibus, rationibus

Sing.: litus, litus, litus, litoris, litori, litore

Pl.: litora, litora, litora, litorum litoribus, litoribus

3/

Acc. pl.: laudes flumina

Nom. pl.: laudes flumina

Dat. sing.: laudi flumini

Abl. pl.: laudibus fluminibus

12

Abl. sing.: laude flumine

Gen. pl.: laudum fluminum

Acc. sing.: laudem flumen

Gen. sing.: laudis fluminis

4/

Acc. pl.: comites servos

Nom. pl.: comites servi

Dat. sing.: comiti servo

Abl. pl.: comitibus servis

Abl. sing.: comite servo

Gen. pl.: comitum servorum

Acc. sing.: comitem servum

Gen. sing.: comitis servi

5/

salus, -utis safety

caput, -itis head

mos, moris custom

vulnus, -eris wound

plebs, plebis common people

homo, -minis human being

corpus, -oris body

civitas, -atis state

soror, -oris sister

opus, operis deed

rex, regis king

comes, -itis companion

flumen, -minis river

miles, -itis soldier

iter, itineris way

pax, pacis peace

custos, -odis guard

uxor, -oris wife

veritas, -atis truth

arbor, -oris tree

dux, ducis general

mulier, -eris woman

tempus, -oris time

labor, -oris work

scelus, -eleris crime

aetas, -atis age

litus, -oris shore

w

caput, vulnus, corpus, tempus, opus, flumen, scelus, iter, litus

6/

Sing.: doctus rex, docte, rex, doctum regem, docti regis, docto regi, docto rege

Pl.: docti reges, docti reges, doctos reges, doctorum regum, doctis regibus, doctis regibus

b) -i stems

1/

Masc. / Fem.

Sing.: -ø, -ø, -em, -is, -i, -e Pl.: -es, -es, -es, -ium, -ibus, -ibus

Neuter

Sing.: -ø, -ø, -ø, -is, -i, -i Pl.: -ia, -ia, -ia, -ium, -ibus, -ibus

2/

Sing.: navis, navis, navem, navis, navi, nave Pl.: naves, naves, naves, navium, navibus, navibus

Sing.: rete, rete, rete, retis, reti, reti Pl.: retia, retia, retia, retium, retibus, retibus

3/

Acc. pl.: maria dona

Nom. pl.: maria dona

Dat. sing.: mari dono

Abl. pl.: maribus donis

Abl. sing.: mari dono

Gen. pl.: marium donorum

Acc. sing.: mare donum

Gen. sing.: maris doni

4/

caedes, -is slaughter

ignis, -is fire

civis, -is citizen

classis, -is fleet

navis, -is ship

vallis, -is valley

5/

Sing.: magna classis, magna classis, magnam classem, magnae classis, magnae classi, magna classe

Pl.: magnae classes, magnae classes, magnas classes, magnarum classium, magnis classibus, magnis classibus

c) Consonant stem or -i stem?

1/

animal, -alis animal -i stem

senex, -is old man, cons.

pater, -tris fater, cons.

pars, partis part, -i stem

mater, -tris mother, cons.

urbs, urbis city, -i stem

nox, noctis night, -i stem

frater, -tris brother, cons.

mors, mortis death, -i stem

2/

Sing.: saevum animal, saevum animal, saevum animal, saevi animalis, saevum animali, saevum animale

Pl.: saeva animalia, saeva animalia, saeva animalia, saevorum animalium, saevis animalibus, saevis animalibus

14

d) Further observations

1/ turrim, Tiberim

2/

vires vis viri vir virorum vir

viribus vis virum vir viris vir

virium vis vim vis viro vir

3/ vi (<vis), by force

4/

w aedis, -is

Singular: temple

Plural: house

w finis, -is

Singular: boundary

Plural: territory

w ops, opis

Singular: help

Plural: wealth

w sors, sortis

Singular: luck

Plural: oracle

General exercises for the 3rd declension [12]

1/

itineris iter, itineris, gen. sing.

pectora pectus, -oris, nom. pl.

homini homo,-inis, dat. sing.

dignitas dignitas, -atis, nom. sing.

navium navis, -is, gen. pl.

flumina flumen, -inis, nom. pl.

urbium urbs, urbis, gen. pl.

mentes mens, mentis, nom. pl.

vim vis, acc. sing.

aedes aedis, -is, nom. pl.

matri mater, -tri, dat. sing.

nocte nox, noctis, abl. sing.

animalia animal, -alis, nom. pl.

caedem caedes, -is, acc. sing.

dolori dolor, -oris, dat. sing.

aestate aestas, -atis, abl. sing.

pacem pax, pacis, acc. sing.

montibus mons, montis, dat. pl.

capita caput, -it is, nom. pl.

moenium moenia, -ium, gen. pl.

2/

tempus: acc. sing. tempus

genus: nom. pl. genera

civis: dat. pl. civibus

salus: gen. pl. salutum

uxor: acc. pl. uxores

miles: abl. pl. militibus

dux: dat. sing. duci

custos: nom. pl. custodes

canis: acc. pl. canes

pars: gen. sing. paris

mons: abl. sing. monte

mare: dat. sing. mari

3/

• Custodes pacem civibus

• orationem consulis

• itinere milites civitatis

• Scelera consules

4/

• Custodes reginae tibi dicent nomen arcis.

• Iudices iecerunt corpora militum in flumen

• Auctor scribit carmina de amore filiae domini.

• Princeps ducit copias ad mare.

4.4thdeclension [13]

a) First sub-variant: -us, -us

1/

Sing.: -us, -us, -um, -us, -ui, -u Pl.: -us, -us, -us, -uum, -ibus, -ibus

Sing.: exercitus, exercitus, exercitum, exercitus, exercitui, exercitu

Pl.: exercitus, exercitus, exercitus, exercituum, exercitibus, exercitibus

2/

Acc. pl.: metus ludos

Nom. pl.: metus ludi

Dat. sing.: metui ludo

Abl. pl.: metibus ludis

Abl. sing.: metu ludo

Gen. pl.: metuum ludorum

Acc. sing.: metum ludum

Gen. sing.: metus ludi

3/

Sing.: domus, domus, domum, domus/domi, domui/domo, domu/domo

Pl.: domus, domus, domus/domos, domuum/domorum, domibus, domibus

16

4/

gladius sword, 2nd

metus fear, 4th

sensus feeling, 4th

manus hand, 4th

ludus game, 2nd

vultus face, 4th

somnus sleep, 2nd

cursus race, 4th

fructus fruit, 4th

modus manner, 2nd

murus wall, 2nd

5/

Sing.: bonus sensus, bone, sensus, bonum sensum, boni sensus, bono sensui, bono sensu

Pl.: boni sensus, boni sensus, bonos sensus, bonorum sensuum, bonis sensibus, bonis sensibus

b) Second sub-variant: -u, -us

1/

Sing.: -u, -u, -u, -us, -ui/-u, -u Pl.: -ua, -ua, -ua, -uum, -ibus, -ibus

Sing.: cornu, cornu, cornu, cornus, cornui/cornu, cornu Pl.: cornua, cornua, cornua, cornuum, cornibus, cornibus

2/

Acc. pl.: genua templa

Nom. pl.: genua templa

Dat. sing.: genui/-u templo

Abl. pl.: genibus templis

Abl. sing.: genu templo

Gen. pl.: genuum templorum

Acc. sing.: genu templum

Gen. sing.: genus templi

3/

Sing.: dextrum cornu, dextrum cornu, dextrum cornu, dextri cornus, dextro cornui/-u, dextro cornu

Pl.: dextra cornua, dextra cornua, dextra cornua, dextrorum cornuum, dextris cornibus, dextris cornibus

5.5thdeclension [14]

a/

Sing.: -es, -es, -em, -ei, -ei, -e Pl.: -es, -es, -es, -erum, -ebus, -ebus

Sing.: fides, fides, fidem, fidei, fidei, fide Pl.: fides, fides, fides, fiderum, fidebus, fidebus

b/

Acc. pl.: res labores

Nom. pl.: res labores

Dat. sing.: rei labori

Abl. pl.: rebus laboribus

Abl. sing.: re labore

Gen. pl.: rerum laborum

Acc. sing.: rem laborem

Gen. sing.: rei laboris

c/ dies

d/

Sing.: res publica, res publica, rem publicam, rei publicae, rei publicae, re publica

Pl.: res publicae, res publicae, res publicas, rerum publicarum, rebus publicis, rebus publicis

Exercises for all declensions [15]

1/

exercitus, -us 4 exercitibus exercitus exercitus exercituum exercitu exercitus exercitum exercitui

dies, -ei 5 diebus dies dies dierum die diei diem diei

animal, -alis 3 animalibus animalia animalia animalium animali animalis animal animali

navis, -is 3 navibus naves naves navium nave navis navem navi

puer, -i 2 pueris pueros pueri puerorum puero pueri puerum puero

sagitta, -ae 1 sagittis sagittas sagittae sagittarum sagitta sagittae sagittam sagittae

18

2/ a/ duci c/ cornua a/ matrum b/ magistrum b/ mari

3/

genua 4 genu

fide 5 fidebus

dominos 2 dominum

senatuum 4 senatus

nautae 1 (nauta)

dona 2 donum

legibus 3 (lege)

oratores 3 (oratorem)

laudem 3 laudes

4/

Magistri a/ Gen. sing.

Stellarum c/ Gen. plural

Templo a/ Dat. sing.

Navibus c/ Abl. plural

Gentis c/ Gen. sing.

Agricolas b/ Acc. plural

Pueris c/ Dat. plural

5/ temporium hastorum puerus paxes capitium pectores maries diis

6/ domines laudium regae magistrium aedum gentum auxilius caelus

7/

• metus • colle • exercitus • diei • vitam

¯

• civitatum • itineris • dies • urbe • fossae

8/

• diebus • rem - castris • finibus • militum • tempestate

¯

• pedibus • turrim • aedibus • classem • viribus • viris

9/

w The 4th declension for neuters, and the two possible endings are -ui and -u.

w The 3rd declension.

c) Adjectives

1.1stclassofadjectives [16]

a/

multus much

laetus happy

doctus wise

adversus opposite

clarus famous

aequus equal

bonus good

cupidus desirous

liber free

plenus full

pulcher nice

salvus safe

superbus arrogant

tutus safe

miser wretched

verus true

gratus pleasing

infirmus weak

iratus angry

beatus happy

carus dear

magnus big

parvus small

novus new

b/

Sing.: miser poeta, miser poeta, miserum poetam, miseri poetae, misero poetae, misero poeta

Pl.: miseri poetae, miseri poetae, miseros poetas, miserorum poetarum, miseris poetis, miseris poetis

Sing.: mala ratio, mala ratio, malam rationem, malae rationis, malae rationi, mala ratione

Pl.: malae rationes, malae rationes, malas rationes, malarum rationum, malis rationibus, malis rationibus

c/ (partial suggestions)

• a new reason

• Those who think that he was happy, they themselves are wretched.

• were uncertain

• dear to the African

¯

• long and not safe

• of Octavius, a famous and great man

• I did nothing in state of anger

• had bad health

20

d/

• magnam/multam • vera • magno - multos • bonum - parvae • malos • claro

¯

• gratos - beatorum • longum • plenum • antiquum • iratis

2.2ndclassofadjectives [17]

a) Adjectives of two nominatives

1/

Sing.: fidelis nauta, fidelis nauta, fidelem nautam, fidelis nautae, fideli nautae, fideli nauta

Pl.: fideles nautae, fideles nautae, fideles nautas, fidelium nautarum, fidelibus nautis, fidelibus nautis

Sing.: utile donum, utile donum, utile donum, utilis doni, utili dono, utili dono

Pl.: utilia dona, utilia dona, utilia dona, utilium donorum, utilibus donis, utilibus donis

2/

gravis serious

nobilis noble

omnis all

levis light

dissimilis different

turpis shameful

dulcis sweet

facilis easy

similis similar

mirabilis amazing

brevis short

talis such

3/ • brevis • fideli • mirabile • omnia ¯ • dulce • difficilia • nobili • crudelium

4/ (partial suggestions)

• all these things

• similar to these people

• Requirements are easy

• one of them short

• Where you not cruel?

• An honorable death… a shameful life

5/

• Tres tristes pueri ad ianuam stabant.

• Iam omnia feci.

• Illud nuntium vero triste fuit.

• Brevem epistulam ad te mittam.

• Arma militum levia non erant.

b) Adjectives of three nominatives

1/

Sing.: acer vir, acer vir, acrem virum, acris viri, acri viro, acri viro

Pl.: acres viri, acres viri, acres viros, acrium virorum, acribus viris, acribus viris

Sing.: acris dea, acris dea, acrem deam, acris deae, acri deae, acri dea

Pl.: acres deae, acres deae, acres deas, acrium dearum, acribus deis/deabus, acribus deis/deabus


• a quick and easy result

• fast and easy remedies

• After a hard winter

• with harsh spirit

• and harsh enemy

• are harsh

• at a fast pace

3/

• Victi sumus in acri proelio.

• Illi pueri vero celeres erant.

• Omnia arma nostro acri duci dedimus.

• Pervenerunt celeribus curribus.

c) Adjectives of one nominative

1/

audax bold

ferox fierce

ingens huge

mendax lier

potens powerful

sapiens wise

dives rich

inops poor

pauper poor

sospes safe and sound

supplex suppliant

vetus old

22

2/

audax i supplex c dives c vetus c sospes c ferox i

imprudens i sapiens i pauper c princeps c potens i mendax i

memor c

3/

Sing.: diligens magister, diligens magister, diligentem magistrum, diligentis magistri, diligenti magistro, diligenti magistro

Pl.: diligentes magistri, diligentes magistri, diligentes magistros, diligentium magistrorum, diligentibus magistris, diligentibus magistris


• is proper of a wise teacher

• Both poor and rich people

• to the survivors

• a friend who lies

• fast and fierce animals

• With the help of a powerful king

¯

• If we want to be wise

• that this boy is diligent

• rich people out of beggars

• was mindful and grateful and

• he had gathered a huge amount of

• He sent back all safe and sound to their relatives

5/

• Potenti exercitu poteris urbem capere.

• Audaces viri adsunt in hac ingenti urbe?

• Volo te sospes revertere.

• Debes pecuniam pauperibus dare.

• Da hanc epistulam principibus.

3.Positionoftheadjective [18]

a/ (partial suggestions)

• In the middle of this route

• out of the middle of the road

• This is almost in the middle of the territory

• On the top of the hill

• they stood on the top of an elevated place

b/

• Milites sunt nunc in medio monte.

• Et nunc sunt in summo monte.

• Submergebantur in mediis undis.

4.Useoftheadjectiveasanoun [19]


• answered just a few things

• While I say true, few and important things

• All good people of all kinds

• about his incredible love towards good people

• Not only sons and daughters do

• and he has children from her

b/

• Odi malos.

• In illa urbe vidi multa pulchra.

• Boni numquam facient mala.

• iam omnia feci.

• Consul habebat quinque liberos.

24

d) Numeral adjectives

1.Cardinals [20]

a/

masc.: duo, duos, duorum, duobus, duobus

fem.: duae, duas, duarum, duabus, duabus

neu.: duo, duo, duorum, duobus, duobus

masc./fem.: tres, tres, trium, tribus, tribus

neu.: tria, tria, trium, tribus, tribus

b/

1 unus/a/um

2 duo/ae

3 tres/tria

4 quattuor

5 quinque

6 sex

7 septem

8 octo

9 novem

10 decem

20 viginti

30 triginta

40 quadraginta

50 quinquaginta

60 sexaginta

70 septuaginta

80 octoginta

90 nonaginta

100 centum

200 ducenti

500 quingenti

1000 mille

2000 duo milia

10000 decem milia

c/

85 quinque et octoginta

37 septem et triginta

24 quattuor et viginti

56 sex et quinquaginta

93 tres et nonaginta

48 duodequinquaginta

d/ mille is for only 1,000 and does not decline. milia is for 2,000 3,000 4,000 etc. and declines.

e/

mille libri, mille libros, mille librorum, mille libris, mille libris

tria milia civium, tria milia civium, trium milium civium, tribus milibus civium, tribus milibus civium

f/ (partial suggestions)

• He left 1,000 soldiers

• He was 19 years old

• in two places

• He killed 1,000 or 2,000

• and he recruited two legions and took three… and with these five legions

• six thousands

g/

• mille • centum et septem • quinque et sexaginta • tria milia • tribus • milia

¯ • duodetriginta - quinque - septem - sex - duas • duobus milibus • trium • milibus duobus

• tria milia • quinque milium

h/

• Vidi duos pueros et tres puellas.

• Dedi quattuordecim libros tribus discipulis.

• In duabus urbibus vidi tria templa.

• Dabis mihi mille libros?

• Facile est urbem capere tribus milibus militum.

• Templum abest mille passus.

• Quinque milia civium ad forum concurrerunt.

2.Ordinals [21]

a/

1st prima

2nd secunda

3rd tertia

4th quarta

5th quinta

6th sexta

7th septima

8th octava

9th nona

10th decima

26

b/

• quintum decimum - secundo die • nona • quartum • tertio • septima - octava

3.Multiplicatives [22]


• multiplied by three

• are double

• That triple kind of state

• that nature has a quadruple form

b/ • duplicem • triplici • ter • semel • semel - bis

4.Distributives [23]

• binos • binos • bina • trina • quinis

e) Comparative and superlative

2.Accidence [24]

a/

facilem faciliorem facillimum / sapiens sapientior sapientissimus / altorum altiorum altissimorum / fortibus fortioribus

fortissimis / felices feliciores / felicissimi

b/

good: bonus, melior, optimus

bad: malus, peior, pessimus

small: parvus, minor, minimus

big: magnus, maior, maximus

old: vetus, vetustior, veterrimus

rich: dives, ditior, ditissimus

similar: similis, similior, simillimus

easy: facilis, facilior, facillimus

c/

plus, plus, pluris, (dat. non-existent), plure

plures/plura, plures/plura, plurium, pluribus, pluribus

3.Syntax [25]

a) Comparative

1/

• Hic liber melior est illo

• Mea soror altior est te

• In hoc exercitu milites sunt audaciores ducibus

• Domum meliorem habeo tua

28


• Nothing is more pleasant than

• he reached a higher position

• have worsened

• (to be) weaker?

• All the decisions of the night before

3/ • robustioris • occultiores • superioribus • graviori • faciliorem

4/ • plura • pluribus • plurium • plures • plura • pluribus • plures

5/

• Nihil melius est quam sapientia.

• Ille scriptor scribit meliores libros quam tu.

• Habeo plus pecuniae quam tu

• Habito in minore urbe quam tu.

• Homines in hac urbe sunt ditiores me.

¯

• Puto neminem esse velociorem quam Quintum.

• Habeo plures equos quam tu.

• Legere melius est quam dormire.

• Hic exercitus peior est quam ille Caesaris.

• Habeo magistrum sapientiorem quam tuum.

b) Superlative


• A very difficult time

• A very harsh hatred

• Very renowned men … in our best times considered this something very important and decorous.

• Meanwhile several very indignant and very large slaughters

• There from the most sacred temple … he took very nice and very antique statues.

2/ • pessima - infidelissima • minimi • maximae - difficillimae • nobilissimus - ditissimus

3/

• Tuus frater altissimus omnium nostrum est.

• Habeo optima arma.

• Hic miles audacissimus omnium est.

• Dedi praemium sapientissimo discipulo.

• Victoriae huius exercitus clarissimae sunt.

• Habito in ditissima urbe.

• caesar exercitum duxit in pessimum locum.

c) Further observations

1/ Comparative of inferiority and of equality


• Vibullius considered not less necessary to warn

• if Alienus had been less vehement

• were not less cruel against me

• What is as common as

• He does not seem to be as prone to misericord as

b/

• Haec urbs non est tam magna quam illa.

• Mea domus non est tam parva quam tua.

• Habito in urbe tam clara quam Roma.

• Cecidit in pugna tam crudeli quam proelio.

2/ Comparative and superlative by means of adverbs (partial suggestions)

• Each one is more useful

• After I was liberated, in my mind, much more relaxed and free, I began

• does not seem to be more popular

• It is extremely necessary

• the largest and most ill part of the state

• a place very safe

30

3/ A very common use of quam + superlative


• at a pace as fast as possible

• as many plantations as possible

• as many cities as possible

• at the most adequate time

• as quickly as posisble

• The soldiers of the 10th legion, in which he had the utmost confidence

b/

• Veni quam celerrime.

• Homo quam fortissimus est.

• Cicero legit quam plurimos libros.

• Volo habitare in urbe quam felicissima.

4/ Singular superlative with quique EACH meaning ALL


• to the best fighters

• The generals and all the strongest ones

• The wisest men…, the most foolish ones

• to all the best and most noble ones

• in all the lazy ones

b/

• Cuique optimo discipulo praemium dedi.

• Caesar templum in quaque maxima urbe aedificavit.

• Deligam celerrimum quemque cursorem.

• Quique sapientissimus philosophus venit Romam heri.

f) Pronouns

1.Demonstrativepronouns [26]

a/

hic, haec, hoc

hunc, hanc, hoc

huius, huius, huius

huic, huic, huic

hoc, hac, hoc

b/ The neuter plural “haec”.

c/

• huius • illorum • hunc • istum • hunc

¯

• hos • illam • huius - illorum • illas • istis

2.Personalpronouns [27]

a/

ego, me, mei, mihi, me

tu, te, tui, tibi, te

nos, nos, nostrum/-i, nobis, nobis

b/

• Statim viderunt nos.

• Nobis statim dederunt librum.

• Senatores eum non amant.

• Senatores ei nuntios dixerunt.

c/ • me • me • te • te - tibi • te - vobis • nobis • mei - vestri

32

3.Possessivepronouns [28]

a/

• Pompeius heri pervenit, et Caesar monstravit exercitum filio eius.

• Caesar monstravit exercitum suo filio.

• Heri Marcus vidit (suam) matrem in foro.

• Octavia habitat Romae. Heri Marcus vidit eius matrem in foro.

b/ • mei • suos • nostrum • naves ¯ • tuis • tuis • suas • vestram

4.Anaphoricpronoun [29]

a/

is, ea, id

eum, eam, id

eius, eius, eius

ei, ei, ei

eo, ea, eo

b/

• Heri eum et eam vidi.

• Utrique quinque libros dedi.

• Eos Romae necaverunt.

• Eis arma dederunt.

• Puer cum eis ludebat.

• Ei feminae multa sapientia inest.

c/

• eum • eas • eius • ei • eorum ¯ • eam • eis • eos • eam • eam • ei

5.Identitypronouns [30]

a/

idem, eadem

eundem, eandem

eiusdem, eiusdem

eidem eidem

eodem, eadem

b/

• Caesar ipse gladios dedit eisdem militibus.

• Ego ipse hoc vidi, sed tu ipse non vidisti.

• Debes legere eundem librum bis.

• In eadem domo habitant.

• Hoc dicam ei ipsi, non fratri eius.

c/ • ipse • idem • ipsos • eadem ¯ • eodem • ipsum • ipsis • eandem

6.Reflexivepronouns [31]

a/

• Vulneravit se suo gladio.

• Vulneravisti te tuo gladio.

• Emit tres libros tibi et duos sibi.

• Illam pecuniam hic sibi reliquit.

• Aliquando sibi loquitur.

b/ • se • sibi • se • sibi • se • sibi • se

The indirect reflexive

c/

• Caesar is meant.

• Caesar (unnamed here) is meant.

• The subject (unnamed here) is meant

d/

• Puella dixit matrem emisse librum sibi.

• Puella dixit matrem emisse librum ei.

• Puella dixit matrem emisse librum sibi ipsi.

34

7.Interrogativepronounandadjective [32]

a/

quae adj. quibus both quis pron. quem both

cuius both quid pron. quo both qui both

b/ (partial suggestions)

• In what way

• Who is there for whom

• Whom or when? … Whom or to whom?

• I ask, which ones?

• Whose are you?

• What trial is this in which

• In what can you

c/ • quid - quid - quos • cuius • quas • qua • quorum • qui • quid

d/

• Quis venit heri et cuius magistrum vidisti heri?

• Quos libros legisti?

• In qua urbe habitas et ad quem locum is?

• Quid est nomen tibi et cuius es discipulus?

• Cui dedisti equos?

8.Otherinterrogativepronouns [33]

a/ • c/ size • b/ quality • d/ which of two • a/ quantity


• What big tragedies

• How much

• What (kind of stuff) is this

• From what kind of

¯ • What (kind of thing) is this

• Which of both

• In how many ways

• How large a family he has

c/

• utram • quantus • quantum - quantae - quanta - quanti • quot • quantus • qualem

• quantum • utri

d/ • quantam • qualis • quantum • qualem • qualis • utra • quanta

e/

• Quanta est tua familia?

• Quot fratres habes?

• Quantam multitudinem vidi in foro!

• Quantam putas hanc urbem esse?

• Quales libros scripsit?

¯

• Vide qualem domum construxi!

• Utrum librum legere vis?

• Utra mulier prima pervenit?

• Utri domino dederunt servi cibum?

9.Relativepronoun [34]

a/

Sing.

qui, quae, quod

quem, quam, quod

cuius, cuius, cuius

36

cui, cui, cui

quo, qua, quo

Pl.

qui, quae, quae

quos, quas, quae

quorum, quarum, quorum

quibus, quibus, quibus

quibus, quibus, quibus

b/ • quos • quas • quo • qua • quibus • cuius

c/

• Vidi milites de quibus heri mihi dixisti.

• Amo cives qui haec templa aedificaverunt.

• Puellae cum quibus ludis sapientes sunt.

• Poeta cuius libros semper legis est in urbe hodie.

• Templum in quo heri fuisti pulcherrimum est.

10.Indefiniterelativepronoun [35]

a/ quisquis / quidquid


• Whatever you ordered

• those who are said to be good

• Those whom I heard… in whatever way I could.

• Whatever ship had come

• Whatever he could

c/ • quisquis - quidquid • quidquid • quaecumque • quibuscumque • quidquid

d/

• Quemcumque videas, dic mihi statim.

• Da mihi illum librum, quicumque sit.

• Quisquis in hac urbe habitat dives est.

• Cuicumque des pecuniam, laetus erit.

11.Otherindefinitepronouns [36]

a) Indefinites that derive from the relative

aliquis some, any

quis any

quidam a certain

quisque each

quilibet any

quisquam any

ww Aliquis, aliquid


• Will there be anyone

• some child

• to some assassin

• Now you say something

2/ • aliquid • aliquo • aliquo • aliquorum

3/

• Heri aliquis venit et tibi aliquid tulit.

• Hoc alicui dedi, nunc non memini cui.

• Habitat in aliqua urbe in Italia.

• Heri meus filius cum aliquibus amicis ludebat.

ww Quis, quid


• that Caesar should bring no foot soldier to the meeting

• Is there anyone who

• I feared that someone

2/ • quid • quid • cui - quid • quis

3/

• Num quem vidisti?

• Si quem vidis, dic duci.

38

• Timeo ne quid malum contra te faciat.

• Illic adero ne cui de hoc dicere possis.

ww Quidam, quiddam


• A certain man came

• There near is a certain cave

• to a certain relative for dinner

• a certain Dion from Sicily had received a large inheritance

2/ • quarundam • quibusdam • quoddam • quasdam

ww Quisque, quidque


• Each one of us

• As each one was the last

• to the best and most noble ones

2/ • cuique • quemque • quemque • quidque

3/

• Idem dixi cuique discipulo.

• In quaque urbe in hac terra habitavi.

• Quique discipulus epistulam accepit.

• Senatus praemium dedit cuique optimo oratori.

ww Quilibet, quidlibet


• any rumor is valid

• what anybody would do, he does it

• If any other had spoken against this

2/ • quemlibet • quemlibet • cuilibet

ww Quisquam, quidquam


• I did this alone, and there was nobody else present

• Who can

• what never anyone will do to me once dead

• No good man wants

2/ • quemquam • cuiquam • cuiquam • quidquam

3/

• Num quisquam adest qui possit Caesaris exercitum superare? Nemo, scis.

• Paene quemquam vidi heri in foro.

• Omnia nobis dixit et negavit se quidquam domo cepisse.

• Multi cives ad urbem venerunt neque quisquam in templum iniit.

b) Indefinites that do not derive from the relative

1/

unus one

solus alone

totus whole

alius other

ullus any

alter the other

uter either

uterque each of both

2/

❑ Alius means “another”, alter means “the other one” (out of two).

❑ Ullus means “any”, uter means “either of both”.

❑ which one of both

❑ to quisque

ww Unus, solus and totus


• There was a unique story

• Only you have been found

40

• in the power and moderation of only one

• Also all of the inhabitants of Puteoli

• Not even the Persians, when they declared war to all Greece

2/ • uno • uno • uno - solo • soli • totius

3/

• Soli Romani Gallos superaverunt.

• Romani superaverunt Gallos solos.

• Iter feci per totam regionem.

• Hoc dixi uni civi.

ww alius and ullus

1/

❑ In genitive, replaced by alterius.

❑ b/ quisquam


• Speaking badly is one thing, accusiing is something else.

• Each one is more useful in a different thing.

• Will there be any better place

• in another moment

• in any banquet

3/ • alios • alius - alio • ullas • alius - alium • ullos

4/

• Alius legatus aliud donum tulit.

• Alius miles alium hortatus est ante proelium.

• Alios captivos liberavi, alios ad Caesarem misi.

• Bibliotecham petivi neque ullus liber inerat quem non legissem.

• Num ulli pauperi pecuniam dedisti? Non ita, scio te non dedisse.

ww alter, uter and uterque


• As there are two parts of it, of which one is simple and the other one is composed

• if both of us want to have it?

• in the other one

• Because these T. Roscii are two, of which this one has Capito as surname

2/ • utroque • alterum - alterum • utri • utroque • utri

3/

• Si uter revenit, laetus ero, sed si uterque venit laetior ero.

• Dedi alium librum alteri discipulo.

• Alter puer alterum librum legit.

12.Negativepronouns [37]

ww nullus and neuter

a/ Nullus means “no one”, and neuter means “neither” (of both).


• through no well-known way

• When neither makes an attempt of crossing

• He, delayed nowhere

• Neither of them

• have no blame

• With hope (of victory) inclined towards neither side

c/ • nullius • neuter • nullum • neutri • non nulli • neutrum

d/

• In neutra urbe fui.

• In nulla urbe huius terrae fui.

42

• Neuter puer veritatem dixit.

• Nullus puer ludi veritatem dixit.

ww nihil-nihilum and nemo


• There is nothing

• Roscius accuses nobody

• There was no need

• There is noone of you who

• see nothing?

• no coin to anyone

• and he considered of no value

b/ • nemo • nihilo • neminem • nihilo • nihilo - nihilum • nemini

c/

• Nihil feci.

• Nemini de hoc dixi.

• Ex nulla re multum obtinuerunt.

• Hoc nihili habent.

• Hoc locutus nemini persuadebis.

• Vult neminem (Non vult quemquam) suum librum legere.

g) Adverbs and prepositional adverbs

2.Modaladverbs [38]

a/

bonus c bene

doctus c docte

prudens c prudenter

subitus c subito

fortis c fortiter

acer c acriter

b/

fortiter strongly

bene well

alte deeply

casu by chance

docte wisely

prudenter prudently

acriter harshly

forte by chance

festinatim hurriedly

vi by force

subito suddenly

silentio in silence

raro strangely

iure rightfully


• Then suddenly

• I will resist strongly and harshly

• From honest “honestly”, from wise “wisely”, but from rarus “rare” is not said, but some say “raro” and others say “rarenter”.

• because they hardly ever happen

• He said, who by chance

• he tried to retain by force

• unless by chance they are worthy of the disgrace

d/

• Acriter pugnaverunt.

• Repente, Caesar pervenit.

• Ceperunt urbem vi.

• Silentio et prudenter exiimus.

44

3.Comparativeandsuperlativeofmodaladverbs [39]

a/

ê prudently: prudenter

more prudently: prudentius

very prudently: prudentissime

ê well: bene

better: melius

best: optime

ê deeply: alte

more deeply: altius

very deeply: altissime


• I will deal more leniently

• do I wait for longer?

• more freely and more bravely

• He goes on very strongly

• to you as quickly as possible

• more clearly

c/

• Ego hoc feci male, tu fecisti peius, ille fecit pessime, et illi fecerunt quam pessime.

• Ego celeriter cucurri, tu celerius cucurristi, ille celerrime cucurrerunt, et illi quam celerrime cucurrerunt.

4.Quantitativeadverbs [40]

a/

aliquantum a little

magnopere much

nimis too much

satis enough

valde very

parum a little

b/

multum / plus / plurimum

magnopere / magis / maxime

parum / minus / minime


• have been investigated just a little

• was considered too cruel

• and with very good words

• When he had advanced a little

• Caesar relied extremely on it

• I carried more weight

d/ • valde • plus • satis • satis • minime • magis

e/

• Satis aquae habes?

• Multum pecuniae habes, illa plus pecuniae habet, illi plurimum pecuniae habent.

• Fessus sum, nimis cucurri.

• Post pugnam milites valde fessi erant.

5.Adverbsoftime [41]

a/

statim immediately

hodie today

cras tomorrow

pridie the day before

postridie the day after

semper always

interea meanwhile

identidem sometimes

umquam ever

quotannis every year

interdum from time to time

cotidie every day

mane in the morning

antea before

vix hardly

heri yesterday

noctu at night

nunc now

denique finally

quondam formerly

b/

for a long time: diu

for longer: diutius

for very long: diutissime

often: saepe

more often: saepius

very often: saepissime

w nuperrime


• Finally they fled

• my eyes to the ground sometimes

46

• Alfenus meanwhile in Rome

• A story sometimes, even if

• As we had done the day before

d/ • paulisper • Deinde • statim • Tum - diutius • saepissime

e/

• Heri hic adfuit, sed hodie eum non vidi.

• Fortasse cras videbis eum.

• Semper mane curro, nonnumquam meridie, et vix noctu.

• Cicero orationes habebat saepius quam Octavius.

• Nuper in illa urbe fui.

• Romae diutius quam tu vixi.

6.Adverbsofplace [42]

a/

alicubi somewhere

citra on this side

ultra further there

illic there

ubi where

supra above

procul far away

hic here

infra below

iuxta side by side

circa around

extra outside

b/

here: hic

towards here: huc

from here: hinc

there: illic

towards there: illuc

from there: illinc

place where ends in -ic

place towards ends in -uc

place from ends in -inc

c/

there: ibi

towards there: eo

from there: inde

where: ubi

towards where: quo

from where: unde

somewhere else: alibi

towards somewhere else: alio

from somewhere else: aliunde

place where ends in -i

place towards ends in -o

place from ends in -e

d/ longe / longius / longissime prope / propius / proxime

e/ (partial suggestions)

• from everywhere by the nature of the place

• had been left on this side of the river Arar

• on hills away from the camp

• look for a refuge somewhere else

• The enemy were at a distance not further away than

• inside those forests

• If only he were here nearby somewhere

f/

• Ubicumque est, turbatio accidit.

• Mane hic, noli illuc ire.

• Tum ego non aderam hic, aderam alibi.

• Procul habitat.

7.Interrogativeadverbs [43]

a/ • Quomodo • Quando • Unde • quanto • Cur • Quo • Ubi

b/

• Quomodo fecisti hoc difficile pensum?

• Quo duxit Caesar copias?

• Quantum pecuniae obtinuisti?

• Cur nolunt hic remanere?

• Quamdiu vis abesse?

48

8.Indefiniteadverbs [44]

a/

alicubi somewhere

aliquo towards somewhere

aliquando at some point

aliquo modo somehow

alicunde from somewhere

b/ • alicubi • aliquo • alicunde • aliquando • aliquo modo

c/

• Ubi proelium fiet? Alicubi fiet.

• Quo modo meum fratrem invenies? Inveniam eum aliquo modo.

• Quo isti post concilium? Aliquo ii.

• Quando pervenies? pervenio aliquando.

• Unde miserunt hos libros? Eos miserunt alicunde.

9.Affirmativeandnegativeadverbs [45]

a/ Affirmative: sane, profecto, quidem, certe Negative: nequaquam, minime, haud, nequidem


• It was this indeed.

• Bidis is a town really small

• To him not even to die

• Certainly, go with him, Phrugia.

• That seemed to me in no way worthy of

c/ • Certe • Minime • forsitan • ne - quidem • Nimirum

d/

• Bonus civis es? Sane, nimirum!

• Fuit Catilina probus senator? Minime, nequaquam!

• Fortasse cras ibo Romam.

• Numquam librum legit, ne brevissimum quidem.

• Neque odi neque amo eos.

10.Prepositionaladverbs [46]

a/ A prepositional adverb cannot be used to form compound verbs.

b/

citra on this side

contra in front

propter because of

palam publicly

sine without

coram face to face

supra above

clam secretly

ultra beyond

circa around

infra below

w palam, clam, coram, sine

c/ • coram • propter • extra • Clam • sine - sine • circa • palam

d/

• Loquar palam senatoribus.

• Semper omnia facit clam me.

• Cives sunt intra urbem, hostes sunt extra urbem.

• Alia pars classis navigavit supra Ephesum, alia infra Ephesum.

Exercises on all adverbs [47]

1/

• celeriter modal clam prepositional

• Forte (affirmative) extra prepositional

• Fortiter modal

• Noctu temporal semper temporal heri temporal

• Denique temporal meridie temporal

• Vi modal

¯

• Nimis quantitative minus quantitative

50

• Minime negative Magis quantitative

• Identidem temporal vix temporal

• Quotannis temporal ibi of place alicubi of place

• postridie temporal

• supra of place

¯

• Ubi of place Fortasse (affirmative) procul of place

• Minime negative proxime of place

• undecumque of place

• Quomodo modal

• aliquo modo modal

• Quo of place lente modal silentio modal

2/

• Minime hoc faciam.

• Quo modo te habes?

• Bene me habeo.

• Celerius curro quam tu.

• Hostes undique venerunt.

¯

• Veni quam celerrime.

• Neque discipulos neque magistrum video.

• Parum temporis legam.

• Hodie multum laboravi.

¯

• Tunc cras debes dormire.

• Non solum cras, sed in aeternum.

• Alicubi eum vidi, tunc alio abiit.

• Hinc illuc abiit.

h) The correlatives

1.Correlativeadverbs [48]

a) Definitions and examples

1/

Ø Demonstrative

Ø Relative

Ø Indefinite

Ø Indefinite relative

Ø Interrogative

2/

w Interrogative and relative

w The prefix -ali

w We add -cumque

b) The local correlative adverbs

1/

Ø Demonstrative: ibi, eo

Ø Relative: ubi, quo

Ø Indefinite: alicubi, aliquo

Ø Indefinite relative: ubicumque, quocumque

Ø Interrogative: ubi? quo?

2/

Ø Demonstrative: inde, ea

Ø Relative: unde, qua

Ø Indefinite: alicunde, aliqua

52

Ø Indefinite relative: undecumque, quacumque

Ø Interrogative: unde? qua?


— From where - to where

— From somewhere - to somewhere

— Towards there - where

— To wherever

— There - from where - There - from wherever

— There - here

— where

— somewhere - Wherever

— through where

— through wherever

— through somewhere - where

4/

— Unde pervenit Pompeius heri?

— Nescio, alicunde.

— Et quo aget exercitum?

— Aliquo, fortasse ad montes.

— Qua? Per mediam urbem?

— Minime. Ubicumque milites eius sunt, populus semper metum sentiunt.

— Quoque ibi, quocumque eos agit. Et ubi est nunc?

— Alicubi, prope urbem. Inde vult eos ducere quo(cumque) senatus iubet.

c) The temporal correlative adverbs

1/

Ø Demonstrative: tum

Ø Relative: cum

Ø Indefinite: aliquando

Ø Indefinite relative: quandocumque

Ø Interrogative: quando?


• Can we at some point

• Whenever death

• When did he refuse

• If it ever happens, then

3/

• Quando ibis Romam?

• Quandocumque me ire iubeas, ibo.

• Ibo Romam aliquando.

• Fortasse tum proelium fiet.

d) The frequentative correlative adverbs

1/

Ø Demonstrative: totiens

Ø Relative: quotiens

Ø Indefinite: aliquotiens

Ø Indefinite relative: quotienscumque

Ø Interrogative: quotiens?


• He, as many times as Naevius

• If I said so many times

• However often I speak

• How often have you tried

• You were several times

54

3/

• Ego in Italia totiens fui quotiens tu.

• Aliquotiens Caesar ei imperavit ne castra moveret.

• Quotiens edis cotidie?

• Cur Catilina totiens conatus est Ciceronem necare?

• Quotienscumque Caesar te iubet hoc facere, noli ei parere.

2.Correlativeadjectives [49]

a) The correlatives SUCH ... AS and AS LARGE ... AS

1/

• The first one makes reference to quality (such…as), and the second one to quantity (so large…as).

• The same as above.


• neither nothing nor as much as we asked for

• obtained as much as he asked for?

• does not affect me as much as the nefastuous plot of this man

• And if someone is such as everybody

• we may seem to be such as we are

• The consuls can act the same way they acted when

• that nobody produces and produced as much hatred to the Syracusans as this one

3/

• Mea domus non talis est qualis tua, pulcherrima non est.

• Numquam talem oratorem audivi qualem hodie.

• Brutus non habebat tantum exercitum quantum Octavius.

• Non habito in tanta urbe quanta est urbs in qua tu habitas.

b) The whole series of correlative adjectives

1/

Ø Demonstrative: talis, tantus

Ø Relative: qualis, quantus

Ø Indefinite: non-existent, aliquantus

Ø Indefinite relative: qualiscumque, quantuscumque

Ø Interrogative: qualis? quantus?


• I can answer that I, of whatever kind I am

• such thing as you to me

• You do not know what large strength

• As long as you do such (things) as up to now

• what and how great men

¯

• We ask of what kind it is. It is such as

• what great laugh it provokes

• He, of whatever kind he may be

• What big problems I produce, what large mechanisms I move!

3/

• Quantumcumque exercitum habeas, urbem non capies.

• Quales libros legis?

• Lego tales libros quales tu nunquam legis.

• Quantus erat exercitus?

• Exercitus tantus erat quantus exercitus Caesaris.

c) The series of WHO / WHAT

1/

Ø Demonstrative: is

Ø Relative: qui

Ø Indefinite: aliquis

Ø Indefinite relative: quicumque

Ø Interrogative: quis?

56


• Whoever did this

• whomever they could

• He sent a letter to some assassin who

• What place … allotted to somebody?

• what you can say

3/

• Quis venit heri?

• Aliquis venit, sed nescio quis.

• Quiscumque hoc dicat, errat.

• Quidcumque me doces, disco.

d) The series of HOW MANY

1/

Ø Relative: quot

Ø Indefinite: aliquot

Ø Indefinite relative: quotcumque

Ø Interrogative: quot?


• Some centuries later

• Look how many glasses we drink. As many as

• There are as many opinions as men.

• when he had already been for some years in politics

• How many farmers

3/

• Quot milites Brutus Romam duxit?

• Duxit modo aliquot milites.

• Quotcumque milites ducas, Octavius te vincet.

• Tot cives sunt in hac urbe quot Romae.

a) General observations

2.Thetenses [50]

a/

present what is happening perfect what (has) happened

imperfect what was happening pluperfect what had happened

future what will happen future perfect what will have happened

b/

Present-stem tenses Perfect-stem tenses

present perfect

imperfect pluperfect

future future perfect

3.Themoods [51]

indicative real facts

subjunctive special meanings and subordinates

imperative orders

infinitive verbal noun

participle verbal adjective

gerund declension of the infinitive

4.Thevoices [52]

w two

w Verbs that have passive form but active meaning.

58

5.Formationoftenses [53]

a/

For present: stem + endings

For imperfect: stem + ba + endings

For future: stem + b + union vowel + endings

For perfect: perfect stem + special endings

For pluperfect: perfect stem + era + endings

For future perfect: perfect stem + er + union vowel + endings

b/ perfect tense

c/ — Perfect: perfect participle + present of sum

— Pluperfect: perfect participle + imperfect of sum

— Future perfect: perfect participle + future of sum

6.Formationofmoods [54]

w Future and future perfect

w Infinitive: noun Participle: adjective

w participle + esse

w present stem + nd + 2nd declension endings

w two

7.Typesofverbs [55]

w Verbs of the 3rd conjugation that, because of an additional -i-, resemble the 4th.

w The perfect tenses: perfect, pluperfect and future perfect.

8.Principalparts [56]

w 1st person present infinitive 1st person perfect supine

w on the infinitive

w on the 1st person perfect

w for participles

b) The four regular conjugations

1.The1stconjugation [57]

a) Principal parts

w ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum

w ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum

b) Indicative and Subjunctive

w -i, -isti, -it, -imus, -istis, -erunt/ere

w -o/m, -s, -t, -mus, -tis, -nt

1/

Indicative Subjunctive

Present

laboro

laborat

laborant

Perfect

laboravi

laboravit

laboraverunt

Present

laborem

laboret

laborent

Perfect

laboraverim

laboraverit

laboraverint

Imperfect

laborabam

laborabat

laborabant

Pluperfect

laboraveram

laboraverat

laboraverant

Imperfect

laborarem

laboraret

laborarent

Pluperfect

laboravissem

laboravisset

laboravissent

Future

laborabo

laborabit

laborabunt

Future perfect

laboravero

laboraverit

laboraverint

2/ to the future perfect

60

c) Other moods

1/

Present Past Future

Active laborans, -antis non-existent laboraturus, -a, -um

Passive non-existent laboratus, -a, -um laborandus, -a, -um

2/

Present Past Future

Active laborare laboravisse laboraturum/am/um esse

Passive laborari laboratum/am/um esse laboratum iri

3/

Gerund Supines

laborandum

laborandi

laborando

laborando

laboratum

laboratu

d) More questions

1/

laudo to praise

rogo to pray

servo to save

adiuvo, adiuvi to help

erro to wander

festino to hurry

neco to kill

dubito to hesitate

impero to order

laboro to work

paro to prepare

sto, steti to stand

pugno to fight

voco to call

habito to dwell

appropinquo to approach

cogito to think

do, dedi to give

supero to overcome

2/

dubitavisti perfect indic. 2nd sing.

dubitantem acc. sing. present participle

duvitavisse perfect infinitive

dubitatis present indic. 2nd pl.

dubitavero future perfect 1st sing.

dubitabamus imperfect indic. 1st pl.

dubites present subj. 2nd sing.

dubitabimus future 1st pl.

dubitandi gerund genitive

dubitaturos future participle acc. pl.

dubitaturos esse future active infinitive

dubitarent imperfect subj. 3rd pl.

dubitanda future passive partic. neuter pl.

dubitavissemus plup. subjunc. 1st pl.

dubitari passive infinitive

2.The2ndconjugation [58]

a/

Present indicative

Present subjunctive

What is the difference in the indicative?

It keeps the vowel in the 1st sing.

And in the subjunctive?

It keeps the vowel (in all persons).

habeo

habes

habet

habemus

habetis

habent

habeam

habeas

habeat

habeamus

habeatis

habeant

b/

moneo, monui, monitum to warn

doceo, docui, doctum to teach

timeo, timui, ---- to fear

video, vidi, visum to see

praebeo, praebui, praebitum to offer

teneo, tenui, ---- to hold

deleo, delevi, deletum to destroy

habeo, habui, habitum to have

terreo, terrui, territum to terrify

debeo, debui, debitum to have to

iubeo, iussi, iussum to order

62

3.The3rdconjugation [59]

a/


Present

dico

dicit

dicunt

Perfect

dixi

dixit

dixerunt

Present

dicam

dicat

dicant

Perfect

dixerim

dixerit

dixerint

Imperfect

dicebam

dicebat

dicebant

Pluperfect

dixeram

dixerat

dixerant

Imperfect

dicerem

diceret

dicerent

Pluperfect

dixissem

dixisset

dixissent

Future

dicam

dices

dicet

Future perfect

dixero

dixerit

dixerint

b/ To the future perfect

c/ Singular: dic Plural: dicite

d/

Present Past Future

Active dicens, -entis non-existent dicturus, -a, -um

Passive non-existent dictus, -a, -um dicendus, -a, -um

e/

Present Past Future

Active dicere dixisse dicturum/am/um esse

Passive dici dictum/am/um esse dictum iri

f/

occido, occidi occisum to kill

pello, pepuli, pulsum to push

peto, petivi, petitum to strive to

ago, egi, actum to lead

cado, cecidi, ---- to fall

mitto, misi, missum to send

duco, duxi, ductum to lead

gero, gessi, gestum to do

reliquo, reliqui, relictum to leave behind

curro, cucurri, cursum to run

discedo, discessi, discessum to depart

vinco, vici, victum to conquer

credo, credidi, creditum to believe

disco, didici, ---- to learn

pono, posui, positum to put

lego, legi, lectum to read

g/

duci passive infinitive

duxeram plup. indicat. 1st sing.

duxistis perfect indic. 2nd pl.

ducendo gerund, ablative

ducebatis imperf. indic. 2nd sing.

duxerim perfect subj. 1st sing.

duxero future perfect 1st sing.

ductum esse past passive infin.

duces future 2nd sing.

ducas pres. subj. 2nd sing.

ductu supine

duxisse perfect active infin.

duxissem plusq. subj. 1st sing.

duceremus imperf. subj. 1st pl.

ducite imperative pl.

4.The4thconjugation [60]

a/ - o, - ire - ivi - itum

b/


Present

punio

punit

puniunt

Perfect

punivi

punivit

puniverunt

Present

puniam

punias

puniat

Perfect

puniverim

puniverit

puniverint

64

Imperfect

puniebam

puniebat

puniebant

Pluperfect

puniveram

puniverat

puniverant

Imperfect

punirem

puniret

punirent

Pluperfect

punivissem

punivisset

punivissent

Future

puniam

puniet

punient

Future perfect

punivero

puniverit

puniverint

c/

Present Past Future

Active puniens, -entis non-existent puniturus, -a, -um

Passive non-existent punitus, -a, -um puniendus, -a, -um

d/

venio, veni, ventum to come

punio to punish

scio to know

nescio not to know

pervenio, perveni, perventum to arrive

sentio, sensi, sensum to perceive

dormio to sleep

invenio, inveni, inventum to find

5.Themixedconjugation [61]

a/ It is a sub-group of the 3rd conjugation.

b/

The defining characteristic is the inclussion of an -i- in the present stem.

It makes these verbs look like verbs of the 4th.

c/

Present Past Future

Active faciens, -entis non-existent facturus, -a, -um

Passive non-existent factus, -a, -um faciendus, -a, -um

d/ Present pass. inf.: non-existent (use fieri) Gerund: Acc. faciendum

Gen. faciendi

Dat. faciendo

Abl. faciendo

e/


Present

facio

facit

faciunt

Present

faciam

faciat

faciant

Imperfect

faciebam

faciebat

faciebant

Imperfect

facerem

faceret

facerent

w It lacks the -i-

Future

faciam

facies

faciet

f/

incipio, incepi, inceptum to begin

cupio, cupivi, cupitum to desire

facio, feci, factum to do

accipio, accepi, acceptum to receive

interficio, interfeci, interfectum to kill

suscipio, suscepi, susceptum to undertake

conspicio, conspeci, conspectum to look at

fugio, fugi, ---- to flee

iacio, ieci, iactum to throw

66

c) The passive voice

1.Present-stemtenses [62]

a/

Active: -o -s -t -mus -tis -nt

Passive: -or -ris/re -tur -mur -mini -ntur

b/


Present

imperor

imperatur

imperantur

Present

imperer

imperetur

imperentur

Imperfect

imperabar

imperabatur

imperabantur

Imperfect

imperarer

imperaretur

imperarentur

The 2nd singular vould be imperaberis instead of imperabiris

Future

imperabor

imperabitur

imperabuntur

c/

Indicative Subjunctive Indicative Subjunctive

Present

mittor

mittitur

mittuntur

Present

mittar

mittatur

mittantur

Present

cupior

cupitur

cupiuntur

Present

cupiar

cupiatur

cupiantur

Imperfect

mittebar

mittebatur

mittebantur

Imperfect

mitterer

mitteretur

mitterentur

Imperfect

cupiebar

cupiebatur

cupiebantur

Imperfect

cuperer

cuperetur

cuperentur

Future

mittar

mittetur

mittentur

Future

cupiar

cupietur

cupientur

w in the 2nd sing. present indicative.

d/ Singular: cupere Plural: cupimini

w Like an active infinitive.

e/

duceris 2nd sing. present or future indic.

ducerer 1s sing. imperft. subj.

ducere imperative sing.

ducar 1st sing. future indic. or present subj.

ducebamur 1st pl. imperfect indic.

ducuntur 3rd pl. present indic.

ducimur 1st pl. present indic.

ducamur 1st pl. present subj.

ducimini 2nd pl. pres. subj.

ducentur 3rd pl. future

f/

• Pons deletur a militibus.

• Discipuli monebantur a magistro.

• Cras liber scribetur a me.

• Dux laudatur ab exercitu suo.

• Urbs aedificabitur a militibus.

g/ (partial suggestions)

• Lentulus is arrested by the king and is killed

• was heard

• is captured and killed

68

• is despised, and a disgusting soldier is appreciated

• They will be freed from

2.Perfect-stemtenses [63]

a/


Perfect

missus, -a, -um + sum, es, est

missi, -ae, -a + sumus, estis, sunt

Perfect

missus, -a, -um + sim, sis, sit

missi, -ae, -a + simus, sitis, sint

Pluperfect

missus, -a, -um + eram, eras, erat

missi, -ae, -a + eramus, eratis, erant

Pluperfect

missus, -a, -um + essem, esses, esset

missi, -ae, -a + essemus, essetis, essent

Future Perfect

missus, -a, -um + ero, eris, erit

missi, -ae, -a + erimus, eritis, erunt

b/ 1/ The consul has been heard.

c/ • Epistula recepta erat • Milites interfecti erunt • Fur punitus est

d/

• Caesar necatus est a senatoribus.

• Hostes victi sunt ab Octavio in proelio.

• Rex es urbe a civibus expulsus est.

• Omnia haec a Cicerone gesta sunt.


• The senate has been praised

• She was praised

• were captured

• one was killed, the other one was captured

• A location was chosen

d) Deponent and semi-deponent verbs

1.Deponentverbs [64]

a/ A verb with passive form but active meaning.

b/ With passive forms.

c/

persequor, persequi, persecutus sum to persecute

aggredior, aggredi, aggressus sum to approach

morior, mori, mortuus sum to die

proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum to set out

fateor, fateri, fassus sum to confess

potior, potiri, potitus sum to acquire

nascor, nasci, natus sum to be born

consequor, consequi, consecutus sum to follow

prosequor, prosequi, prosecutus sum to continue

conor, -ari, -atus sum to try

irascor, irasci, iratus sum to be angry

¯

progredior, progredi, progressus sum to advance

reor, reri, ratus sum to think

patior, pati, passus sum to suffer

loquor, loqui, locutus sum to speak

polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum to promise

utor, uti, usus sum to use

hortor, hortari, hortatus sum to urge

regredior, regredi, regressus sum to return

miror, mirari, miratus sum to admire

egredior, egredi, egressus sum to go out

70

ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum to enter

vereor, vereri, veritus sum to fear

obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus sum to forget

d/ (partial suggestions)

• Nobody spoke

• He made use of

• He stood up and spoke

• that he had gone back to common sense

• allowed that her stubbornness be broken

• The soldier made use of

• They complained that

e/ • pati • auxiliantur • ingressus est • utuntur • proficiscitur • ultus est • prosecuta est

2.Nominalformsindeponentverbs [65]

a/

Present Past Future

Active non-existent non-existent minaturum esse (to be about to admire)

Passive mirari (to admire) miratum/am/um esse (to have admired)

non-existent

b/

Present Past Future

Active mirans, -antis (admiring)

non-existent miraturus, -a, -um (that is about to admire)

Passive non-existent miratus, -a, -um (having admired)

mirandus, -a, -um (that must be admired)

w Future infinitive, present participle and future participle.

w Future passive participle.

c/ • Fretus • ratus • adgressus • sequi • complexus • secuti • ingredi • cohortatus • conantes

3.Semi-deponentverbs [66]

a/ A verb that has passive form (but active meaning) for the perfect-stem tenses.

b/ That the infinitive is itself passive.

c/

soleo, -ere, solitus sum to be accustomed to

gaudeo, -ere, gavisus sum to rejoice

confido, -ere, confisus sum to trust

d/ • Solitus est • solebat • gavisus sum • solebat • confisus sum • soliti sunt

4.Passivedeponentverbs [67]

a/ Verbs with active form but passive meaning

b/ vapulo to be flogged exulo to be banished veneo to be sold

c/ • vapula • exulat • vapulem • exulare • vapulare • veniisse • exulatum • exulat

72

e) Verb sum and its compounds

1.Verbsum [68]

a/

present: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt

imperfect: eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant

future: ero, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

b/

present: sim, sis, sit, simus, sitis, sint

imperfect: essem, esses, esset, essemus, essetis, essent

c/ Future participle

d/ fore


• I said that I would be

• As I suspected that there would be

• be good to me!

• Be well

• if I had not existed, and that there would be none if I had not come back

2.Compoundsofsum [69]

a/

obsum to oppose

intersum to be in the middle

adsum to support

desum to be lacking

supersum to survive

absum to be absent

praesum to be at the front

insum to be inside


• was far away from the forum

• This place was distant

• were at the front of the army committed crimes

• There was so much strength

• at the front of which was Figulus

• only soul and body are left for me

c/ • interesse • supererat • intererat • deerat • obest

d/

• Caesari aderamus consulatui.

• Inest Octavius? Amabo te, dic ei me adesse. Spero eum non abesse.

• Tres soli milites superfuerunt.

• Quinque libri desunt bibliothecae.

3.Verbpossum [70]

a/ possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt

b/


Present

possum

Perfect

potui

Present

possim

Perfect

potuerim

Imperfect

poteram

Pluperfect

potueram

Imperfect

possem

Pluperfect

potuissem

Future

potero

Fut. perfect

potuero

c/ • potest • potest • poterunt • potes - posse • potuisse • potero

74

d/

• Potes eum videre?

• Cras non potero Romam ire.

• Non potui eum vincere.

• Pueri volunt mythologicas fabulas legere posse.

4.Verbprosum [71]

a/ prosum, prodes, prodest, prosumus, prodestis, prosunt

b/


Present

prosum

Perfect

profui

Present

prosim

Perfect

profuerim

Imperfect

proderam

Pluperfect

profueram

Imperfect

prodessem

Pluperfect

profuissem

Future

prodero

Fut. perfect

profuero


• What is the benefit of

• What will the benefit be

• It is not useful for an orator

• He accused Anthony, my colleague, who took no benefit from

¯

• What you know helps

• That was useful once, this will always be useful

• helps a lot

• that this letter was very useful

d/

• Hoc mihi nihil prodest.

• Haec victoria multum proderit Romae.

• Puto hos libros multum discipulis profuturos esse.

• Senatorem necare nihil profuit provinciae.

f) Irregular verbs

1.Verbvolo [72]

a/ volo, vis, vult, volumus, vultis, volunt

b/


Present

volo

Perfect

volui

Present

velim

Perfect

voluerim

Imperfect

volebam

Pluperfect

volueram

Imperfect

vellem

Pluperfect

voluissem

Future

volam

Fut. perfect

voluero

c/ • Vis • vult • velle • volui • vult • velle • vis • voluisse

d/

• Vis nobiscum venire?

• Volebam eum videre, sed non potui.

• Quisque vult felix esse.

• Volet Romam delere?

• Si voluisses hoc facere, fecisses.

2.Verbnolo [73]

a/ nolo, non vis, non vult, nolumus, non vultis, nolunt

76

b/


Present

nolo

Perfect

nolui

Present

nolim

Perfect

noluerim

Imperfect

nolebam

Pluperfect

nolueram

Imperfect

nollem

Pluperfect

noluissem

Future

nolam

Fut. perfect

noluero

c/ • noluisse • nolle • noluit • nolunt • Noli • noluit • nolunt • Nolle

d/

• Nolite hunc librum legere!

• Non vult pugnare.

• Si noluisset hunc librum scribere, non scripsisset.

• Currere nolebat, sed ego ei persuasi.

3.Verbmalo [74]

a/ malo, mavis, mavult, malumus, mavultis, malunt

b/


Present

malo

Perfect

malui

Present

malim

Perfect

maluerim

Imperfect

malebam

Pluperfect

malueram

Imperfect

mallem

Pluperfect

maluissem

Future

malam

Fut. perfect

maluero

c/ • mavis • maluissem • malle • mavis • Malebat • mavis • Malet

d/

• Malo hic manere quam ad urbem ire.

• Quid maluerunt?

• Si hunc librum maluisset, cepisset.

• Malimus hoc facere.

4.Verbeoanditscompounds [75]

a/ eo, is, it, imus, itis, eunt

b/


Present

eo

Perfect

ii

Present

eam

Perfect

ierim

Imperfect

ibam

Pluperfect

ieram

Imperfect

irem

Pluperfect

issem

Future

ibo

Fut. perfect

iero

c/

Present Past Future

Active iens, euntis non-existent iturus, -a, -um

Passive non-existent non-existent eundus, -a, -um

d/ eundum

e/

obeo to go to meet

pereo to die

ineo to enter

praeeo to go in the 1st position

78

abeo to go away

redeo to go back

transeo to cross

adeo to approach

circumeo to go around

exeo to go out

f/ (partial suggestions)

• Today he will not go back

• Ah, he has left

• he departed and died miserably

• They cross the Rhine

• entered the position of magistrate

• He was going first

¯

• he died

• From where does this one go out?

• died in the sea

• I saw a woman going out

• At night he crosses the river and goes back

• go into battle

g/ • ineunte • redeuntes • adire • Adit • adit • periit • exeunte

5.Verbferoanditscompounds [76]

a/ fero, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt

b/


Present

fero

Perfect

tuli

Present

feram

Perfect

tulerim

Imperfect

ferebam

Pluperfect

tuleram

Imperfect

ferrem

Pluperfect

tulissem

Future

feram

Fut. perfect

tulero

c/

profero to put forward

refero to bring back

infero to take into

aufero to remove

offero to offer

praefero to present

suffero to bear

confero to put together

effero to take out


• As I think

• We removed those

• They try to bring danger to

• were presented

• raised his hands to heaven

• that made me happy

• praises his exploits

e/

• praeferebat • conferunt • auferre • sustulerit • extuli / retuli / tulerunt

6.Verbedo [77]

a/

� edo, esse, edi, esum

� Regular: edo, edis, edit, edimus, editis, edunt Optional: edo, es, est, edimus, estis, edunt

b/ edere / esse

c/ • edunt • edentem • edimus • edim • edemus

7.Verbfio [78]

a/ fio, fis, fit, fimus, fitis, fiunt

80

b/


Present

fio

Perfect

factus sum

Present

fiam

Perfect

factus sim

Imperfect

fiebam

Pluperfect

factus eram

Imperfect

fierem

Pluperfect

factus essem

Future

fiam

Fut. perfect

factus ero


• Labienus, in order to make an attack happen

• What happens

• All these things happen

• A sudden outburst was taking place

d/ • fieri • fit • fieri • fit • fient

e/

• Caesar consul factus est.

• Quid hic fit?

• Proelium prope Romam fiet.

• Fieri non potest ut hostes semper vincant!

• Legendo sapientiores fimus.

8.Defectiveverbs [79]

a/ coepi to begin odi to hate novi to know memini to remember

b/ coepi

c/ nosco

d/

inquam to say

queo to be able

aio to say

nequeo not to be able

quaeso to pray


• as I suppose that you remember

• Please, remember

• I can say this

• He says that

• Who does not hate

• Then this god says

• I can’t sleep.

f/ • novi • coepit • inquam • queo • quaeso • Nequeo • novit

g/

• Novisti illum virum?

• Heri coeperunt pontem construere.

• Illum consulem non novi.

• Nequeo currere, fessus sum.

82

g) Overview of peculiar constructions

2.Peculiarconstructions [81]

a) Single examples (partial suggestions)

• when he had renounced to

• he is not free from suspicion

• He set them free from any punishment

• Also this is expecting you

• Titurius sends to him

• She immediately married

• He committed

• When he died

• He was sure in his mind that

• Doesn’t the homeland excel

• Who prevented

• Giton was laughing at

• He did not keep

• He supported Catilina

• I feel fear for

b) Multiple examples (partial suggestions)

• I agree with • When I had approached

¯

• the weapons had fallen off their hands • If anything went out of • that everything happened because of me

¯

• Those who committed such a crime • Then he denies that he will entrust

¯

• I do not concede • I admit that I • Did I try to avoid your eyes (presence)?

¯

• To whom did he entrust • He who did not believe

¯

• I regret that • I feel sorry for • I feel sorrow for • I feel sorrow for

¯

• he rewarded the whole veteran army • He rewarded me with • The Roman people gave me

¯

• I realise • They were escaping from

¯

• I am glad that our laws • I am glad because

¯

• I do not think it necessary • I have • I think that you are

¯

• I do not feel envy of • Those who deprived me of • if I had not envied Crassus

¯

• You threaten your father • He threatened everybody

¯

• He said that there was noone • He said that he had never been

¯

• It seemed well that Pompeius • I decided to • They decided that

¯

• He puts his life before • Afranius puts this man in command of

¯

• Consequently, I teach • By force it must be deduced that I

84

h) Compound verbs

1. Compound verbs with a/ab [82]

a/

abstineo to refrain from

abripio to take away

abscindo to tear off

averto to turn away

aufero to kill

abdo to conceal

absum to be absent

absumo to diminish

abduco to lead away

aberro to go astray

b/

• abdo, abdere, abdidi, abditum

• abduco, abducere, abduxi, abductum

• abeo, abire, abii, abitum

• abscindo, abscindere, abscidi, abscissum

¯

• abstineo, abstinere, abstinui, abstentum

• amitto, amittere, amisi, amissum

• aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum

• averto, avertere, averti, aversum

c/

• abstinuit • abdicant • averti • aberravimus

d/

• Quis pecuniam abstulit?

• Eum amisi.

• Heri abiit.

• Ubi cibum abdidisti?

85

2. Compound verbs with ad [83]

a/

adolesco to come to maturity

accido to happen

addo to attach

attingo to reach

adimo to take away

appello to bring in

accedo to approach

adipiscor to achieve

appeto to strive for

advenio to arrive

agnosco to recognise

b/

• accedo, accedere, accessi, accessum

• accido, accidere, accidi, accisum

• adimo, adimere, ademi, ademptum

• adolesco, adolescere, adolevi, adultum

¯

• agnosco, agnoscere, agnovi, agnitum

• appello, appellere, appuli, appulsum

• attineo, attinere, attinui (no supine)

• attingo, attingere, attigi, attactum

c/

• accidit • ademit • appulerunt • attinet

d/

• Quando advenisti?

• Adeptus sum viginti plures libros ludo.

• Attribuam hoc munus ei.

• Noluit me adiuvare.

3. Compound verbs with ante and circum [84]

a/

circumspecto to look around

circumsto to stand around

anticipo to take before

circumdo to place around

circumflecto to bend

antecedo to go before

circumfundo to pour around

circumscribo to encompass

86

b/

• antecedo, antecedere, antecessi (no supine)

• antefero, anteferre, antetuli, antelatum

• circumdo, circumdare, circumdedi, circumdatum

• circumspecto, -are, -avi, -atum

• circumvenio, -venire, -veni, -ventum

c/

• circumveni • antepono • circumspexi • circumfudit

d/

• Discipulos circum moenia circumegi.

• In triumpho, Caesar semper anteibat.

• Hanc domum circumvenimus.

• Specta, volo circumspicere.

4. Compound verbs with cum [85]

a/

commoror to tarry

consumo to use up

commoveo to stir

compello to assemble

coeo to go together

cognosco to become acquainted with

cohibeo to confine

comperio to find out

concido to perish

confiteor to confess

confligo to fight

consisto to endure

conspicio to observe

consuesco to accustom oneself

consulo to deliberate

coalesco to unite

comminor to threaten

concurro to assemble

condo to found

conficio to complete

committo to perpetrate

b/

• coerceo, coercere, coercui, coercitum

• colligo, colligere, collegi, collectum

• commuto, -are, -avi, -atum

87

• comperio, comperire, comperi, compertum

• concido, concidere, concidi (no supine)

• conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum

¯

• confligo, confligere, conflixi, conflictum

• confundo, confundere, confudi, confusus

• conicio, conicere, conieci, coniectum

• consisto, consistere, constiti, constitum

• consuesco, consuescere, consuevi, consuetum

• conveho, convehere, convexi, convectum

c/

• coeo • collegi • confecit • consensi

d/

• Milites consumpserunt omnem cibum.

• Nostri socii cito concesserunt.

• Confessus est se senatorem necavisse.

• Legiones hostium confuderunt.

5. Compound verbs with de [86]

a/

delabor to fall down

demoveo to remove

deficio to revolt

devinco to defeat completely

deprehendo to snatch

deripio to tear off

desilio to leap down

decedo to depart

depello to drive out

despicio to be inattentive

decerno to decide

dedo to give up

deicio to throw down

desino to allow

b/

• decedo, decedere, decessi, decessum

• dedo, dedere, dedidi, deditum

88

• deficio, deficere, defeci, defectum

• demo demere, dempsi, demptum

• desilio, desilere, desilui, desultum

• devinco, devincere, devinxi, devinctum

c/

• demovit • desiluit • deterrere • devinxit

d/

• Mane decedere volebamus.

• Se dederunt Romanis.

• Numquam nostros socios destituimus.

• Cum hoc vidissem, desperavi.

6. Compound verbs with e/ex [87]

a/

ementior to lie

eveho to carry out

excipio to take out

educo to lead out

efficio to complete

effundo to pour out

eicio to cast out

elabor to fall out

eripio to snatch away

evado to escape

exorior to arise

expedio to extricate

exeo to go out

exerceo to work

exigo to demand

exsisto to step out

b/

• effundo, effundere, effudi, effusum

• eripio, eripere, eripui, ereptum

• everto, evertere, everti, eversum

• exsisto, exsistere, exstiti (no supine)

• exerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitum

• exerceo, exercere, exercui, exercitum

c/ • exire • ementitur • eduxi • exsolvit • eripuerunt

89

d/

• Summa cum cura locum exploravimus.

• Existimo eum bonum senatorem esse.

• Eum e templo extraximus.

• Proditorem ex urbe expulerunt.

7. Compound verbs with in [88]

a/

insurgo to rise up

intendo to aim to

invideo to envy

impendo to expend

induco to persuade

infero to introduce

inhibeo to restrain

incido to fall in

impello to drive forward

impendeo to be imminent

incolo to dwell

inruo to rush in

impedio to hinder

inspicio to examine

insto to urge

b/

• impello, impellere, impuli, impulsum

• infero, inferre, intuli, illatum

• inhibeo, inhibere, inhibui, inhibitum

• intendo, intendere, intendi, intentum

c/ • imposuit • incoluit • invenisti • intulerunt

d/

• Nolo me tuis rebus immiscere.

• Proelium impendebat.

• Post proelium, incepimus corpora suscipere.

• Hostes urbem inflamaverunt.

8. Compound verbs with inter [89]

a/

interficio to kill

interpono to interpose

intellego to understand

intercedo to intercede

intercido to fall

intereo to die

intercludo to shut off

interdico to forbid

intersum to be between

90

b/

• intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum

• intersum, interesse, interfui (no supine)

• intereo, interire, interii, interitum

• interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum

• interdico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum / interficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum

• interdico, -dicere, -dixi, -dictum

• intereo, interire, interii, interitum

c/ • intellexi • interfecerunt • interrogaverunt • interposuit

d/

• Intellego te bonum ducem esse.

• Semper in senatu interest

• Meas litteras intercepit

• In proelio interibunt

9. Compound verbs with ob [90]

a/

obsecro to entreat

obsideo to besiege

occurro to run to meet

obeo to go to meet

obsisto to oppose

offundo to pour out

obverto to turn against

occido to kill

oblecto to delight

obruo to overwhelm

offero to present

b/

• obeo, obire, obii, obitum

• obicio, obicere, obieci, obiectum

• obsecro, -are, -avi, -atum

• obvenio, obvenire, obveni, obventum

• occurro, occurrere, occurri, occursum

91

c/

• occurri • oppresserunt • obsidebant • oblectaverunt

d/

• Mortem obiit in proelio.

• Armati officiebant nos.

• Eos obligavimus Romam ire.

• Captivi Caesarem obsecraverunt ne urbem deleret.

10. Compound verbs with per [91]

a/

pervenio to arrive

perspicio to look through

permoveo to move deeply

persolvo to pay

pervolo to desire completely

percipio to understand

perverto to destroy

permaneo to resist

pereo to die

persto to persevere

pertracto to handle

pervado to cross

perficio to complete

b/

• perficio, perficere, perfeci perfectum

• perficio, perficere, perfeci perfectum

• permuto, -are, -avi, -atum

• perverto, pervertere, perverti, perversum

c/

• Perspexi • permansit • perdidi • pertinet

d/

• Laborem perfeci.

• Milites senatores persequuntur.

• Hi nuntii me magnopere permoverunt.

• Vigil totam noctem pervigilavit.

92

11. Compound verbs with prae and praeter [92]

a/

praeripio to snatch away

praesto to stand out

praecludo to shut off

praeeo to precede

praeficio to put in command of

praemitto to send forward

praetereo to go by

praecipio to instruct

praetendo to reach out

praevideo to foresee

praebeo to offer

praemunio to fortify

b/

• praemitto, -mittere, -misi, -missum

• praecludo, -cludere, -clusi, clusum

• praepono, -ponere, -posui, -positum

• praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitum

• praesto, -stare, -stiti, -stitum

• praetereo, -ire, -ii, -itum

• praecludo, -cludere, -clusi, -clusum

c/ • praeponam • praebuit • praestat • praeripuit

d/

• Consul praecludet urbem coniuratis.

• Dux praeibat exercitui.

• Senatus praeposuit Marcum exercitui.

• Heri praeterii tuam domum.

12. Compound verbs with pro [93]

a/

proicio to throw forth

prodo to put forth

profiteor to confess

prospicio to look forward

provideo to foresee

provoco to stir up

produco to lead forward

prosum to benefit

profero to bring forth

procedo to proceed

93

b/

• prodo, prodere, prodidi, proditum

• proveho, provehere, provexi, provectum

• profiteor, profiteri, professus sum

• prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum

• prospicio, prospicere, prospexi, prospectum

• proicio, proicere, proieci, proiectum

c/ • prosunt • procedere • proscripti sunt • protulit

d/

• Pronuntiavit suum filium vicisse.

• Cladem providere non potui.

• Professi sunt se litteras misisse.

• Prosecutus sum eum usque ad ianuam.

13. Compound verbs with sub [94]

a/

subvenio to come to help

suffodio to undermine

suggero to assign

sublevo to raise up

subsisto to resist

subverto to overturn

succurro to run to help

subduco to remove secretly

subeo to approach

suscipio to take up

suspicio to admire

b/

• subdo, subdere, subdidi, subditum

• subeo, subire, subii, subitum

• subigo, subigere, subegi, subactum

• suscipio, suscipere, suscepi, susceptum

• sustineo, sustinere, sustinui, sustentum

94

c/ • subiit • subegit • suscepit • substitit

d/

• Succurri eis.

• Omnia haec munera suscipiam.

• Thesaurum subduxit.

• Iam subsistere non poterunt.

14. Compound verbs with super and trans [95]

a/

transeo to pervade

transfigo to pierce through

supersto to stand over

transveho to carry over

supersum to survive

traduco to translate

transcurro to run across

superiacio to throw over

transmitto to send over

b/

• supersto, superstare, supersteti (no supine)

• traduco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum

• transfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum

• transfigo, -figere, -fixi, -fictum

• transeo, -ire, -ii, -itum

• traicio, traicere, traieci, traiectum

c/ • traicere • superstantem • superfuerunt • transgressi sumus

d/

• Achilles scutum militis transfixit.

• Mille milites transportaverunt.

• Aestate montes transiimus.

• Per forum transcurrimus quam celeriter.

95

a) Use of cases

2.Nominative [96]

a/

• Dux - imperator - animus

• Masinissa - rex - receptus

• Castra - capta - proelium - dux - C. Herennius - deleti - clara

b/

• Caesar dux factus fuit.

• Hic vir sapientissimus putatur.

• Quid accidit?

• Pompeius, optimus dux legionum, inimicus Caesari erat.

3.Vocative [97]

a/ • mi frater • Brute • mi fili • bone serve

b/ Puer

c/

• Mi care amice, veni huc.

• Da mihi hoc, mea parva filia.

• Quinte, mi fili, lege hunc librum, quaeso.

4.Accusative [98]

a/

• castra direct object

• Te direct object of rogavit suas amicas direct object of ageres

• me direct object saucium predicative of the direct object me direct object

• quid direct object quod direct object te prepositional object id direct object

• horas duas accusative of extension

96

b/

• me direct object parentem predicative object

• hostes direct object milia tria accusative of extension castra direct object

• copias subject of infinitive milia quattuor et viginti accusative of extension

• aggerem direct object latum/pedes predicative objects pedes accusative of extension

• Hispaniam prepositional accusative legatos/litteras direct objects eos duces accusatives of extension

bellum direct object

¯

• rem incredibilem accusative exclamative

• nos prepositional accusative ambulationem postmeridianam direct object id accusative of respect

• furta / rapinas/ cupiditatem / crudelitatem / superbiam / scelus / audaciam direct objects

• vestros animos direct object studium prepositional accusative

• omne reliquum tempus direct object oblivionem/comparationem prepositional accusatives

c/

— accusative of extension: milia tria

— accusative direct object: aggerem

— accusative exclamative: rem incredibilem

— accusative subject of an infinitive: copias

— double accusative: me parentem

d/

• Murus erat octo pedes altus.

• Primum, de hoc loquar.

• Me miserum!

• Milites duas horas pugnaverunt et postea decem milia passuum ambulaverunt.

• Duco eum bonum amicum.

• Cibum Caesarem rogaverunt.

97

5.Genitive [99]

a/

• Quanti genitive of value

• deorum / omnis Italiae / illorum possessive genitives

• hostium possessive genitive

• boni partitive genitive

• militum possessive genitive consilii magni / virtutis genitive of characteristic salutis possessive genitive

b/

• capitis judicial genitive

• de(or)um hominum possessive genitive

• quanti genitive of value

• mali genitive partitive

• parvi genitive of value

• consilii partitive genitive

¯

• nostrorum oratorum genitive partitive

• aetatis / roboris genitive with quantitative adverb

• mei temporis verb with genitive

• vini genitive depending on adjective

• totius Asiae possessive genitive

• vitae superioris possessive genitive

c/

— genitive of value: quanti

— possessive genitive: de(or)um hominum

— genitive partitive: nostrorum oratorum

— adjective with genitive: vini

— judicial genitive: capitis

— verb with genitive: mei temporis

98

d/

• Habeo arcam plenam auri.

• Vidisti fratrem senatoris?

• Satis cibi habes?

• Galli necaverunt plurimos Romanorum militum.

• Mei discipuli aestimant meos libros parvi.

• Hic scriptor est homo magnae sapientiae.

6.Dative [100]

a/

• mihi dative of interest

• bello / usui double dative

• quibus / terrori double dative

• mihi dative of reference

• quaestui dative of purpose

• magno usui dative of purpose

b/

• praesidio dative of purpose

• tibi possessive dative

• tibi indirect object mihi indirect object

• Ei indirect object

• eis possessive dative

¯

• mihi agent dative

• militibus verb with dative

• tibi dative of interest

• tibi / gaudio double dative

• Patribus conscriptis / bonis omnibus verb with dative

99

¯

• senatui agent dative

• meo fratri dative of interest

• mihi possessive dative

• sibi / (ornamento / praesidio / detrimento) double dative

c/

— possessive dative: eis — dative of purpose: praesidio — dative of interest: tibi — verb with dative: bonis

omnibus — dative indirect object: mihi — dative subject of passive periphrastic: senatui

d/

• Sunt viginti equi meo fratri.

• Tres legiones praesidio castris relinquam.

• Mihi magnus orator est.

• Cicero exemplo fuit omnibus oratoribus.

• Dic ei nuntios.

• Haec urbs tibi capienda est.

7.Ablative [101]

a/

• metu agent ablative periculis prepositional ablative

• sententia prepositional ablative sua sponte ablative of manner omni supplicio ablative of separation

• culpa prepositional ablative suspicione ablative of separation

• illo gladio instrumental ablative

• nobili genere ablative of separation magna vi / ingenio malo pravoque ablatives of characteristic

• dignitate honesta / viribus firmis / magno corpore / figura venusta ablatives of characteristic

b/

• vita ablative of separation

• magno pretio, nummis aureis quadringentis ablative of price

• genere ablative of respect eodem genere prepositional ablative

• vi adverbial ablative necessitate ablative of cause

100

¯

• vi adverbial ablative dolo malo ablative of manner

• multo ablative of intensity

• his testibus verb and ablative

• hac voce verb and ablative

¯

• copiis verb and ablative Asia prepositional ablative

• salute prepositional ablative communi consilio / una mente / virtute ablative of manner

• tempestate agent ablative

• moribus suis ablative of cause vinclis prepositional ablative

c/

— adverbial ablative: vi — verb with ablative: hac voce — ablative of price: magno pretio — ablative of

separation: vita — ablative of respect: genere — instrumental ablative: illo gladio

d/

• Urbem capient aut vi aut dolo.

• Sicilia frumento abundat.

• Semper pilo utor in proelio.

• Multo melius erit si mihi veritatem dices.

• Nolo hunc vinum decem sestertiis emere.

¯

• Timore noluimus domum intrare.

• Catilina erat vir magno corpore.

• Caesar omnia adeptus est gladio.

• Quaeso, noli me cibo privare.

• Hic vir caret pecunia.

• Aeneas dea natus est.

101

b) Prepositions

2.Prepositionsofonecase [102]

a) Prepositions followed by the accusative

1/

ad Italiam to ante pugnam before apud Gallos among circum urbem around erga cives towards

¯

inter milites among ob bellum because of penes Graecos in the hands of per oppidum through post victoriam after praeter moenia along trans rivum beyond

2/

Around the camp circum castra

Beyond those mountains trans montes

Through the fields per campos

At Caesar’s house apud Caesarem

With respect to his friends erga amicos eius

Among the students inter discipulos

¯

Because of the defeat ob caedem

In the hands (power) of Octavius penes Octavium

Along the river praeter rivum

102

After Pompeius’ death post mortem Pompeii

Towards the city ad urbem

Before the war ante bellum

3/

ww ad

• ad imperatorem to the emperor

• ad te iudicem to you as judge

• ad rem to this purpose

• ad diem on the agreed day

ww ante

• ante hoc tempus before this time

• ante ludos before the games

• ante horam tertiam before the third hour

ww apud

• apud ceteros among others

• apud Pisonem at the house of Piso

• apud vos among you

ww circum

• circum civitates around the cities (states)

• circum forum around the forum

• circum iudicium around the jury

ww erga

• erga me towards me

• erga se towards him

• erga me towards me

103

ww inter

• inter periurum et mendacem between perjurous and liar

• inter omnia before everything

• inter moras meanwhile

ww ob

• quam ob rem why

• quam ob rem why

• ob eam rem because of this

ww penes

• penes principes in the power of the chieftains

• penes Athenienses in the hands of the Athenians

• penes nos in our hands

ww per

• per litteras through a letter

• per deos immortalis! by the immortal gods!

• per cinerem by the ashes - per coniugem by his wife

ww post

• post dies xxx after 30 days

• post Romam conditam after the foundation of Rome

• post mortem after the death

• post eum after him

ww praeter

• praeter libertatem except freedom

• praeter oculos in front of his eyes

• praeter te except you

104

ww trans

• trans mare beyond the sea

• trans Taurum at the other side of the Taurus

• trans Rhenum at the other side of the Rhine

4/

• ad quaesturam petendam to ask for the questorship

• per singula one by one

• inter honestos homines among honest people

• ad matrem to his mother

• ob eam ipsam causam because of this very reason

• trans Rhenum at the other side of the Rhein

5/ • per • praeter • ad • post • ante • inter

6/ • praeter • inter • post • per • apud • ad

b) Prepositions followed by the ablative

1/

a castris from

cum senatoribus with

de arce from

e senatu out of

prae timoris because of

pro pecunia in exchange for

sine amicis without

urbe tenus until

2/

Out of the building ex aedificio

With them cum eis

In front of the house pro domum

Up to that tree illa arbore tenus

105

¯

From the top of the tree de arbore

Without hope sine spe

In comparison to Caesar prae Caesarem

From the school a ludo

3/

ww a/ab

• a principio from the beginning

• a praetore (he requests) from the pretor

• a Syracusis from Syracusa

• a muliere quadam from a certain woman

• ab initio from the beginning

ww cum

• cum eo with him

• cum audacia with audacity

• bona cum venia with good will

• cum accusatore with the prosecutor

• cum praesidio with protection

ww de

• de adversis about the adverse events

• his de rebus about these things

• de rebus about (these) things

• de improviso suddenly

• de superiore coniuratione about the former conspiracy

ww e/ex

• e patrimonio out of your household

• e marmore made of marble - ex altera parte from (on) the other side

106

• e gemmis (made) of pearls

• ex Gallia out of Gaul

• ex consule from consul

ww prae

• prae maerore because of sadness

• prae lacrimis because of the tears

• prae me tuli I confessed

• prae vobis fertis you show

• prae multitudine because of the crowd

ww pro

• pro te instead of you

• pro honestate on behalf of their honesty

• pro homine miserrimo on behalf of a very miserable man

• pro patria mori to die for the fatherland

• pro viribus according to your strength

ww sine

• sine summo scelere without a capital crime

• sine ulla offensione without any offence

• sine pecunia without money

• sine cura without any worry

• sine dubio without any doubt

ww tenus

• Tauro tenus up to the mount Taurus

• pectoribus tenus up to the level of the chest

• caelo tenus up to the sky

• solo tenus to ground level

107

4/ • pro me • cum ferro • e marmore • ex ea • a me • prae metu

5/

• ex edicto • ab armis • e provincia • prae se • ex ratione • pro re • de coniuratione

• cum civibus • qua de re

6/

• a litteris • prae nobis • a metu • e gemmis

¯

• de re • ab his • de quo • a cupiditate

3.Prepositionsoftwocases [103]

a/

super mensam on (movement)

in Italia in

sub arbore under (no movement)

in castra into

super petra on (no movement)

sub pontem under (movement)

b/

sub arborem

sub tecto

super mensa

super aram

in agro

in aedificium

c/

ww in

• in civitate • In Galliam • in armis • In spem maximam • in multam noctem

108

ww sub

• sub iugum • sub septentrionibus • sub monte • sub potestatem • sub praecone

ww subter

• subter mare • subter fastigia • subter alam • subter moenia

ww super

• super legatione votiva • hac super re • super his rebus nostris • super omnia dona

d/

• in iis rebus - super eandem rationem • sub eo genere • in quo • sub oculis • sub vesperum

• in universum • in perpetuum

e/ • in Quinctium • in memoriam • in partes tres • super caput • super caput • in hanc rem • in spe

109

c) Expressions of time and place

1.Expressionsoftime [104]

a/

per tres horas during three hours

hieme in winter

aestate in summer

abhinc tribus annis three years ago

ineunte anno at the beginning of the year

totam noctem for the whole night

sub noctem at nightfall

uno tempore at the same time

omnibus annis every year

paucis post diebus after a few days

proximis diebus within the next days

die et nocte day and night

prima luce at daybreak


• Fearing death threatening at all hours

• As they fought from daybreak until the eighth hour

• So, already for four months

• twenty-two years ago

• At the beginning of the year

¯

• already for many years • for four days • at that time • for four days • At that time

c/

within the next hours proximis horis

in old age in senectute

within five hours quinque horis

on the first day primo die

during four years per quattuor annos

110

two years ago abhinc duobus annis

in summer aestate

d/

• postero die • totis noctibus diebusque • uno tempore • amplius horis quattuor • Diebus decem

• aestate

e/ • Eo anno • prima luce • Sub noctem • die et nocte • hieme • paucis post diebus

f/ • per hos annos • hoc noctis • prima vigilia • his omnibus diebus • paucis diebus

2.Expressionsofplace [105]

a/

eo loco in that place

Romae at Rome

Romam towards Rome

Athenis in Athens

Athenas towards Athens

domi at home

domum (towards) home

ruri in the country

domi militiaeque in peace and it war

apud eos among them

ad urbem towards the city

in urbem into the city

ad Caesarem towards Caesar

in Caesarem against Caesar

Tarentum towards Tarentum

Tarenti in Tarentum

ex urbe from the city

Roma from Rome

domo from home

per urbem through the city

per pontem across the bridge

ponte across the bridge


• out of the kingdom of my father

• from that town to the H.

• from their camp

• in the country

• at the other side of the Rhein and had crossed into the Noricus field

¯ • into the further Gaul and arrived at Genava

111

• in the further Gaul

• into Italy

• to him

• having fled from the battle arrive at the winter camp to the legate T. Labienus through forests

• through the middle of the enemy

c/

in Italy in Italia

in Rome Romae

to Greece ad Graeciam

to Tarentum Tarentum

into the temple in templum

from Italy ab Italia

from Rome Roma

out of the temple ex templo

at home domi

homewards domum

on the floor humi

d/ • e castris • Athenis • in aliis urbibus • in caede • domi • in mediis aedibus

e/ • ruri • domi militiaeque • domum • a proelio • Romam • domo

f/ • ruri • a Belgis • domum suam • a Garunna flumine • domo / per provinciam nostram

112

d) Regime of verbs and adjectives

2.Verbsthatruleagivencase [106]

a/

ww Verbs that rule the genitive (partial suggestions)

• I pity • I have forgotten • Who can remember • remembers himself

ww Verbs that rule the dative (partial suggestions)

• Freedom approaches us • I yielded to • I mistrusted • Strength hinders • that did not help

• he always helped

ww Verbs that rule the ablative (partial suggestions)

• That man lacks • My deed lacks • There will be no need of using • I do not use • I eat

b/

memini to remember

credo to trust

displiceo to displease

invideo to envy

misereor to pity

obliviscor to forget

faveo to favour

ignosco to forgive

impero to command

appropinquo to approach

cedo to yield

¯

noceo to harm

studeo to devote oneself to

obsto to hinder

prosum to benefit

resisto to resist

potior to obtain

utor to use

parco to spare

succurro to help

careo to lack

fruor to enjoy

persuadeo to persuade

c/

— With genitive: memini, misereor, obliviscor

— With dative: credo, displiceo, invideo, faveo, appropinquo, ignosco, cedo, impero, noceo, resisto, succurro, studeo,

obsto, prosum, parco, persuadeo

— With ablative: potior, careo, utor, fruor

113


• married another husband

• he came across two

• He hindered me with

• The state must enjoy the life

• It pleased him that

• He remembers the former times

¯

• He remembers the former events

• enjoys many types

• to marry a poor man.

• The other one performs the role of

• could not persuade these people

• I obey

¯ • He persuaded the state

• to marry no one (no other)

• This pleases

• He put T. L. as legate in command of

• resisted against

e/ • cui • gloria • victoriae • munitionibus • nostri • legi

f/ • Bonis consiliis • omnibus bonis • Legato • Carthagine • Huic homini • tibi

g/

• misereor • studere • nocuit • paruit • ignovit

¯

• imperavit • Ignoscite • invidit • nocuit • Ignosce

h/

• studuit • meminit • parcet • functus est • servire • subvenit

114

¯

• confidere • eguit • intererat • servire • studere • gratulor

3.Adjectivesfollowedbyagivencase [107]

a/

carus ei dear to it

inimicus ei hostile to it

proximus ei near to it

dignus eo worthy of it

fretus eo relying upon it

immemor eius forgetful of it

particeps eius sharing in it

avidus eius greedy for it

cupidus eius desirous of it

expers eius deprived of it

patiens eius tolerant of it

plenus eius full of it

similis ei similar to it

studiosus eius fond of it

praeditus eo endowed with it


• sharing in a very ugly

• His body was tolerant of

• friend of the

• was dear to

• was always mindful of

• Relying on your

¯ • in a place full of

• part of public decisions

• Relying on the troops

• fond of literature

• Were you not content with

• worthy of that place

115

² In all of the following exercises, remember that some adjectives may rule more than one case.

c/

• humanitatis • litterarum • pecuniae • rerum • beneficii • homini

¯

• huic dignitati • sapientiae • vini • patris • Praedae • praeda

d/

• coronae laureae • beneficio • rei militaris • divitiarum • Platonis audiendi • tui

¯

• Magno animo • tuo patre • antiquitatis • militibus • ei • eius honoris

e/

• Immemor rerum a me gestarum esse videor

• Domum similem tuae emi

• sanctissimo sacerdotio praedita

• belli gerendi

• supplicio dignus est

• Cicero non omnibus carus fuit

¯

• patientes difficilium laborum sunt

• peritissimus iuris erat

• ne se orbum liberis facerent

• adsedit proximus Laelio

• est expers periculi

• homo omnibus ornamentis praeditus

116

a) Simple clauses

1.Describingrealactions [108]


• they were fighting - they were passing - they fought - they passed

• yesterday I saw - today I have seen

• he kidnapped the girl I loved

• were (being) brought to Caesar and ambassadors were coming - were brought and ambassadors came

• When Caesar came, the Haedui were the chieftains

• when he saw his cavalry pushed back and he noticed that that the part in which me most relied was terrified, went

• turned their backs - was killed - that he had brought back from Britain - sent against - who had done

b/

• Ne spirare - real action

• Si superior - no real action (subjunctive, possible fact)

• Semper vincebat - real action

• Utinam hic esses! - no real action (subjunctive, desire)

• Huc consul praesidium imposuit - real action

• Animadverti Numidas quietos esse - real action

¯

• Quam celerrime venias - no real action (subjunctive, desire)

• Eamus hinc intro - real action (subjunctive, exhortation)

• Hortemur ut properent - no real action (subjunctive, exhortation)

• Cubitum imus - real action

• Vera dicas velim - no real action (subjunctive, desire)

¯

• Ita [est] ut dicis - real action

117

• Utinam audire non queas - no real action (subjunctive, desire)

• Ne istius quidem laudis ita sum cupidus - real action

• Di prohibeant, iudices - no real action (subjunctive, desire)

• Ne hoc in mentem veniat ! - no real action (subjunctive, desire)

2.Expressingpotentialactions [109]

a/

w Imperfect subjunctive.

w Pluperfect subjunctive.

w Present subjunctive

b/

•

Future: Divites simus omnes.

Present: Divites essemus omnes.

Past: Divites fuissemus omnes.

•

Future: Pecuniam mihi des.

Present: Pecuniam mihi dares.

Past: Pecuniam mihi dedisses.

•

Future: Domi militiaeque boni mores colantur.

Present: Domi militiaeque boni mores colerentur.

Past: Domi militiaeque boni mores culti essent.

•

Future: Magistri haec mihi dicant.

Present: Magistri haec mihi dicerent.

Past: Magistri haec mihi dixissent.

•

Future: Pompeium necare nolint.

118

Present: Pompeium necare nollent.

Past: Pompeium necare noluissent.

•

Future: Exercitum ei tradat.

Present: Exercitum ei traderet.

Past: Exercitum ei tradidisset.

•

Future: Duobus locis haud longe inter se castra faciant.

Present: Duobus locis haud longe inter se castra facerent.

Past: Duobus locis haud longe inter se castra fecissent.

c/

•

Future: Milites deleant urbem.

Present: Milites delerent urbem.

Past: Milites delevissent urbem.

•

Future: Octavia Athenas naviget.

Present: Octavia Athenas navigaret.

Past: Octavia Athenas navigavisset.

•

Future: Dicant mihi veritatem.

Present: Dicerent mihi veritatem.

Past: Dixissent mihi veritatem.

•

Future: Roma proficiscaris.

Present: Roma proficiscereris.

Past: Roma profectus esses.

•

Future: Cives templum servent.

Present: Cives templum servarent.

Past: Cives templum servavissent.

119

•

Future: Ab oppido reveniat.

Present: Ab oppido reveniret.

Past: Ab oppido revenisset.

d/

• Vellemus aliquis ex eis hoc ei dixisset.

• Erant quinque pueri quibus omnia dicere posses.

• Forsitan de hoc audias.

• Quo modo possint?

• Loquar de rebus meis?

¯

• Saltem mihi diceres ubi esset.

• Ecquis ei hoc dixisset?

• Aliquid cibi velimus.

• Nunc multam pecuniam domi haberem.

¯

• Habuissent non hostem sed amicum.

• Quid de tuo libro possim dicere?

• Putent suos cognatos tutos futuros esse?

• Velit ei cito perveniant.

3.Expressingcommandsandprohibitions [110]

a) Commands

1/ w Age w subjunctive


• Let him come • Come! • Write to us! • Let’s see • Let it be

¯

• So be it!

120

• Come on, take with you L. and S.!

• Say, dare!

• Read the statements!

• Point your eyes!

¯

• Do what you want!

• Say you are innocent!

• Give and allow!

• Come on, say!

• Give a signal!


• amittunto - sunto they must lose everything - the ship and the cargo must be

• sunto - habento They must be two - they must have

• Et loquatur et taceat et rideat He must read and keep silent and laugh.

• respuatur must be rejected

• scribito write! / he must write

• extrue build up!

4/

• Da mihi tua arma! Ut des mihi tua arma!

• Veni huc! Ut venias huc!

• Scribe plures libros! Ut scribas plures libros!

• Confice tuam operam! Ut conficias tuam operam!

¯

• Dele pontem! Ut deleas pontem!

• Curre domum! Ut curras domum!

• Pugna audaciter! Ut pugnes audaciter!

• Fuge statim! Ut fugias statim!

5/

• Fac quod mihi dixisti.

121

• Dic ei omnia.

• Duc hos milites ad castra.

• Fer hos libros ad tuas aedes, quaeso.

6/

• Perveniant utcumque velint.

• Pugnent.

• Eat Romam.

• Accipiatur haec lex, iudices.

b) Prohibitions

1/

• Noli mentiri!

• Noli dormire!

• Crede ei, maximus exercitus est, Noli eum contemnere.

• Noli tam piger esse!

• Noli putare malitiam virtutem esse.

¯

• Nolite pati eum diutius in nostra urbe manere!

• Nolite putare id quod audivistis accidere posse!

• Nolite igitur id velle quod habere non potestis.

• Ne quid, quod eis doleat, feceris.

• Cave librum aperueris.

• Cave in aedes intraveris.

2/

• Noli huc venire / Ne huc veneris / Cave venias!

• Noli loqui / Ne locutus sis / cave loquaris!

• Noli contra Gallos pugnare / Ne contra Gallos pugnaveris / Cave contra Gallos pugnes!

• Noli dormire / Ne dormiveris / Cave dormias!

122

• Noli arma in navem ponere / Ne arma in navem posueris / Cave arma in navem ponas!

• Noli captivos necare / Ne captivos necaveris / Cave captivos neces!

• Noli pecuniam amittere / Ne pecuniam amiseris / Cave pecuniam amittas!

4.Expressingwishes [111]

a/

... for the present? imperfect subjunctive

... for the future? present subjunctive

... for the past? pluperfect subjunctive

b/

• sinant - for the future

• eduxisset - for the past

• sit - for the future

• sit - for the future

• incidisset - for the past

• esset - for the present

• dicas - for the future

c/ • nolit • fecisset • sim • adsideret • potuissem • daret • meminisses (!)

d/

• Utinam hic esset!

• Utinam sit hic cras!

• Utinam hic heri fuisset!

• Utinam citius cucurrisses!

¯

• Utinam plus pecuniae haberem!

• Utinam dux fiam!

• Utinam hoc mihi diceres!

• Utinam antea perveniamus!

123

5.Askingquestions [112]

a) Yes / no questions

1/

For “no”: We start the question with Num

For “yes”: We start the question with Nonne

2/

• Nonne pensum fecistis? Ita. - Num pensum fecistis? Nullo modo.

• Nonne necaverunt Caesarem senatores? Ita. - Num necaverunt Caesarem senatores? Nullo modo.

• Nonne omnia huic dixisti? Ita. - Num omnia huic dixisti? Nullo modo.

• Nonne ludis cotidie cum amicis? Ita. - Num ludis cotidie cum amicis? Nullo modo.

• Nonne mihi favebis ut senator fiam? Ita. - Num mihi favebis ut senator fiam? Nullo modo.

• Nonne urbem delere vis? Ita. - Num urbem delere vis? Nullo modo.


• Can we

• Did this woman

• Is this one

• Didn’t my master

• Are you leading

¯

• Do you trust

• Do you want anything? without num: What do you want?

• Will you not struggle

• Did you sleep

• Don’t you understand?

• Don’t you think that

124

4/

• Num omnem vinum bibisti?

• Nonne hoc fecisti quod tibi dixi?

• Nonne tuus frater in urbe est?

• Nonne intellexisti quod magister exposuit?

• Num citius currere quam ego potestis?

b) Double questions

1/ utrum and -ne


• Don’t you see what happens or

• Will you deny the deed or

• Didn’t he want or couldn’t he

• consciously or unconsciously?

• publicly or privately?

¯

• Do you prefer to consider yourself

• Do you have a registry

• Will you ommit such a crime or

• Didn’t he want or couldn’t he

• Do we declare war

3/

• Utrum Acropolin vidisti annon?

• Utrum in Italiam ire vis an in Germaniam?

• Utrum noluisti Romam ire an non potuisti?

• Utrum tres epistulas legisti heri an solum duas?

• Bellum Carthagini indicaverunt Romanis an non?

• Utrum vis senator fieri an dux?

125

c) Partial questions

1/

• Quo nomine adjectival

• Ubi adverbial

• quot pronominal

• Quae - qualis both adjectival

• Quid pronominal Cur adverbial

¯

• Cur adverbial

• Quis pronominal Quotiens adverbial

• Quid pronominal cur adverbial

• Cur adverbial

• Cuius pronominal

2/

• Ubi eras tu?

• Quis furatus est pecuniam? Cur non dicis?

• Cuius filia hunc librum scripsit?

• Ubi eum invenisti?

• Cur? Quis hoc sivit? Cui de hoc dixisti?

¯

• Ubi necabitur Caesar?

• Quo modo ad illam urbem iter fecisti?

• Ubi cognovisti eam?

• Quot cives ierunt ad Ciceronem audiendum?

• Unde hoc intellegere potes?

• Ubi hoc audivisti? Quo modo tam cito hoc scivisti?

126

d) Deliberative questions

1/ A question in which we express some degree of uncertainlty about what to do.

2/ Subjunctive.


• What is Hortensius to do? Is he to pray for clemency

• What am I to say

• Why should I ask

• What should I say

• What am I to do?

• Where should I have heard it?

4/

• Quid facias nunc?

• Bibliotheca deleta est. Quos libros legamus?

• Quo eam?

• Quis iuvet me?

• Qua pecunia hoc emam?

6.Impersonalverbs [113]

a) Verbs of propriety

1/

necesse est it is necessary

libet it pleases

decet it is convenient

licet it is permitted

dedecet it is not convenient

praestat it is better

mos est ut it is customary that

oportet it is necessary

restat ut it just remains that


• It is not allowed for anybody (person indicated)

• It is necessary for me (person indicated)

127

• It is necessary to buy (person not indicated)

• It pleases to read (person not indicated)

• It just remains that we go (person indicated)

¯

• you can laugh (person indicated)

• we must understand (person indicated)

• you should not be (person indicated)

• is not pleasant (person not indicated)

• It is not convenient that the house (person indicated)

¯

• It is necessary that he (person indicated)

• is much better (person not indicated)

• It just remains that all (person indicated)

• It is possible to become famous (person not indicated)

3/

• Non licet ut dicam?

• Ut diceres atque enumerares causas omnis oportebat.

• Minime decet ut orator vero irascatur, non dedecet ut simulet.

4/

• Oportet te domum ire.

• Licet te domum ire.

• Dedecet te domum ire.

• Post proelium, restat ut domum eas.

• Aequum est ut domum eas.

• Necesse est ut domum eas.

128

b) Verbs of negative feeling (verba affectuum)

1/

pudet it shames taedet it bores paenitet it repents

miseret it pities piget it disgusts


• Your speech bores.

• I don’t repent of (having)

• The customs of the state disgust and

• I feel shame of

• I feel pity for

¯

• the deed disgust?

• It is shameful

• If you are tired of such

• I do not repent

• You feel sorry for

3/

• Miseret me mortis eius.

• Huius coniurationis me paenitet.

• Me taedet ludorum in Circo.

• Postea eum puduit verborum eius.

• Cassium non paenituit Caesarem necavisse.

c) Verbs of interest

1/

— If it is not a personal pronoun, it must be in genitive .

— If it is a personal pronoun, it must be in ablative .


• The farmer is interested in

• What does this concern me?

129

• It does not concern me

• It does not concern me

• This is interesting

• it is of interest

¯

• In what does it concern you?

• We are interested in

• What interest does it have

• If it does not interest you

• It is important that they are well.

• This concerns you a lot.

3/

• Tua interest me hos libros scribere.

• Mea refert ut tu hos libros emas.

• Caesaris interest scire quis exercitui praeponendus sit.

• Quid refert, si Gallos vincere non possumus?

• Hoc tua et ducis multum interest.

d) Verbs describing meteorological phenomena

1/

it rains pluit it thunders tonat it snows nivit it hails grandinat


• It does not rain

• The heaven thunders

• there are no lightnings and it thunders

• In that part in which

• Arrows were falling like snow and stones like hail.

130

3/

• Non possumus foras ire quia pluit.

• Audire potes? Tonat.

• Semper nivit in summis montibus.

e) The impersonal passive


• They fought

• They fought

• as it was heard

• People go

• because people went

2/

• Dicitur Marcellum Roma fugisse.

• Auditur Caesarem Rubiconem transisse.

• Pugnatum est sub imbre.

f) Impersonal passive and personal construction


• How many years old is she said to be?

• It is said that she acted very wisely.

• He is considered

• Aristeus is considered

• It is said that Cluentius

• It was heard that Caesar

2/

•

Impers.: Ubi dicitur Caesarem habitare?

Pers.: Ubi Caesar dicitur habitare?

131

•

Impers.: Videtur Ciceronem meliorem oratorem fuisse quam Catilinam.

Pers.: Cicero videtur melior orator fuisse quam Catilina.

•

Impers.: Dicebatur Hannibalem Romanos vicisse.

Pers.: Hannibal dicebatur Romanos vicisse.

•

Impers.: Videtur Marcum misisse epistulam.

Pers.: Marcus videtur epistulam misisse.

132

b) Subordinate clauses

1.Theconceptofconsecutio temporum [114]

a/ w 2/ subjunctive mood

b/

Primary: If the verb in the main clause is primary, the subjunctive verb in the subordinate clause must also be primary.

Secondary: If the verb in the main clause is secondary, the subjunctive verb in the subordinate clause must also be secondary.

c/


Present

primary

Perfect

pri. and sec.

Present

primary

Perfect

primary

Imperfect

secondary

Pluperfect

secondary

Imperfect

secondary

Pluperfect

secondary

Future

primary

Fut. perfect

primary

d/

• Primary: has said / Secondary: said

• Primary: has defeated / Secondary: defeated

2.Causalclauses [115]


• because he had married

• As the mountain was near

• Since you know

• As because of the poverty he could

133

¯ • as he has more power

• because you are always able

• both because it is a fair purpose and because

• As he came from Roscio’s side

¯ • but because you do not see

• As you were questor

• because they fight

• Because it is not a set right - Because it is set.

¯ • not because I enjoy bad rumours about me, but because

• since these recent examples please you

• because they perform their duty - because they avoid w ita

• because (they say that) beauty and justice w idcirco

b/

w non quo libenter male audiam - quod eum sua sponte ac per se bonitas et iustitia delectet

w Because the reason is considered unreal, alleged.

w non quo libenter male audiam, sed quia causam non libenter relinquo

c/

• Praemium tibi dabimus quod in proelio vicistis.

• Quoniam plus pecuniae accipere vis, debes plus laborare.

• Veni non quod te videre velim sed quia Caesarem audire volo.

• Damnati sunt ad mortem quod ducem necare conati sunt.

¯

• Catullus tristis erat quia Lesbia eum reliquerat.

• Admiror te non quod sis sapiens sed quia audax es.

• Cives eum laudaverunt propterea quod ponten defenderat.

• Laetus sum quod dux exercitus factus sum.

134

3.Purposeclauses [116]

w Present and imperfect subjunctive.

a) Normal construction


• so that I might announce

• In oder to leave some space (of time)

• to be able to follow

• to avoid giving a lapse to throw

• in order to join

• either to kill or to condemn

2/

• Mittam tibi pecuniam ut cibum emas.

• Laboro ut pecuniam accipiam.

• Revenerunt ut fugitivos caperent.

• Catilina Roma fugit ut Manlio se coniungeret.

• Senatores insidias paraverunt ut Caesarem necarent.

• Emo gladium ut pugnem.

• Senatores ad Pompeium ierunt ut cum eo loquerentur.

b) Construction with a comparative


• so that we might live

• in order to dine better

• in order to be able to prevent them more easily

• to keep safe more easily

• so that they may use their swords more easily

• so that you may do this more easily

135

2/

• Multum laboro quo melius vivam.

• Milites misit quo facilius pontem servaret.

• Mane eo cubitum quo postero die me melius habeam.

• Romam ibimus quo melius latine loquemur.

• Iuvenes debent multum edere quo fortiores fiant.

• Duces montem ascenderunt quo melius exercitum viderent.

c) Negative purpose clause


• so that there would be no hope

• so that they might not

• so that there might be no sign

• To prevent leaving any enemy behind

• To prevent anyone from

¯ • so that he might not be compelled

• so that our plans might not

• so that you may not see

• to prevent anybody from

2/

• Celeriter fugit ne quis eum videret.

• Illos libros delevit ne senatores umquam eos legerent.

• Te ex urbe mitto ne quid acerbum facias.

3/

• Cucurri ne hostes me caperent.

• Cucurri ne quis me caperet.

• Ianuam clauserunt ne quis eos audiret.

136

• Caesar urbem obsedit ne cives cibum reciperent.

• Eis pecuniam dedi ne quid dicerent.

• Custodias posuit dux ne obsessores urbem intrarent.

d) Other possibilities

• to go to both • in order to say • in order to resist

4.Temporalclauses [117]

a) Main temporal clauses (Temporal clauses in the indicative)

1/

cum when

dum while

simul ac as soon as

antequam before

ubi when

ut when

cum primum as soon as

priusquam before

postquam after

2/

• Postquam haec cognita sunt in senatu, …

• Ubi arbitratus sum me ad pugnam paratum esse, …

• Simul atque ex urbe fugit, …

• Ubi de Pompeii adventu Romani certiores facti sunt, …

• Hoc cum primum mihi dictum est, …

¯

• Ubi per nos certior factus est eos urbem delevisse, …

• Antequam Romam profecti sunt, …

• Ubi intelleximus frustra vicisse, …

• Simul atque hoc audiverunt, …

• Quod ubi animadverterunt, …

3/

• Donec intra moenia erant, non potuimus eos superare.

• Donec rediit, nemo de proelio locutus est.

137

• Tu, mane dum hanc epistulam conficio.

• Cum primum Romam venit, ad amicitiam Ciceronis me contuli.

• Pompeius, ubi vesperavit, milites abire iussit.

4/ He killed the children of his brother before they could receive this light from nature.

5/

• Post in navem conscendimus quam aurum abstulimus. / Post urbem reliquimus quam libros cepimus.

• Post perveni in Cariam quam tuo iussu profectus sum. / Post in Italiam venit quam Carthagine profecta est.

b) A curious use of the present indicative in past time

• Dum cum amicis nostris ludimus, magister ianuam pulsavit.

• Dum cum aliquibus loquor, repente senatorem necare conatus est.

c) Temporal clauses in subjunctive

1/

• w Before they departed from the city, …

Antequam loqui inciperet, …

• w Before many states conspired, …

Priusquam plures milites fugerent, …

• w Before he tried anything, …

Itaque priusquam hostes eum circumvenirent, currere coepit.

• Debes exercere donec hanc linguam discas.

2/ Because it is an indirect question.

5.Concessiveclauses [118]

a/ With the indicative, it is a real objection (“although”): with the subjunctive, a possible objection (“even if”).

b/ Quamquam with indicative (real), quamvis with subjunctive (possible).

a) Real objection: indicative

• Quamquam Romam venies me invito, …

• Etsi puto eum sapientissimum non esse, senatorem creabo.

138

• Tametsi magna clades nuntiata erat, …

• Quamquam haec iam facta sunt, …

• Tametsi in meis militibus multum audaciae erat, …

• Etiamsi mihi odium populi tristissimum est, …

b) Possible objection: subjunctive

• Quamvis hostes superent, eos non laudabo.

• Quamvis sapientes sint, hoc mendum facient.

• Etiamsi queraris, te ipsum accusas.

• Etiamsi hunc exercitum non haberemus, vinceremus tamen.

6.Resultclauses [119]

a/ — Currit ut hostem capiat purpose / Tantum currit ut hostem capiat result

— Multum legit ut omnia sciat purpose / Tantum legit ut omnia sciat result

b/ A harbinger (a signal word).

c/

• tantum - Non tantum pecuniae habebis ut possis hanc domum emere.

• tantum - Flumen sic latum erat ut ne fieri posset quidem ut transiremus.

• Tantum - Tantum in latitudinem patebat planities ut duae instructae legiones eam explerent.

• Tantos - Ita cito currebat miles ut volare videretur.

• tantas - Menda tanta sunt ut malo hunc librum non legere.

d/ They lack the harbinger.

• Accidit ut cives ex urbe fugerent.

• Casu accidit ut primus perveniret?

• Fit ut absint quod te videre nolunt.

• Fit ut mea soror possit hunc librum uno die legere.

• Fieri non potest ut senatus hoc decreverit, ut Octavius ex urbe expelli debeat.

e/ A certain mistress in Ephesus was so well known for her chastity that also the women from the neighbouring people

came to see her.

139

7.Conditionalclauses [120]

a/

— Indicative.

— Present subjunctive.

— Imperfect subjunctive.

— Pluperfect subjunctive.

b/

• Si ducem vidimus, fugimus.

• Si ducem videbimus, fugiemus.

• Si ducem videamus, fugiamus.

• Si ducem videremus, fugeremus.

• Si ducem vidissemus, fugeremus.

• Si ducem vidissemus, fugissemus.

c/

• open

• unfulfilled in the past

• eventual

• unfulfilled in the present

• mixed (unfulfilled in the past - unfulfilled in the present)

d/

• unfulfilled in the present Si Socrates mentiretur, ei iam non confiderm.

• open Si vis urbem capere, debes plures milites habere.

• eventual Si huc venias, tibi monstrem meam urbem.

• unfulfilled in the past Si hoc mihi dixisses, statim ivissem ad senatum.

• open Si vis vivere, aufuge nunc!

¯

• open Si tuus frater Caesarem superaverit, cives ei praemium dabunt.

140

• unfulfilled in the present Si plus exerceres, semper vinceres.

• open Si hodie pervenerit, una cenabimus.

• eventual Si senatus hoc consilium capiat, Catilina statim fugiat.

• unfulfilled in the past Si exercitus Romam pervenisset, Caesar dux factus esset.

e/

• Moriere, si open

• Rem facilius totam open

• Si debuisset unfulfilled in the past

• Si neglegentiam open

• Profecto, si quid unfulfilled in the present

¯ • Etenim si vult open

• Si, quod tu semper open

• Si enim illud unfulfilled in the present

• Quod tametsi open

• Quid faciam nunc, open

¯ • Perii, si me open

• Non edepol mixed (open - eventual)

• Dic si quid vis, open

• Quis ego sum open

• Quid si e portu open

¯

• Quid si eamus eventual

• Si primo proelio unfulfilled in the past

• Si paulum modo open

• Si ita esset, unfulfilled in the present

• Si vincimus, open

141

8.Relativeclauses [121]

a) Introduction

1/

• Where are the boys [that you have chosen as players]?

• You have forgotten all [I told you]! (relative not expressed)

• The pencil [with which you wrote the letter]? I took it, here it is.

• One needs to be an idiot, to lose the grammar [you bought yesterday]! (relative not expressed)

• I was introduced to the person [who had devised everything].

¯

• Is this the purpose, o senators, [for which we have been elected]?

• Senators [whose plan is to damage the nation] should be expelled.

• I could never live in the city [in which he lives].

• The method [I use to teach French] is really good. (relative not expressed)

• Please, take these books back to the shelf [from which you took them].

2/ b/ in gender and number

b) Simple relative sentences

1/

• Heri vidi tuum fratrem, cui consul pecuniam dedit.

• Nuper novum calamum emi, quo librum scribere cupio.

• Omnibus civibus qui fortiter pugnaverunt donum dedit senatus.

• Mihi placet in hac urbe quam Hamilcar condidit vitam agere.

• Senatores novum ducem Caesarem creaverunt, qui Gallos vicit.

• Nunc Marcum video, cuius filio grammaticam doceo.

2/

• Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres, quarum unam incolunt Belgae.

• Certe ego libertatem experiar, quae mihi a parente meo tradita est.

142

• Qui sim, ex eo cognosces quem ad te misi.

• Ceteras insulas sub Atheniensium redegit potestatem, quae Cyclades nominantur.

• Domitium proconsulem ex citeriore Hispania cum omnibus copiis quas paraverat arcessivit.

• Quinquaginta talenta civibus suis donat, quae a Pharnabazo acceperat.

• Eo tempore aeger erat vulneribus quae in oppugnando oppido acceperat.

3/

•

1- me (acc., direct object)

2- quem (acc., direct object)

3- He keeps me besieged, me, whom you put as general of the Numidae.

•

1- equitibus Hispanis (ablative, agent)

2- quos (acc., direct object)

3- Piso was killed in his province, while travelling, by the Hispanic horsemen that he had in his army.

•

1- iis finibus (ablative, circumstantial object)

2- quos (acc., direct object)

3- I have been expelled out of these boundaries that the Roman people gave to my ancestors.

¯

•

1- eas regiones (acc., direct object)

2- quibus (abl., prepositional object)

3- Then the Thraeci had those lands, with whom it was necessary to fight with weapons.

•

1- multitudinem (acc., direct object)

2- quam (acc., direct object)

3- He placed in the fields the crowd that he had brought with him.

•

1- iis artibus (ablative, instrumental)

143

2- quibus (ablative, instrumental)

3- The empire is easily kept with these methods with which it was produced in the beginning.

¯

•

1- litteras (acc., direct object)

2- quas (acc., subject of infinitive clause) - quibus (ablative, prepositional object)

3- After a few days, the senator L. S. recited in the senate the letter that he said that had been brought to him, in which

it was written that C. M. had taken the weapons with a large crowd.

•

1- Fulvius (nom., subject)

2- quem (acc., subject of infinitive clause)

3- Among them there was Fulvius, whom his father ordered to be called back from the journey and killed.

•

1- homines (nom., subject)

2- quibus (dative, indirect object as possessive dative)

3- After those men, who had all defects aboundantly but neither any possession nor any hope, accepted this, …

¯

•

1- custodes (acc., direct object)

2- quos (acc., direct object) - quibus (dative, indirect object)

3- While he was away, he left as guardians of that bridge the chieftains that he had brought with him from Ionia and

Aeolia, to whom he had given permanent command of a city to each one.

•

1- proeliis (ablative, circumstancial object) - naves (acc., direct object)

2- quibus (prepositional object) - quae (nom., subject)

3- They had been defeated in fice battles on land and three in the sea, in which they had lost 200 triremes, which,

captured, had fallen into the enemy’s power.

144

c) Special uses of the relative

1/ Connective relative


• After this was known

• Among them there was M. S.

• After they were approaching

• It seems to me that, for them

• If I achieve it

b/

• A patre exheredatus est. Quae contumelia non fregit eum, sed erexit.

• Multa delicate iocoseque fecit: Quae referremus, nisi maiora potiora haberemus.

• Is uxorem Acarnanam civem duxit, ex qua natus est Themistocles. Qui a patre exheredatus est.

• Postquam eum cum magna pecunia venisse senserunt, insidias fecerunt: Qui ea quae apportarat abstulerunt.

• Quae gens iacet supra Ciliciam, confinis Cappadociae.

• Qui cum ad flumen Ligerim venissent, ...

• Quibus rebus Caesar vehementer commotus maturandum sibi existimavit.

2/ Relative of characteristic


• There were some who thought

• Nothing that you may not desire

• There were those who believed

• and all those who might take weapons

w That there were really some people who could take weapons, a concrete number of people.

• those who might be useless

w That there are really some people who are useless, a concrete number of people.

• To those who would be the first

w That the action of climbing the wall had already taken place.

145

b/ • studeret • putent • possent • pateat • traderent

c/

• Ille homo non est gladiator qui delectationis causa necet.

• Sunt qui hunc librum oderint.

• Quis est qui periculum non sentiat?

3/ Relative of purpose


• in order to consult

• in order to decide it

• In order to perform these duties

• so that they might go up and down

• in orer to slow down our attack

• in order to instruct him

b/

• qui loci naturam perspiciat

in order to check the nature of the place.

• qui primum impetum sustineant

so that they might resist the first attack.

• qui societatem conubiumque novo populo peterent

in order to ask for alliances and right of marriage with the new people.

• qui omnes eos proficisci ante noctem iuberent

to order all of them to depart before night.

• qui locum idoneum castris deligant

to choose ad adequate place for the camp.

c/

• Mittam ad te aliquem meorum amicorum qui pecuniam tibi det.

• Senatus clarum virum ducem fecit qui exercitum contra Gallos duceret.

146

4/ Lack of antecedent


• those who have no possessions

• Those who were in the fleet

• he sent those whom he had called

• they organised those things that seemed suitable

• He received into safety those who had gone forward

b/ • ei qui • ea quae • ei quos • ei qui • ei qui

5/ Inclusion of the antecedent in the relative clause

a/

• quibus itineribus

• quibus rebus possent

• quae manus

• Quae omnis pecunia

• Qua victoria

b/

• Multis locis Germaniae triennium vagati ad Rhenum pervenerunt, regionibus quas Menapii incolebant.

• Iter in ea loca facere coepit, in quibus esse Germanos audiebat.

• Non longe a Tolosatium finibus absunt, civitate quae est in provincia.

• Muros quos avus Conon ex hostium praeda patriae restituerat, eosdem nepos cum summa ignominia familiae ex sua

re familiari reficere coactus est.

• Sive casu sive consilio deorum immortalium, pars civitatis Helvetiae quae insignem calamitatem populo Romano

intulerat, ea princeps poenas persolvit.

9.Comparativeclauses [122]

a) First type: Comparing through correlatives


• as he dedicated so much effort to the administration of his household as was expected in a

• he protected as much as he could

147

• as much as we can

• as many times as each cohort made a rush

¯

• Our people killed as large an amount of them as the length of the day allowed.

• After following for as much space as they could

• Hannibal was as much ahead of the other commanders as the Roman people is ahead

• the Syracusans hated nobody as much as this one

2/

• quotiens enim dicimus, totiens de nobis

• qui sunt tales qualis pater tuus

• Tales oratores videri facit, quales ipsi

• Tot quot digiti

• me totiens accipere tuas litteras quotiens a Quinto

• debentur talenta tot , quot ego

b) Second type: “The more…, the more…”

1/

• Quanto ditior erat, tanto plures libros emebat.

• Quo fortior hic gladiator est, eo plures hostes superat.


• the more hidden it is, the more evident it becomes

• the more effort they put in hidding it, the more it goes out

• the more power they have, so much less must they show it off

c) Third type: Comparing two events through other ways

1/

• Ut videre potes, …

• Ut constitutum erat, ad urbem ierunt.

148

• Ut praeceptum erat, Galliam invaserunt.

• Omnes captivi, ut in eo bello accidere solebat, missi sunt Romam.

2/

• In senatum ibo, tamquam si Caesarem videre velim.

• Occulta hoc tuo fratri, tamquam si quid grave sit.

• Plus pecuniae accepi quam si Caesar mihi suas divitias dedisset.

d) Fourth type: Comparing through idem

• Prudens idem ac acer ille senator est.

• In senatu idem ac tu dicam.

• Imperator Nero idem ac Caligula fecit.

• Cui hoc dedisti? Eidem qui hic aderat heri.

• Si senatui adfuissem, audivissem eandem orationem quam tu audivisti.

10.Fearclauses [123]

a/

• Vereor ut prudens sit veritatem ei dicere.

• Verentur ne veniat nemo salvus e proelio.

• Timebam ut hoc impetrarent.

• Timeo ne incipiat facinora committere.

• Metuimus ne fugerent.

b/

• Metuebam ne mixtum vinum biberem.

• Non metuebam ne quisquam inveniret.

• Metuebam ne vexeretur Epirus.

c/

• An timent ne tot unum superare non possint?

• Id ne accidat timeo.

• Veritus ex anni tempore et inopia aquae, ne siti conficiatur exercitus, Rutilium legatum cum parte equitum

praemittit ad flumen.

149

11.Indefiniteclauses [124]

a) Indefinite clauses of repeated action

1/

• Hic cum venerat extra ordinem vocabatur.

• Cum venerat calamitas, tum detrimentum accipiebatur.

2/

• Cato ille noster, cum venit ad se in Sabinos, ut ex ipso audimus, visere solet …

• Quaecumque navis ex Asia, quae ex Syria, quae Tyro, quae Alexandria venit, statim custodibus tenetur.

b) Indefinite clauses of single action (“ever” clauses)


• those whomever he considered adequate

• wherever it may please us to go

• whichever cities and fields had captured

• wherever he had gone to

• wherever grace, fear and passion had corrupted

• for whomever in his state there is a place

2/

• quocumque modo ages

• quotienscumque in causa

• quemcumque equitem Romanum

• ubicumque hoc factum est

• quotienscumque dico

• quemcumque rogaveris

12.Provisoclauses [125]


• As long as you tell me

• As long as they may achieve

150

• as loong as you give me

• As long as you obey

b/

• Dummodo superem pugnando

• dummodo non sit amor

• Dummodo hac moriar manu

• dummodo sequaris

• dummodo nil recites

• dum modo eat in exsilium

• dum metuant

c/ The lack of verb.

13.Quominusandquinclauses [126]

a) Expressions of doubt

1/ w b/ is negative


• there was no doubt that the Helvetians

• there is a suspicion that he himself

• he thought he did not have to hesitate to fight

• Is there any doubt that they offered

• nobody doubted that she

• nobody doubts that that same emperor

• is there any doubt that this recusation

w Because there is a negative sense implicit (the expected answer is “no”).

3/

• Non dubio quin cras victura sit.

• Non dubitabant quin pervenisses.

• Quis dubitare potest quin Vergilius magnus poeta sit?

151

4/

• Tametsi nullus in te sensus humanitatis, nulla ratio umquam fuit religionis, nunc tamen in metu periculoque tuo

tuorum tibi scelerum venit in mentem.

• Istum fortuna non tam ex illo periculo eripere voluit quam ad vestrum iudicium reservare.

• Multo maius est novam [columnam] facere.

• Ita est.

• Illa damnatio cum causa Cluenti vestroque iudicio coniuncta esse potest.

b) Expressions of prevention

1/ w quominus - ne w quominus - quin

2/

• Hoc impediet quominus eam hodie in senatum.

• Nihil impedit quin adsis senatui.

• Mors Caesaris impedivit ne dux fierem.

• Nemo impediebat quominus loquerer populo.


• Is there any reason that you do not go out (the sense of “nothing prevents that” is implicit)

• S. N. deters the man from

4/

• Non ea res me deterruit quo minus / quin

• Ne a C. Rusio quidem accusatore deterreri potuit quominus / quin

• Si etiam bonus erit vir, ne impediant divitiae quominus / quin

• Confessus est neque recusavit quominus / quin

¯ • Neque exercitus neque moenia obstant, quominus / quin

• Deterrere eum voluit quominus / ne

• Non veto quominus / quin

• Haec, Lucili virorum optime, quominus / quin

152

14.Summaryoftheusesofcum [127]

a) With indicative


• if I had not been consul when I was

• neither when she was dressed with a purple tunic

• whenever he comes

• When disgrace comes

• when you come

• when fear comes

¯ • when it comes to the middle space between

• except when they have won

• when the war with the Sabini fell upon

• When Arete heard this

• when I heard that you

• when they were fighting with the utmost intensity

2/ Muro quoque lapideo circumdare urbem parabat cum Sabinum bellum coeptis intervenit.

b) With subjunctive

1/

Present Concessive

Causal

Perfect Concessive

Causal

Imperfect Concessive

Historic cum

Pluperfect Concessive

Historic cum

153


• After they had left our ships

• After she had buried

• When it was announced to Caesar

• As they could not persuade them

• As they could not defend

• when Naevius was present

3/

• Ad hoc consilium cum plerique accederent

• Huius cum sententiam plurimi essent secuti

• cum ex Europa in Asiam [had returned] redisset

• Cum ipse pro se dicere non posset

• cum fama in Graeciam esset perlata

• cum ille esset in Phrygia

4/

• Cum praedam ex agris agerent

• cum fluitantem alveum, quo expositi erant pueri, tenuis in sicco aqua destituisset

• Cum populum in curias triginta divideret

• Cum in magna gloria tota res Romana esset

• cum hostem effugissent

5/

• Cum omnes homines necavissent, omnem pecuniam rapuerunt.

• Cum e castris efugissem, aliis militibus occurri.

• Cum magister nulla iussa dedisset, discipuli nihil fecerunt.

• Cum sapientissime locutus sit, tamen nemini persuasit.

• Cum sapientissime locutus sit, omnibus persuasit.

• Cum Orbilius Romae magister esset, Horatius didicit poemata Homeri.

154

15.Summaryoftheusesofut [128]

a) With the indicative (partial suggestions)

• as it is said

• as he says

• when he heard that A.

• as I said

• as i said

• when he came to Rome

¯

• as his dignity requires

• as you say

• as you say

• as you yourself say

• when he came back to Rome

• as S. N. was

b) With the subjunctive

1/ like/as (comparative), that (result), so that (purpose), altough (concessive), that (completive)


• it happens that the Athenians

• the Pythia ordered that

• he requires that

• in order to announce that

¯

• It happened that

• in order to attack the islands

• he persuaded the people that with that money

• the Pythia answered that they should defend - advice from Apollo, that they should embark

155


• I will make you understand that

• so that I may ommit other things

• so that you may win

• It can’t be that

• H. encourages you to go

• so that you may always be able - so that I may be able today

4/

• Fieri non potest ut semper auxilium ab eo poscamus.

• Misi filium ad urbem ut cibum emeret.

• Ei pareo ut duci parerem.

• Senatores faciant ut salvi urbem relinquamus.

• Tam celeriter curro ut nemo me vincat.

16.Completivequod clauses [129]


• to accuse him, that he had made - explanation of the accusation

• It happened, that suddenly - explanation of the subject “hoc”

• to accuse him, that he had tried - explanation of the accusation

• because of this reason, that you fought - explanation of the circumstantial object “hac causa”

• it helped a lot that they - subject of “adiuvabat”

• the fact that you are here - explanation of the subject “hoc”

• that noobody saw you - explanation of “hoc” (which is the subject of the infinitive)

2/

• Hoc, quod Caesar hic adest, senatoribus placebit.

• Hoc odi, quod semper sero pervenis.

• Aliquid maximi momenti accidit, quod Cicero eum accusavit.

• Hac de causa veni, quod aegrotas.

156

c) Infinitive clauses

1.Generalprinciples [130]

a) The use of the infinitive

1/ a/ a noun

2/

• Running is good for your health.

• Please, stop shouting!

• I prefer reading than going to the Colosseum.

3/ dicere, conqueri, vociferari, posse, ferre, posse, perferre, opprimi, abicere, deponere

b) Infinitive clauses

•

Infinitive: vincere - vinci Role: direct objects (of possumus)

Words that depend on it: sine tuo periculo

Translation: We can neither conquer not be conquered without you being in danger.

•

Infinitive: facere - dicere - laudari - narrare Role: all direct objects (of malebat)

Words that depend on it: (on laudari) sua bene facta, (on narrare) aliorum

Translation: The best ones preferred to act than to speak, preferred that their exploits be praised by others than they themselves narrate those of others.

•

Infinitive: servire - imperare Role: complementary object (of parati estis)

Words that depend on it: none

Translation: You are more prepared to serve than to command.

157

¯

•

Infinitive: polliceri Role: complementary object (of coepit)

Words that depend on it: maria montisque

Translation: Suddenly, boasting, he began to promise seas and mountains (the earth).

•

Infinitive: vexare Role: complementary object (of soliti erant)

Words that depend on it: rem publicam

Translation: The used to offend the state.

•

Infinitive: dicere Role: subject (of licebit)

Words that depend on it: ne illud quidem

Translation: Not only you will not say it, but you will not even be allowed to say it.

¯

•

Infinitive: iugulari Role: subject (of est)

Words that depend on it: a forti atque honesto viro

Translation: It is fatal to be slaughtered by a strong and honest man.

•

Infinitive: postulare Role: complementary object (of coepit)

Words that depend on it: voce supplici

Translation: He started to beg with a suppliant voice, lest they might believe anything about him rashly.

•

Infinitive: facere - dicere - fieri Role: facere: subject of the first est; dicere: subject of the second est; fieri: subject of licet

Words that depend on it: (on facere) bene - rei publicae; (on dicere) bene; (on fieri) clarum

Translation: To benefit the state is right, also to speak well about it is not pointless; both in peace and in war it is right to become illustrious.

¯

158

•

Infinitive: vivere - frui Role: complementary objects (of videtur)

Words that depend on it: (on frui) anima

Translation: Finally, he who tries to obtain fame of an illustrious fact or of good practices seems to me to live and to enjoy his soul.

•

Infinitive: perire Role: subject (of conceditur)

Words that depend on it: tacite obscureque

Translation: Not even to die in silence and discreetly is concede to him.

•

Infinitive: defendere Role: subject (of est)


Translation: They defend S. N., if this is defending.

¯ •

Infinitive: agere Role: subject (of licuit)

Words that depend on it: cum summa turpitudine in exilio aetatem

Translation: You were allowed to spend your life in exile in total shame.

•

Infinitive: possidere Role: subject (of liceat)

Words that depend on it: bona

Translation: He requests from the pretor B. that according to the edict it be allowed to have possessions.

•

Infinitive: absolvi - condemnari Role: subjects (of both verbs potest)


Translation: An innocent man, if he is accused, can be acquitted; a guilty man, if he has not been accused, can’t be condemned.

159

c) Indirect statement

1/

• Cicero putat Pompeium Romam ire.

• Marcus dicit patrem domi cenare.

• Claudia dicit Cassium et Brutum Roma fugere.

• Magister putat discipulos litteras legere.

• Caesar dicit Ariovistum Galliam regere.


• I think that there is

• You see that the trial is

• proved that the fear was false

• I say that it is proper of

• They proved that it was necessary

• is also unfair against Naevius?

3/

• Infinitive clause: In te satis esse animi perseverantiaeque

Direct statement: In te satis est animi perseverantiaeque.

• Infinitive clause: Iudicium esse non de re pecuniaria, sed de fama fortunisque P. Quincti

Direct statement: Iudicium est non de re pecuniaria, sed de fama fortunisque P. Quincti.

• Infinitive clause: falsum pavorem esse

Direct statement: Falsus pavor est.

• Infinitive clause: senatoris esse boni semper in senatum venire

Direct statement: Senatoris est boni semper in senatum venire.

• Infinitive clause: de re iudicium fieri oportere

Direct statement: De re iudicium fieri oportet.

• Infinitive clause: quod aequum sit in Quinctium, id iniquum esse in Naevium

Direct statement: Quod aequum sit in Quinctium, id iniquum esse in Naevium.

160

d) An unexpected agreement

• Necesse erat Caesarem in proelio audacem esse / Necesse erat Caesari in proelio audaci esse.

• Licebat me in senatu iratum esse et Catilinam accusare / Licebat mihi in senatu irato esse et Catilinam accusare.

2.Whattenseoftheinfinitive? [131]

a/

•

New: Cicero putabat Pompeium Romam ire.

Transl.: that Pompeius was going to Rome

•

New: Marcus dicebat patrem domi cenare.

Transl.: that the father was having dinner

•

New: Claudia dicebat Cassium et Brutum Roma fugere.

Transl.: that C. and B. were fleeing from Rome.

•

New: Magister putabat discipuli litteras legere.

Transl.: that the students were reading the letter.

•

New: Caesar dicebat Ariovistum Galliam regere.

Transl.: that A. ruled the Gaul.

b/

•

New: Cicero putabat Pompeium Romam iturum esse.

Transl.: that P. would go to Rome.

•

New: Marcus dicebat patrem domi cenaturum esse.

Transl.: that the father would have dinner at home.

•

161

New: Claudia dicebat Cassium et Brutum Roma fugituros esse.

Transl.: that C. and B. would flee from Rome.

•

New: Magister putabat discipulos litteras lecturos esse.

Transl.: that the students would read the letter.

•

New: Caesar dicebat Ariovistum Galliam recturum esse.

Transl.: that A. would rule the Gaul.

c/

•

New: Cicero putabat Pompeium Romam ivisse.

Transl.: that P. had gone to Rome

•

New: Marcus dicebat patrem domi cenavisse.

Transl.: that the father had had dinner at home.

•

New: Claudia dicebat Cassium et Brutum Roma fugisse.

Transl.: that C. and B. had fled from Rome.

•

New: Magister putabat discipulos litteras legisse.

Transl.: that the students had read the letter.

•

New: Caesar dicebat Ariovistum Galliam rexisse.

Transl.: that A. had ruled the Gaul.

d/

• Puto magistrum librum scribere.

• Puto magistrum librum scripsisse.

• Puto magistrum librum scripturum esse.

• Putabam magistrum librum scribere.

162

• Putabam magistrum librum scripsisse.

• Putabam magistrum librum scripturum esse.


• that the mount was held by his men and that the H. had moved

• that most wrote so, that T. crossed

• that he had come and had sent

• that you have been moved

• that I had to say thank you

¯

• that he was his secretary.

• that there was no reason, that you could not, that you did not possess

• that you had conceded

• that I had sent to him

• that our ancestors made the state

• that Sopater was going to be absolved

f/

•

Infinitive clause: inimicum mihi fuisse

Direct statement: Inimicus mihi fuit.

•

Infinitive clause: multos mihi alios esse vincendos

Direct statement: Multi mihi alii vincendi sunt.

•

Infinitive clause: mihi cum illis una esse redeundum

Direct statement: Mihi cum illis una redeundum est.

¯ •

Infinitive clause: nullis hominibus quemquam tanto odio quanto istum Syracusanis et esse et fuisse

Direct statement: Nullis hominibus quisquam tanto odio quanto iste Syracusanis et est et fuit.

163

•

Infinitive clause: se beneficos in suos amicos visum iri

Direct statement: Nos beneficii in nostros amicos videbimur.

•

Infinitive clause: hunc infestum aut inimicum fuisse

Direct statement: Hic infestus aut inimicus fuit.

g/

• consumptum iri • divisam esse • petivisse • fuisse • misisse • pervenisse

h/

• te - absolutum esse

• rem Romanam - crevisse

• cives Romanos - necatos esse

• Brutum - visum iri

• Exercitus maximos - fugatos esse

• te - possedisse

i/

• Interfectum esse M. Aurium nuntiant.

• Hoc concedas necesse est, ita te caecum cupiditate et avaritia fuisse.

• Praetorem commovisse ex eo loco castra senserunt.

• Quem locum Graeciae non direptum iri putas?

• Dic nunc, si potes, Cluvium mentitum esse!

3.Wherethereisnochangeofsubject [132]

a/

• Puto bonus civis esse.

• Putas bonus civis esse.

• Putat bonus civis esse.

164

b/

• Puto me bonum civem esse.

• Putas te bonum civem esse.

• Putat se bonum civem esse.

c/

• Iudicavi mihi pecuniam non deberi.

• Me similem esse Catilinae gloriari soleo.

• Angustos nos fines habere arbitrabamur.

• Totius Galliae nos potiri posse speramus.

• Ubi iam nos ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sumus, …

• Spero absolutum iri.

d/

• Sperabat propediem se magnas copias habiturum esse.

• Catilina credebat se posse servitia urbana sollicitare.

• Se aedilitatem petere et invidiam timere dicebat.

• Non nulli propter timorem, quod se in senatu tuto non esse arbitrabantur, discesserunt.

• Pericles Ephesius, homo nobilissimus, Romam evocatus est, quod auctor illius iniuriae fuisse arguebatur.

• A quibus ille se lapidibus percussum esse dixit?

4.Historicalinfinitive [133]

a/

• vastare - agere - augere

• appellare - hortari - temptare - docere

• agitare - parare - portare

• sollicitare

• facere - movere - dare

b/ Dum Cicero Romae erat, Catilina commeatus colligere, milites hortari, arma parare, nuntios mittere, inimicos necare,

dona amicis dare, omnia inspicere.

165

5.Exclamatoryinfinitive [134]

a/

• Aediliciam praetextam togam, quam frustra confeceras, vendidisti!

• Ludibrio est urbis gloria, populi Romani nomen!

• In portu Syracusano triumphum agit pirata!

• Cedit e patria servator eius, manent in patria perditores!

b/

• Me hoc audire!

• Te tuum fratrem necavisse!

• Caesarem ipsum in proelio pugnare!

166

d) Participle clauses

1.Generalprinciples [135]

a/ w 2 / as an adjective

b/

• I saw her swimming (not the only option)

• reading a book.

• writing her dissertation.

c/ Cogitanti - repetenti - gestarum - repetenda - explicata - praeditos - intuenti - quaerendum - visum - excellentis

d/

• pugnantem • deletae • conficienda • videnti

¯

• scripturorum • docentes • invasurum • electis • expulso

2.Theparticipleisimpersonal [136]

a/

• Sub arbore sedens, me vidit Romam euntem.

• Sub arbore sedens, te vidi Romam euntem.

• Sub arbore sedens, eam vidisti Romam euntem.

b/ Because the participle is impersonal, and in these three cases it always agrees with an accusative singular.

3.Thetemporalcorrelation [137]

a) Use of the present participle

1/

• Cives oratorem audientes mirantur.

• Magister loquens docet.

167

• Audi quid dicat Epicurus moriens.

• Crassicius, Mustela, Tiro gladios ostentantes greges ducebant per forum.

• Catilina in confertissumos hostis incurrit ibique pgnans confoditur.

• Ille lacrimans ipsius Sex. Naevi manum prehendit.

2/

• sedentem • dormientem • maturantes • pugnantes • rediens • regnantem

3/

• Cotidie loquor cum discipulis linguam Latinam in ludo discentibus.

• Postea videbo amicum meum librum de Italia scribentem.

• Hoc dedi senatori multos filios habenti.

• Video domum fratris in agros laborantis.

• Cicero Catilinae coniurationem paranti non favet.

4/ • proficiscor • cohortor • furo - anhelo - molior - minitor • pugno • litigo

b) Use of the future participle

1/

• Gladiatores morituri Caesarem salutant.

• Libros do discipulis lecturis.

• Caesar hortatur milites pugnaturos.

• Video fratrem oratoris contionem habituri.

• Cicero loquitur cum senatoribus Catilinam ex urbe expulsuris.

2/ • oppugnaturi • expugnaturi • dicturos • futuris

w The first and the second (oppugnaturi and expugnaturi).

c) Use of the perfect (also called past ) participle

1/

• Hoc legi in libro a Cicerone scripto.

• Tuam epistulam mihi missam heri accepi.

168

• Hic miles necatus est hasta ab hoste iacta.

• Ego poto vinum a domino mihi praebitum.

• Heri cum consulibus a civibus expulsis locutus sum.

2/

• perculsi • exercitatus - versatus • Conturbatus • liberatus • vexatus - iactatus

¯

• solutus • damnatus • paratum - instructum • implicatam

¯

• spectatam - cognitam • auctam - ornatam • relatam • exornatas

3/

• comparo • iudico • do • vasto - desero • cognosco - probo

4.Participleasaverb [138]

a/

ê Sentences with a present participle:

• Cn. Pompei bella, victorias, triumphos, dum admirabamus numerabamus.

• Placet igitur mihi, patres conscripti, eis qui una cum pugnarent occiderint monumentum fieri quam amplissimum.

• Una fingendi est ars, in qua ei qui praestabant fuerunt Myro, Polyclitus, Lysippus, qui omnes inter se dissimiles fuerunt.

• Apud Xenophontem autem cum moreretur Cyrus maior haec dicit.

• Cum bonum publicum simularent pro sua quisque potentia certabant.

ê Sentences with a perfect participle:

• Iubet me scyphos qui sigillati erant ad praetorem statim adferre.

• Ei denique qui tum postquam arma cepissent dies noctesque concursabant, …

• Nunc ei quos populaverunt et vexaverunt cuncti ad me publice saepe venerunt.

• Diffidebam satis animo certo, animo qui confirmatus erat, me posse in hac causa consistere.

• Antequam Carthaginem deleta esset populus et senatus Romanus placide modesteque inter se rem publicam tractabant.

169

b/

• Pueri a te docti multa sciunt.

• Nos, veram causam belli scientes, pugnare nolumus.

• Urbem captam delevimus.

• Venimus pugnaturi.

• Multi cives Caesarem necatum laudaverunt.

• Tiberius moriens suis militibus multa dixit.

• Hoc donum tibi ab omnibus amato do.

5.Participleasanoun [139]

a/

• In senatu audivi de rebus quae factae sunt.

• Ei qui scribunt semper multum laborant.

• Necesse est iuvare eos qui laborant.

• Da hoc, quaeso, eis qui veniunt.

• Ei qui fugiunt numquam laudantur.

b/

• Odi eos semper loquentes in senatu.

• Necati in proelio vero audaces erant.

• Omnes audiverunt de factis Caesaris.

• Epistulam scribentibus nuntios dixi.

• Habes libros docenti in hoc ludo?

6.Theablativeabsolute [140]

a) Normal use

1/

• Ponte deleto

• Magistro in ludo laborante

• Pecunia accepta

170

• Proelio perfecto

• Me patrem adiuvante

2/ • interiectis • orta • diviso • accepta • occiso • deletis

3/

• cum exercitus deleti essent

• postquam tot milia civium Romanorum uno nuntio atque uno tempore necati sunt

• cum magnum iter confecisset

• quamquam pauci defendebant

• cum dux hostium ocissus esset

¯

• postquam obsides accepti sunt primi civitatis atque ipsius Galbae regis duo filii armaque omnia ex oppido tradita sunt

• cum hi traditi essent omniaque arma ex oppido collata essent

• Cum Germanicum bellum confecisset

• Postquam Hamilcar ocissus esset.

• Cum equitatum praemisisset

b) The type Cicerone consule

1/ • Me consule • Te duce • Te magistro • Tarquinio rege • Germanico praetore

2/

• me consule > dum ego consul sim

• te consule > cum tu consul esses

• te praetore > cum tu praetor esses

• te consule > cum tu consul esses

• L. Octavio et C. Cottae consulibus > Cum L. Octavius et C. Cotta consules essent

3/

• infectis rebus

• P. Popilio atque P. Rupilio consulibus

171

• te praetore

• duce C. Trebonio equite Romano

c) Reasons for its abundance

1/

• Epistula scripta, senator Romam reliquit.

• Fratre necato, Romulus urbem condidit.

• Victoria nuntiata, ad senatum iit.

• Libro lecto, puer ad amicos iit.

2/

• Milites hortatus, dux iussa dedit.

• Discipulis locutus, magister ex aedificio exiit.

• Equites progressi hostes viderunt.

3/

Because the verbs of the first group are active verbs and there is no perfect active participle in Latin, while the verbs of the second group are deponent and their perfect passive participle has active meaning.

d) Common expressions

• Imperatore absente

• His Caesari nuntiatis

• te absente

• His nuntiatis

¯

• Hoc proelio facto

• Impetu facto

• me absente

• proelio levi facto

172

e) Indirect speech

2.Indirectstatementclauses [141]

a) Main concept

1/

• Magistra dicit puerum esse in foro.

• Magistra dicit patrem emere multos libros.

• Magistra dicit matrem cum consule loqui.

• Magistra dicit Octaviam ad ludum currere.

• Magistra dicit hanc urbem a Romulo conditam esse.

2/

• Magistra dicit Antonium in proelio Catilinam vicisse.

• Magistra dicit te librum scripsisse.

• Magistra dicit me heri in circo fuisse.

• Magistra dicit meam sororem Romam ivisse.

• Magistra dicit nos oratorem in senatu audivisse.

3/

• Magistra dicit me cras Romam ituram esse.

• Magistra dicit te magnum oratorem futurum esse.

• Magistra dicit me pecuniam inventurum esse et tibi daturum esse.

• Magistra dicit me ad Graeciam navigaturam esse.

• Magistra dicit Gallos urbem capturos esse.

173

4/

• Magistra dixit me ad Graeciam navigaturum esse. / would sail

• Magistra dixit hanc urbem a Romulo conditam esse. / had been founded

• Magistra dixit Antonium in proelio Catilinam vicisse. / had defeated


• that he had never been

• that a Roman citizen had been hit

• that many R. citizens had been punished

• that he was waiting for

• that he praised

• that they had come

6/

• exisse

• futurum esse / fore

• praetergressum esse

• carere - habere (not “esse”!)

• factam esse

• mirari

7/

• Tu negabis.

• De hisce omnibus rebus me dicere oportet.

• Proditori credendum est.

• Ille impunius id faciet.

• Haec vobis in mentem veniunt.

• Tu edicta superiorum omnium correxisti.

• Haec omnia facta sunt.

174

c) Negative statement

1/

• Non dico te heri hic fuisse. / Nego te heri hic fuisse.

• Caesar non dixit Pompeium fugere velle. / Caesar negat Pompeium fugere velle.

• Uxor eius non dixit se hunc librum legisse. / Uxor eius negat se hunc librum legisse.

• Discipuli non dicunt se domum ire velle. / Discipuli negant se domum ire velle.


• I say that this adoption was not made

• I say that I do not trust

• I say that I can’t

• He said that it was not customary among Greeks

• He said that there was nobody

• He said that he had never take any loan

3/

• A privato pecuniam in provincia praetorem petere non oportet.

• Ille triumphi cupidus numquam fuit.

• Domi non est.

• Nescio.

• Non potuisti ad me scribere.

• Puto illa esse vera.

d) Verbs that can be followed by an indirect statement

• Arbitratus sum te hunc librum legere.

• Cognovi te hunc librum lecturum esse.

• Credidi te hunc librum legisse.

• Intellexi magistram Romam ire.

• Ratus sum magistram Romam ivisse.

• Scivi magistram Romam ituram esse.

175

3.Indirectcommandclauses [142]

a) Indirect commands

1/

hortor hortatus sum

impero imperavi

moneo monui

oro oravi

persuadeo persuasi

rogo rogavi

w impero - persuadeo

2/

• Cicero persuasit senatui ut contra Catilinam pugnaret.

• Magister imperabit discipulis ut omnia discant.

• Dux orat captivos ut arma tradant.

• Claudia hortatur filium ut in forum eat.

• Hostes monent cives ut portas urbis aperiant.

• Caesar rogavit suos ut hostibus parcerent.


• to encourage her not to

• you not to omit

• that he stops

• ordered (them) to send

• asked Socrates to

• I advised the king to use

• He encourages (him) to

4/

• Imperavit ut ignis ex lignis viridibus atque umidis in loco angusto fieret.

• Imperat ut pons qui erat ad Genavam rescindatur.

• Imperavit ut Haluntinus, homo non solum domi, sed tota Sicilia in primis nobilis, vocaretur.

• Imperavit ut homo prenderetur atque ad Scaurum deduceretur.

176

5/

• Pseudolus iussit me aliquem hominem strenuum benevolentem ad se adducere.

• Allobrogibus iussit iis frumenti copiam facere.

• Fugitivos, quorum maior multitudo erat, eos iussit interficere.

• Decem servos iussit eum domum ducere.

• Suos iussit nullum omnino telum in hostis reicere.

• Iussit me se et causam suam tibi commendare.

• Dives pauperem vicinum iussit sibi arborem vendere.

b) Indirect prohibitions

1/

• Prohibeo ne hoc facias!

• Prohibeo ne ducem necetis!

• Prohibeo ne ei de hoc dicas!

• Prohibeo ne hanc urbem deleatis!

2/

• Prohibeo ne Romam eas.

• Cicero prohibuit ne senatus captivos liberaret.

• Lex prohibet ne amicos iuvem.

• Consul prohibuit ne senatui loquar.

3/

• Veto te Romam ire.

• Cicero vetuit senatum captivos liberare.

• Lex vetat me amicos iuvare.

• Consul vetuit me senatui loqui.

4/

• Prohibuit ne in senatu essemus, (ne) locis commodisque publicis uteremur.

• Prohibuit ne in conspectum suum veniremus.

177

• Nulla lex prohibet ne hoc in provincia fiat.

• Lex prohibet ne peregrinus in murum ascendat.

• Is igitur prohibet ne versus in oratione sit.

5/

• Lacrimae meorum prohiberunt ne ad mortem irem.

• Quis umquam consul prohibuit ne senatus ipsius decretis pareret?

• Timor prohibuit ne longius progrederemur.

4.Indirectquestionclauses [143]

a) Adverbial or pronominal questions

1/

w subjunctive

w quam ob rem - quem ad modum

2/

• Rogo quid facias.

• Rogo quid sit tibi nomen.

• Rogo ubi habites.

• Rogo quo curras.

• Rogo quam ob rem Graecia tibi placeat.

¯

• Rogo quem ad modum hoc feceris.

• Rogo cui discipulae praemium rhetoricae dederis.

• Rogo unde veniant nunc tui amici.

• Rogo in quo loco videris meum fratrem.

3/

• Rogo quid facturus sis cras.

• Rogo quam ob rem cras Romam itura sis.

178

• Rogo cui libros datura sis.

• Rogo quem senatores novum imperatorem electuri sint.

• Rogo quid in senatu de Catilina Cicero dicturus sit.

4/

• Rogabam cui libros datura esses.

• Rogabam in quo loco vidisses meum fratrem.

• Rogabam quem senatores novum imperatorem electuri essent.

• Rogabam ubi habitares.

• Rogabam quid in senatu de Catilina Cicero dicturus esset.


• why he did nothing

• what kind of speech was

• what had happened

• what each one said

• in what places the Roman people demolished

• what they wanted

6/

• A quo vulneratus es?

• Quis te vulneravit?

• Quis es et quid vis?

• Quae fuit causa?

• Unde est epistula?

• Cur domum meam venistis?

7/

• Incertum erat quam longa cuiusque nostrum vita futura esset.

• Quid enim ille facturus esset incertum erat.

• Nesciebam quae causa odi fuisset.

• Nesciebam cur hoc mihi detrimento esse deberet.

179

b) Double questions

1/

w c/ num or -ne

w c/ utrum … an

w b/ necne

2/

• Rogo num velis Romam ire. / Rogo utrum velis Romam an Tarentum ire.

• Rogo num Caesarem ipsum videris in senatu. / Rogo utrum Caesarem ipsum an eius fratrem videris in senatu.

• Rogo num iam hunc librum legeris. / Rogo utrum iam hunc librum legeris necne.

• Rogo num potueris pecuniam regi dare. / Rogo utrum potuisti pecuniam regi dare necne.

• Rogo num multos homines videris in circo. / Rogo utrum multos homines videris in circo an paucos.


• if these things were true

• if they would like to

• if he had sent it

• if she was pregnant

• whether he had been

• if he knew the mark

4/

• Cognoscis hoc signum annon?

• Potuit Roscius ex societate suam artem petere annon?

• Dubitandum vobis est omni studio ad id bellum incumbere?

• Sunt dei annon sunt?

• Utrum sunt dei annon sunt?

• Missus est annon?

5/ • sit • malitis • sit • habuerit • venerit • pervenisset

180

5.Subordinateclausesinindirectspeech [144]


• who said that he had been hit

• that he wanted that Labienus

• because it had been ordered

• who was known to everybody

¯ • who entered the row of olive-trees

• in which you were lodged

• why he might want

• to make you hate my house

w “in qua deversabare” (2nd one of second block), because it is not what was said in the direct speech but additional information added by the current speaker.

b/

• Dico me numquam iterum vidisse magistrum qui me tanta docuerit.

• Dico discipulas legisse libros quos magister in ludum intulerit.

• Dico nos, si quam celerrime venturus sis, ituros esse ad ludos videndos.

• Dico eum cuicumque pecuniam des, celeriter impensurum esse.

• Dico oportere nos domum redire propterea quod cena iam parata sit.

6.Aspecialtechnique:Oratio Obliqua

a) Introduction [145]

w c/ The reproduction, in indirect style, of a combination of statements, questions and commands.

w c/ Usually, only the first sentence is introduced by a verb of reported speech.

w a/ In the reproduction of questions.

181

b) What happens to statements?

Nepos dicit eisdem temporibus Persarum regem Darium ex Asia in Europam exercitu traiecto Scythis bellum inferre decrevisse, pontem fecisse in Histro flumine, qua copias traduceret; eius pontis, dum ipse abesset, custodes reliquisse principes, quos secum ex Ionia et Aeolide duxisset; quibus singulis illarum urbium perpetua dedisset imperia; sic enim facillime putavisse se Graeca lingua loquentes, qui Asiam incolerent, sub sua retenturum potestate, si amicis suis oppida tuenda tradidisset, quibus se oppresso nulla spes salutis relinqueretur; in hoc fuisse tum numero Miltiadem, cui illa custodia crederetur.

c) What happens to questions?

1/

w Indirect question in subjunctive / accusative + infinitive construction

w When an answer is expected. Usually in the 2nd person.

w When an answer is not expected. Usually in the 1st or 3rd person.

2/

• Ubi esset?

• Cui hoc dare vellet?

• Quem librum legeret?

• Quem librum legisset?

• Quem librum lecturus esset?

• Cur odisset Catilinam?

• Quot libros haberet domi?

3/

• Quis fecisset hoc?

• Ubi esset Cicero?

• Cur Romae non adesset Caesar?

• Matrem Romae vidisset?

• Quot equites haberet Ariovistus?

4/

• Quem velle hoc facere?

• Quam ob rem Petrum nolle senatorem fieri?

182

• Ubi illos librum celavisse?

• Duce mortuo, quid illos facturos esse?

• Quem eligere pontificem velle cives?

d) What happens to commands? • Iret.

• Daret hoc suo fratri.

• Ne necaret senatorem.

• Diceret omnia sibi.

• Iuvaret suum patrem.

• Ne hanc urbem deleret.

e) What happens to pronouns and adverbs?

1/

ego se

tu ille / illa

nos se

nunc tunc

hic (here) ibi

hodie illo die

heri pridie

cras postero die

2/

• Se hoc numquam fecisse, fortasse illum fecisse.

• Se velle urbem illo die videre.

• Tunc se Romae esse, sed cras ituros esse Tarentum. Vellet secum ire?

• Se pridie sororem vidisse in foro.

• Caesarem hic adesse, secum.

f) Collective usage

² Please take into account that the choice of pronouns “se, ipsum, eum, illum” etc. for 1st, 2nd or 3rd person was rather free and did not always follow the grammatical rules.

1/

a/ Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit, de suis virtutibus multa praedicavit: “Ego transivi Rhenum non mea sponte, sed rogatum et arcessitum a Gallis; non sine magna spe magnisque praemiis domum propinquosque reliqui; sedes habeo in Gallia ab eis concessas, obsides eorum voluntate datos; stipendium capio iure belli, quod victores victis imponere consuescunt. Non ego Gallis sed Galli mihi bellum intulerunt: omnes Galliae civitates ad me oppugnandum venerunt ac contra me castra habuerunt; eae omnes copiae a me uno proelio pulsae ac superatae sunt.”

183

b/ Ei legationi Ariovistus respondit: “Si quid mihi a te (Caesare) opus est, ego ad te veniam; si quid tu me vis, te ad me venire oportet. Praeterea ego neque sine exercitu in eas partes Galliae venire audeo quas tu possides, neque exercitum sine magno commeatu atque molimento in unum locum contrahere possum.”

2/

Legatos ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti: “Non existimamus Romanos sine ope divina bellum gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possint (keep subjunctive); nos nostraque omnia vestrae potestati permittimus. Unum petimus ac deprecamur: si forte pro nostra clementia ac mansuetudine, quam vos ab aliis auditis, statuitis Atuatucos esse conservandos, nolite nos armis despoliare.

3/

Ad haec Caesar quae visum est respondit; sed exitus fuit orationis: “Mihi nulla cum vobis amicitia esse potest, si in Gallia remanetis; neque verum est, qui suos fines tueri non possunt alienos occupent; neque ulli in Gallia vacant agri qui dari tantae praesertim multitudini sine iniuria possint; sed licet, si vultis, in Ubiorum finibus considere, quorum sunt legati apud me et de Sueborum iniuriis queruntur et a me auxilium petunt: hoc ego Ubiis imperabo.

4/

a/ Quid mihi vis? Cur in meas possessiones venis? Provincia mea haec est Gallia, sicut illa vestra.

b/ Responderunt: “Populi Romani imperium Rhenus finit; si te invito Germanos in Galliam transire non aequum existimas, cur tui quicquam esse imperii aut potestatis trans Rhenum postulas?”

c/ Ariovistus me consule cupidissime populi Romani amicitiam adpetivi; cur me tam temere quisquam ab officio discessurum iudicet?

d/ Quod vero ad amicitiam populi Romani attulissent, id iis eripi quis pati potest?

184

f) Uses of the gerund and gerundive

1.Definitionandforms [146]

a) Gerund

1/

w a/ is a noun. c/ has four cases. c/ is neuter. a/ has only singular.

w c/ the present active infinitive.

2/ a/ laborandis c/ laboratum f/ laborandus g/ laborandae

3/ ludendum, ludendi, ludendo, ludendo / faciendium, faciendi, faciendo, faciendo

b) Gerundive

1/

w b/ is an adjective. d/ has the three genders. c/ has both.

w c/ the future passive participle

2/ a/ dicendos c/ dicendorum e/ dicendis

3/

pugnandus, pugnanda, pugnandum

audiendus, audienda, audiendum

2.Usesofthegerund [147]

a) Accusative

• pugnandum • proficiscendum • deliberandum • navigandum • sequendum - explorandum - cognoscendum

b) Genitive

• docendi • loquendi • dicendi • agendi - fraudandi • quaerendi

185

c) Dative

• discendo • audiendo • vincendo

d) Ablative

• legendo • pollicendo - miserando • pugnando • dicendo • dicendo

e) Mixed uses of the gerund

1/

• resistendi - suppeditandi

• vincendum

• dicendo - cogitando

2/

• inquirendi

• defendendum - suspicandum

• rogando - poscendo - sumendo

• minando - pollicendo

• dicendum

3/

• Cupidus sum currendi.

• Legendo multum disces.

• Ego ad docendum veni, tu ad discendum.

• Hic locus idoneus est dormiendo / ad dormiendum.

• Multum nixi sunt (in) pugnando.

• Hoc feci vincendi causa.

3.Gerundivereplacingthegerund [148]

a) Basic concept

1/ c/ When the gerund would have a direct object.

186

2/

Gerundive: Librum scripsi de hostibus vincendis.

Gerundive: Romam veni militum videndorum causa.

Gerundive: Librum scripsi de urbibus oppugnandis.

Gerundive: Romam veni pecuniae tibi dandae causa.

b) Use of the gerundive

1/ • parandi - constituendae • colendo • rogandos

2/

• gerundive • gerundive • gerund • gerundive

¯

• gerund • gerundive • gerundive • gerund

3/

• Cupidus sum hostium vincendorum.

• Libris legendis multum disces.

• Ego veni ad litteras docendas, tu venisti ad linguam discendam.

• Hic locus idoneus est epistulae scribendae.

• Multum nixi sunt in oppido oppugnando.

• Hoc feci pecuniae recipiendae causa.

4.Exceptionstothereplacement [149]

a) Neuter adjectives or pronouns

• Veni omnia videndi causa.

• Caesar cupidus erat omnia capiendi.

• De omnia visitando locuti sumus.

b) Cacophonic reasons

• Heri locuti sumus de arte docendi discipulos.

• Multa templa aedificandi causa multos servos secum tulit.

• Bonus dominus est semper cupidus iuvandi servos.

187

g) The periphrastic conjugation and the supine

1.Theactiveperiphrastic [150]

a/

• No, the fut. partic. is not the predicative object.

• Yes.



• Yes.


b/ • sum • nubo • prosum • relinquo • eo • desereo

c) • pugnaturi • dicturi • venturi • dicturi • facturi • habituri

d) • habituros • exituros • perventuros • morituros

e)

• Missura sum epistulam tibi.

• Caesar locuturus erat Pompeio.

• Claudia itura ad senatum est.

• Puto eum me visurum esse.

• Propositura est novam legem.

• Dicunt hanc puellam docturam eum litteras esse.

2.Thepassiveperiphrastic [151]

a/


• Yes.


188


• Yes.


b/

• eo

• ignosco - resisto

• ago - propono - do - revoco - instruo - cohortor

c/

• eundum

• agendum - appellandus - imploranda

• reprendendum

• Dicenda - demonstranda - explicanda - exponenda - agenda

• numeranda

d/

• custodiendam

• exspectandum

• prospiciendum

e/

• Mihi domum eundum est.

• Ille auctor laudandus est civibus.

• Hic liber legendus est discipulis.

• Puto hanc epistulam scribendam esse Claudiae.

• Putant hunc senatorem recipiendum esse Caesari.

• Romam eundum est.

3.Thesupine [152]

a/ • oratum • rogatum • cubitum

b/ • factu • memoratu • dictu • factu • auditu - visu

189

c/ • dictu • aspectu - auditu • factu • pabulatum • auditu • gratulatum • factu

d/

• Tandem, hoc facile dictu sed difficile factu fuit.

• Huc veni doctum.

• Domum ivi cenatum.

• Hoc mirum est auditu!

• Hoc optimum factu est nunc.

• Post proelium, omnes venerunt gratulatum ducem.

190

h) Combination of negatives

1.Tendenciesintheuseofnegatives [153]

a/

• In castra perveni sed iam omnia profecti sunt neque ullus miles aderat.

• In castra perveni neque ullum militem vidi.

• Hoc non feci neque umquam faciam!

• Hoc dificillimum est neque ullo modo poteris perficere.

• Ille locus periculosus est neque quis ire vult.

• Bellum odi neque quem necabo.

• Petrus thesaurum celavit neque usquam eum invenient.


• and he was never more than

• and no wind could blow

• and no weapon was thrown

c/ • umquam • ullum - ulla • ullam • ulla • umquam

2.Negativescancellingorreinforcingeachother? [154]

a/ semper / nonnumquam

omnes / non nemo

nusquam / non nusquam

nullus liber / nonnullus liber

b/

• b/ I saw everybody.

• c/ I saw somebody.

191

• c/ I have sometimes done this.

• b/ I have always done this.

• c/ You will find money everywhere.

• b/ You will find money somewhere.


• everybody thought that Atticus

• everybody wanted

• everybody is

• will help everybody

• that everybody loves

• everything was


• sometimes the situation even

• sometimes you were

• avoid some danger

• as there was somebody

• some of you has heard

• there is some enemy


• always finds

• everybody would call me

• you did something

• it is a little interesting

• that he did everything

• sometimes even a thief

• so that we may always seem

192

a) Peculiarities and idioms

2.Non-verbalexpressions [155]

a) Nouns involved

1/

interea loci meanwhile

post id locorum afterwards

capitis poena death penalty

res gestae the exploits

senatus frequens the whole of the senate

diem de die day after day

ad hoc tempus up to now

re vera in fact

domi militaeque in peace and war

unde domo? from which country?

ad id locorum up to then

id temporis at that time

ad tempus at the appointed time


• are mocking me

• such evidence that

• expelled out of the senate

• what is necessary

• the whole of the senate

• the death penalty for those

3/

• Domi militiaeque - in war and in peace

• Res familiaris - the household

• poenas dedit - was punished

• ad rem militarem - for serving in the army

• unde domo - from what country

• ad id locorum - up to then

193

4/

• diem de die • poenas dederunt • ludos facit • Rem publicam • opus est • Post ea loci • re vera

¯

• ad tempus • senatus datus est • interea loci • res gestas • opus est • ab re • tempore capto

¯

• senatus datus est • veras poenas dare • ex quo tempore • ad hoc tempus • id temporis

• rerum potita est • post id locorum

b) Adjectives or participles involved

1/

mente captus silly

coepta hieme at the beginning of the winter

magna voce aloud

post homines natos since the birth of man

magna loqui to speak proudly

re bene gesta after victory had been achieved

magni aestimare to value a lot

certiorem facere to inform

mihi certum est I have decided

coepta luce at the beginning of the day

magno emere to buy at a high price


• contradictory between themselves

• after suffering a defeat

• I speak proudly.

• is held in high esteem

• he informed

3/

• in colle medio

• mente captus

• certiores facti sunt

• magna voce

• post homines natos

• res gestae

194

¯

• coepta luce

• mihi certum est

• talia dicta dedit

• laborantes

• certiorem fecit

• re bene gesta

c) Cases of unexpected agreement

• w It would mean “Money is good” instead of “Money is something good”.

• This was the reason

• w Because he makes them agree grammatically with “causa” and “accusatio”.

d) The personal construction of the infinitive


• it is said that they have left

• it is said that Syracusae

• it is said that many

• it is said that the province of Sicily

• it is said that he held

• do these things seem

2/

• Mihi videtur istos Verrem defendere.

• Eos quibus natura sensum dedit mihi laetari videtur.

• Videtur illum lanistam omnino iam a gladio recessisse.

• Mihi videtur, Eruci, te una mercede duas res adsequi velle.

• Videtur te ipsam victoriam vicisse.

• Mihi videtur te laudavisse nostram rem publicam.

3/

• Mater Pausaniae dicitur eo tempore vixisse.

195

• Tuus filius dicitur consul factus esse.

• Soror Marci dicitur heri cum Caesare locuta esse.

• Catilina dicitur Roma ad Manlium fugisse.

e) The uses of et


• both experienced in other judicial cases and

• both prudent and

• both by that man and

2/

• Hic consul est et sapiens et crudelis.

• Praemium dedi et optimis cuique optimo puero et cuique optimae puellae.

• Haec lex laudata est et a senatoribus et a civibus.

f) Quod si


• But if you held the possessions

• But if C. P. were a private citizen

• But if Catilina had remained

2/ • Quod si Caesar illic fuisset, hostes fugissent.

g) Futurum esse / fore ut


• I hope that it happens, that all

• Don’t we think that they will

• I hope that it will

• you should hope that you will obtain

• I think that I will be

196

2/

• Magnam spem habere coepi fore ut te brevi tempore incolumem haberemus.

• Puto fore ut, cum legeris, mirere nos id locutos esse inter nos quod numquam locuti sumus.

• Spero fore ut perspiciam, quod tamen iam pridem perspicio, me a te amari.

• Ea comitia puto fore ut ducantur.

• Quibus recitatis puto fore ut aliquando commoveatur senatus.

3/

• Puto fore ut hoc opus conficias mox.

• Puto fore ut hunc librum legat.

• Sperabant fore ut senatores Catilinam Roma expulsuri essent.

3.Verbalexpressions [156]

a/

bellum delere to put a complete end to the war

manu mittere to give freedom

lacrimas movere to make cry

in peius mutare to get worse

poenas dare to be punished

uxorem ducere to get married

vela dare to set sail

persuasum habere to be persuaded

pretia iacent prices are low

¯

ima petere to sink

altum petere to go out to deep sea

se recipere to withdraw

legem rogare to propose a law

valere to have influence

fructui esse to be an asset

signa tollere to set in motion

aliquem tollere to kill someone

in discrimen vocare to put in danger

¯

se gerere bene to behave well

ludibrio habere to mock

bene se habere to feel well

modum egredi to surpass the limit

quinque annos egressus at five years old

noctem exigere to spend the night

197

cum aliquo facere to support someone uti rogas a “yes” vote

¯

equo admisso at full gallop

flocci facio I give no importance

animam agere to die

causam agere to defend a judicial case

amabo te please!

male audire to have a bad reputation

portum capere to arrive in harbour

tempus capere to make use of the opportunity

morte carere to be immortal

iram condere to hide your anger


• I spent time more happily

• he killed so many citizens

• had influence among you

• this is the state of affairs

• as it is immortal

¯

• I will make use of the opportinuty

• you sent to the winds both your sails and your words

• they were punished by

• I will marry this woman

• he will make use of the very last resources

¯

• he authorised to fight

• waged war

• he behaved with moderation

• he died

• I put an end to hunger

¯

• clouds sink

198

• I am sure that it can be that

• has bad fame

• good things get worse, bad things

• I defended the case of the children

• he went to deep sea


1. • are sure • practises • we need • spent his life • you get married • have crossed the limit

• has become normal practice

2. • res cogat • tecum non facit • in carcerem condi • delere • in crucem sustulit • ludibrio esse

• orationem habere

3. • had dismantled • go • a positive answer • is freed • to a sound mind • make cry • propose

4. • habere • male narrant • atque oportet • vocavit • gerere • plurimum poterat • poenas petat

5. • withdrew • behaved • costs • it seemed well • an asset • to be in command • set in motion

6. • agebat • exigas • cepit • naufragium • in odium venit • verti • amabo te

7. • male • egressus • manu mittendum • moriar • te habes • novis rebus • studebant

8. • opus • iacere • lege • legit • missurum esse • equo admisso • flocci

199

b) Words that are easily confused

1.Non-verbalforms [157]

• aetatem age • aestatem summer

¯

• forte by chance • Forte strong

¯

• liber free • liber book • liberos children

¯

• natus born • natu by birth

¯

• nusquam nowhere • numquam never

¯

• populus people • Populum poplar-tree

¯

• relictus who had been left • reliquus remaining

¯

• victus defeated • victuros esse will live

¯

• vires strength • viri men • viribus forces

¯

• quidam a certain • quidem indeed

2.Verbalforms [158]

• fugio: fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum • fugat: fugo, -are, -avi, -atum

¯

• cadit: cado, -ere, cecidi, casum • caedit: caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesum

200

¯

• occidit: occido, -ere, occidi, occisum • occiderunt: occido, -ere, occidi, occasum

¯

• paruerunt: pareo, -ere, parui • paro: paro, -are, -avi, -atum • parit: pario, -ere, peperi, partum • parcit:

parco, -ere, peperci, parsum

¯

• redire: redeo, -ire, -ii, -itum • reddere: reddo, -ere, reddidi, redditum

¯

• servit: servio, -ire, -ivi, -itum • Servat: servo, -are, -avi, -atum • servare: servo, -are, -avi, -atum

¯

• stare: sto, stare, steti, statum • sistit: sisto, sistere, stiti, statum

¯

• videre: video, -ere, vidi, visum • visere: viso, -ere, visi, visum

partial key for - latin: a new...

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