part 2b wk 7-8 solid waste engineering and management eenv 101 3t 2015-2016

8/17/2019 Part 2b Wk 7-8 Solid Waste Engineering and Management EENV 101 3T 2015-2016

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Lecture Presentations on

Environmental Engineering

Course EENV101

Part 2b Wk 7-8Solid-Waste Management

Chapter Ten of Textbook

By Engr. Jessica. M. Castillo

3rd Term 2015-2016


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COURSE OBJECTIVES

1. Explain important ecology concepts relevant to environmentalengineering such as biodiversity, pollution effects,bioaccumulation, Climate Change, waste management,among others. (CO1)

2. Articulate the different environmental scenario in terms of

hazards and risks in the air, water and soil environment.(CO2)

3. Discuss the different environmental control technologies andprinciples for Green Engineering. (CO3)

4. State the existing international agreements, local laws, rules

and regulations of the government on environmental issues.(CO4)

5. Recommend environmental solutions and appropriate designtreatment schemes to reduce environmental risks such aspollution control and proper waste disposal. (CO5)


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Week 7-8 : Learning ObjectivesDescribe the key components of a solid-waste management system. (CO1)

Identify the objectives of solid-waste management

Distinguish between municipal solid wastes and other solid wastes. (CO1, CO2,CO4)

Explain the process of conducting the Waste Accumulation and CharacteristicsStudy (WACS). (CO1, CO2)

Explain the issues associated with design and operation of successful solidwaste subsystems (collection, transfer stations, material recovery facilities,composting facilities, waste to energy facilities, and landfills). (CO3)

Solve mixing problems to determine an appropriate C/N ratio for composting. .(CO2)

Integrate principles of the pollution prevention hierarchy into a Solid WasteManagement System. (CO1)

Explain the concerns with landfill gas and leachate and how they areaddressed.

Discuss important provisions of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act ofthe Philippines (R.A. 9003) and its IRR. (CO3)


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Environmental Issues:

• Climate Change

• Ozone Depletion

• Green House Effect

• Water Pollution

• Air Pollution• Noise Pollution

• Solid Wastes• Denuded forests

• Landslides• Fish kill

• Oil spill

• etc


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WASTE GENERATION

Kinds of Solid Wastes and its sources

STORAGE

Material Recovery Facility

COLLECTIONSolid waste Reduction

TRANSPORT

PROCESSINGManagement Technologies

DISPOSAL

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

AND ENGINEERING

In all of these stages wastes have to be reduced.


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Sources of Solid Wastes

Residential (e.g. Detached homes, apartments) Commercial (stores, restaurants, malls etc.

Institutional (schools, hospitals etc.)

Construction and Demolition (road construction)

Municipal services (markets, slaughter houses etc.)

Treatment Plant sites (MRFs, dumpsites etc.)

Industrial (food processing plants, power plants)

Agricultural (cropping farms, dairies, orchards) Mining (coal mining, oil/gas exploration)


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Kinds of Solid Wastes

Definition of Solid WASTE- a generic term used to describe the things

we throw away: garbage, refuse, trash

-discarded item that can be reused, recycled,or reclaimed.

- sludge

- toxic and

hazardous wastes


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Characteristics OR TYPES of Solid Waste

zeroresource.com

Nature of the material

Organic

Inorganic

Putrescible (biodegradable)

Non-putrescible (non-biodegradable) Combustible

Non-combustible (ceramics, metals)

Non- Biodegradable (plastics, metals)

Toxic and Hazardous household chemicals

medical wastes

harmful chemicals

Industrial wastes


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CHARACTERIZING SOLID WASTES

Origin /Source

Municipal (MSW) : homes, commercial,

institutional)

Non-municipal: agricultural, industry, mining

etc.

Disposal

Reuse- Recycle

Energy transformation

Nature

Non-combustible (ceramics, metals)

Non- Biodegradable (plastics, metals)


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Amount of Municipal Solid Waste

(MSW)The density of solid waste is the mass of

solid waste per unit volume. The density of

collected solid waste is 180 to 450 kg/m3

bioenergypro.com

The amount of MSW generated is simply

the amount generated per capita

multiplied by the

number of population.


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Municipal/ City Solid Wastes of

NAGA (WACS) http://naga.gov.ph/go/ecological-profile/page/2/


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Factors affecting solid wastes accumulation

Rapid Urbanization

Changing Lifestyles

Public Indifference

Consumption Patterns

Public awareness

Government initiatives


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Problems with Municipal Solid

Wastes

Accumulation

Pollution

Collection

Dump sites Material Recovery Facility

Recycling

Market for recyclables

Health Impacts

etc


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A municipality with a population of 250,000 generatesMSW of 0.3 kg/capita daily.

a) How much MSW is generated by the town/wk?

b) If the garbage is collected twice a week, with 2 truckloads

per day, one in the morning and one in the afternoon,

how many truckloads per week would that be.

Note that the capacity of the is truck 5 metric tons,

but only 75% is the actual load.

c) How much is the cost of garbage collection per week,

if the rental of the truck is P3,000 per load.d) If the MSW is reduced by half, how much savings

would that be per annum?

Sample Problem : Collection and Transport :


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Waste Management vs.

Waste reduction

Sanitary Landfill

Incineration

Energy Conversion

Green Engineering DesignsRecycling, reuse of products

Composting

Redesign Sources of Waste

Process Modification

Education and Legislation


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Solid Waste Collection

The Local Government elected officials decides:

How is the collection to be done?

How often would the collection be? What wastes should be collected

note: usually hazardous wastes are not included.


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CONVENTIONAL DISPOSAL

METHODS

- Open Dumps

- Sanitary Landfills

- Burning or Incineration


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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

- Ozone depletion

- Soil and ground water contamination

- Rivers and Lakes pollution


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REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9003

ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

ACT OF 2000

AN ACT PROVIDING FOR AN ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTEMANAGEMENT PROGRAM, CREATING THE NECESSARY

INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS AND INCENTIVES, DECLARING CERTAINACTS PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROPRIATING

FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES


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DENR Administrative Order 49 1998


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The principles of Ecological Waste Management

(EWM) have been adopted by the

(DENR) and the Presidential Task Force on Waste

Management (PTFWM) as themain strategy to address the growing problems of

solid waste management.

These principles centre of the so-called 3Rs of

effective solid waste management:• reduction of waste (waste minimization);

• recovery of waste for recycling; and

• re-use of materials, primarily for energy

generation.

Sect. 1.4 Technical Guidelines for

MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL


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RECYCLING AND

MATERIAL RECOVERY


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Solution:


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Reuse and Recycle

Give examples

Refer to : http://www.thisland.illinois.edu/57ways/57ways_27.html

http://www.thisland.illinois.edu/57ways/57ways_27.htmlhttp://www.thisland.illinois.edu/57ways/57ways_27.html


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Waste to Energy Incineration


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COMPOSTING

http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G6956

Carbonaceous

+

Nitrogenous


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What is a compost?

“Compost is partially decomposed organic matter. It is dark and easilycrumbled and has an earthy aroma. It is created by biological processes in

which soil-inhabiting organisms break down plant tissue.

When decomposition is complete, compost has turned to a dark-

brown powdery material called humus. The processes occurring in a compost

pile are similar to those that break down organic matter in soil. However,decomposition occurs much more rapidly in the compost pile because the

environment can be made ideal for the microbes to do their work .”

Compost therefore is a better alternative to chemical fertilizer,because it does not only contain (N-P-K) but also other minerals and

microorganisms needed by the plants. However, the process should be

controlled in such a way that non beneficial components are excluded.

http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G6956


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COMPOSTING PROBLEM

REFER to page 547 of textbook

Replace oat straw with rice straw

and determine the proper ingredient

for composting.


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Composting Process

The length of time necessary for

the composting process depends on

several conditions:

Carbon-to-nitrogen ratio Surface area of particles

Aeration

Moisture Temperature


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http://www.ilaxstudio.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/110309LandFillCan1.jpg


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Eco-industrial Revolution

- Goal is to make industrial manufacturing

processes cleaner and more sustainable

by redesigning them to mimic how

nature deals with wastes.

- Nature: waste outputs becomes nutrient

inputs

- Resource exchange webs: wastes ofone manufacturer becomes raw

materials for another


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Phytoremediation is the direct use of trees,

green plants and their associated

microorganisms to stabilize or reducecontamination in soils, persistent metals,

sludge, sediments, surface water, or ground

water.


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Selling Services instead of

thingsExample:

Outsourcing:

Instead of simply selling airconditioning units, they provide air

conditioning systems to manufacturing

plants. The service company provides the

maintenance and repairs, improvements etc.


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WASTE GENERATIONKinds of Solid Wastes and its sources

STORAGE

Material Recovery Facility

COLLECTION

Solid waste Reduction TRANSPORT

PROCESSING

Management Technologies

DISPOSAL

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

AND ENGINEERING

In all of these stages wastes have to be reduced.


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Sanitary Landfill* sites where waste

is isolated from the environment until it is safe.

http://worldfromeyes.blogspot.com/2011/04/sanitary-landfill-waste-management.html


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Minimum Requirements: Full or partial hydrogeological isolation: if a site cannot be located on

land which naturally contains leachate security, additional lining

materials should be brought to the site to reduce leakage from the baseof the site (leachate) and help reduce contamination of groundwater and

surrounding soil. If a liner - soil or synthetic - is provided without a

system of leachate collection, all leachate will eventually reach the

surrounding environment. Leachate collection and treatment must be

stressed as a basic requirement.

Formal engineering preparations: designs should be developed from

local geological and hydrogeological investigations. A waste disposal

plan and a final restoration plan should also be developed.

Permanent control: trained staff should be based at the landfill to

supervise site preparation and construction, the depositing of waste and

the regular operation and maintenance.

Planned waste emplacement and covering: waste should be spread in

layers and compacted. A small working area which is covered daily

helps make the waste less accessible to pests and vermin.

http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/urbanenvironment/sectors/solid-waste-landfills.html


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HAZARDOUS WASTES

Refers to any solid waste or combination ofsolid wastes which is toxic, ignitable, corrosive or

reactive enough that may

(1) cause harm, or significantly contribute to an

increase in mortality or an increase in seriousirreversible, or incapacitating reversible, illness; or

(2) pose a substantial present or potential

hazard to human health or the environment when

improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposedof, or otherwise managed;


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Hazardous Wastes include:

Infectious waste from hospitals: equipment,

instruments, utensils, and fomites of a disposable naturefrom patients who are suspected to have or have been

diagnosed as having communicable diseases and must

therefore be isolated as required by public health agencies,

laboratory wastes such as pathological specimens .(i.e. alltissues, specimens of blood elements, excreta, and

secretions obtained from patients or laboratory animals).

Nuclear wastes made radioactive by exposure to

the radiation incidental to the production or utilization of

nuclear fuels but does not include nuclear fuel, or

radioisotopes which have reached the final stage of

fabrication so as to be usable for any scientific, medical,

agricultural, commercial, or industrial purpose.


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Hazardous Wastes also include:

Toxic Metals or Substances coming from domestic

tools an appliances (including children toys), laboratories,

industrial wastes etc.

Lead is one of the toxic metals that can harm the

nervous system (neurotoxin), resulting to but not limitedto lowered IQ, shortened attention span, hearing damage,

Another is Mercury, which is released into the

environment mostly by burning coal and incinerating wastesand can build to high levels in some types of fish consumed

by humans. This could also harm the nervous system esp

in developing fetus. Lately some cosmetics are also found

to have high mercury content.


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DENR Administrative Order -

Environment Management Board

Administrative Order No. 2007-23 : Additional Requirements for the Issuance ofthe Priority Chemical L is t (PCL) of 2005. It is a list of existing and new chemicals

that DENR-EMB has determined to a potentially pose unreasonable risk to public

health, workplace, and the environment. ...

Persistence refers to the property of a substance whose half-life in water,

sediment, soil, or air exceeds duration of fifty (50) days. Sludge may be used

as a surrogate for sediment. Metals are considered to be persistent in all

media.

Toxicity refers to the quality of a substance which meets any of the following

criteria:

Acute lethality

Chronic or sub-lethal toxicityTeratogenicity

Carcinogenicity

Bioaccumulation potential is the measure of a substance’s ability to

increase its concentration down the food chain.


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What Harmful Chemicals Are

in Your Home?Cleaning : Disinfectants, cleaning materials

Painting : Latex and Oil based paint containing

lead, VarnishGardening : Pesticides, Weed killers(herbicides)

Automotive : Gasoline, Antifreeze, Battery acid,

Brake and transmission fluid,

rust remover


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Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed

to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between

nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste

from developed to less developed countries (LDCs).

It does not, however, address the movement of radioactivewaste.

The Convention is also intended

a). to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated,

b). to ensure their environmentally sound management asclosely as possible to the source of generation, and

c). to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the

hazardous and other wastes they generate.

The Convention was opened for signature on 22 March 1989,

and entered into force on 5 May 1992.

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary

Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their

Disposal.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_Developed_Countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_Developed_Countrieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_countries


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Pyrolysis is formally defined as chemical decomposition induced in organic materials by

heat in the absence of oxygen.

In practice, it is not possible to achieve a completely oxygen-free atmosphere; actual

pyrolytic systems are operated with less than stoichiometric quantities of oxygen.

Because some oxygen will be present in any pyrolytic system, nominal oxidation will

occur. If volatile or semivolatile materials are present in the waste, thermal desorption

will also occur.

Pyrolysis transforms hazardous organic materials into gaseous components, small

quantities of liquid, and a solid residue (coke) containing fixed carbon and ash.

Pyrolysis of organic materials produces combustible gases, including carbon monoxide,

hydrogen and methane, and other hydrocarbons. If the off-gases are cooled, liquids

condense producing an oil/tar residue and contaminated water.

Pyrolysis typically occurs under pressure and at operating temperatures above 430 °C

(800 °F). The pyrolysis gases require further treatment. The off-gases may be treated in

a secondary combustion chamber, flared, and partially condensed. Particulate removal

equipment such as fabric filters or wet scrubbers are also required.

Treatment : Pyrolysis

Source c: http://www.frtr.gov/matrix2/section4/4-25.html


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CAS Registry No. Chemical Name

108-90-7 1,4-CHLOROBENZENE

106-93-4 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE

95-50-1 0-DICHLOROBENZENE

106-46-7 1,4-DICHLOROBENZENE

107-06-2 1,2-DICHLOROETHANE

122-66-7 1,2 DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE108-46-3 3-HYDROXYPHENOL

7647-18-9 ANTIMONY PENTACHLORIDE

7440-38-2 ARSENIC COMPOUNDS

1332-21-4 ASBESTOS*

71-43-2 BENZENE

7440-41-7 BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS7440-43-9 CADMIUM COMPOUNDS

56-23-5 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE*

CHLORINATED ETHERS

CHLOROFLUORO CARBONS*

67-66-3 CHLOROFORM

76-06-2 CHLOROPICRIN

18540-29-9 CHROMIUM COMPOUNDS

57-12-5 CYANIDE COMPOUNDS*

64-67-5 DIETHYL SULFATE

106-93-4 ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE75-21-8 ETHYLENE OXIDE

111-30-8 GLUTARALDEHYDE

50-00-0 FORMALDEHYDE

9002-83-9 HALONS*

118-74-1 HEXACHLOROBENZENE

67-72-1 HEXACHLOROETHANE302-01-2 HYDRAZINE

7439-92-1 LEAD COMPOUNDS

149-30-4 MBT

594-42-3 MERCAFTAN

PERCHLOROMETHYL

Priority Chemicals List


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7439-97-6 MERCURY COMPOUNDS

74-87-3 METHYL CHLORIDE

75-09-2 METHYLENECHLORIDE2385-85-5 MIREX

87-86-5 PENTACHLOROPHENOL

127-18-4 PERCHLROETHYLENE

108-95-2 PHENIC ACID

75-44-5 PHOSGENE

85-44-9 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE59536-65- 1 POLYBROMINATED

BIPHENYLS

1336-36-3 POLYCHLORINATED

BIPHENYLS

1,1,1 -TRICHLOROETHANE**

79-01-6 TRICHLOROETHYLENETRIBUTYLTIN

7782-49-2 SELENIUM

75-01-4 VINYL CHLORIDE


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"O l ft th l t


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" Only after the las t

tree has been cu t

down, Only after thelas t r iver has been

po isoned, Only after

the las t f ish has been

caugh t, Only then w i ll

you f ind That moneycanno t be eaten ." –Cree Indian Prophecy

part 2b wk 7-8 solid waste engineering and management eenv 101 3t 2015-2016

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