part 1: site selection planning
TRANSCRIPT
Technical Guidelines for the Development of Small Hydropower PlantsDesign
Part 1: site selection Planning
sHP/Tg 002-1: 2019
D I S C L A I M E R
This document has been produced without formal United Nations editing. The designations and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or its economic system or degree of development. Designations such as “developed”, “industrialized” and “developing” are intended for statistical convenience and do not necessarily express a judgement about the stage reached by a particular country or area in the development process. Mention of company names or commercial products does not constitute an endorsement by UNIDO. Although great care has been taken to maintain the accuracy of information herein, neither UNIDO nor its Member States assume any responsibility for consequences which may arise from the use of the material. This document may be freely quoted or reprinted but acknowledgement is requested.
© 2019 UNIDO / INSHP- All rights reserved
Technical Guidelines for the Development of Small Hydropower PlantsDesign
Part 1: site selection Planning
sHP/Tg 002-1: 2019
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The technical guidelines (TGs) are the result of a collaborative effort between the United Nations Industrial Development
Organization (UNIDO) and the International Network on Small Hydro Power (INSHP). About 80 international experts and 40
international agencies were involved in the document’s preparation and peer review, and they provided concrete comments
and suggestions to make the TGs professional and applicable.
UNIDO and the INSHP highly appreciate the contributions provided during the development of these guidelines and in
particular those delivered by the following international organizations:
- The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa(COMESA)
- The Global Network of Regional Sustainable Energy Centres (GN-SEC), particularly the ECOWAS Centre for Renewable
Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE), the East African Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (EACREEE),
the Pacific Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (PCREEE) and the Caribbean Centre for Renewable Energy
and Energy Efficiency (CCREEE).
The Chinese government has facilitated the finalization of these guidelines and was of great importance to its completion.
The development of these guidelines benefited greatly from the valuable inputs, review and constructive comments as well as
contributions received from Mr. Adnan Ahmed Shawky Atwa, Mr. Adoyi John Ochigbo, Mr. Arun Kumar, Mr. Atul Sarthak, Mr.
Bassey Edet Nkposong, Mr. Bernardo Calzadilla-Sarmiento, Ms. Chang Fangyuan, Mr. Chen Changjun, Ms. Chen Hongying , Mr.
Chen Xiaodong, Ms. Chen Yan, Ms. Chen Yueqing, Ms. Cheng Xialei, Ms. Chileshe Kapaya Matantilo, Ms. Chileshe Mpundu
Kapwepwe, Mr. Deogratias Kamweya, Mr. Dolwin Khan, Mr. Dong Guofeng, Mr. Ejaz Hussain Butt, Ms. Eva Kremere, Ms. Fang
Lin, Mr. Fu Liangliang, Mr. Garaio Donald Gafiye, Mr. Guei Guillaume Fulbert Kouhie, Mr. Guo Chenguang, Mr. Guo Hongyou,
Mr. Harold John Annegam, Ms. Hou ling, Mr. Hu Jianwei, Ms. Hu Xiaobo, Mr. Hu Yunchu, Mr. Huang Haiyang, Mr. Huang
Zhengmin, Ms. Januka Gyawali, Mr. Jiang Songkun, Mr. K. M. Dharesan Unnithan, Mr. Kipyego Cheluget, Mr. Kolade Esan, Mr.
Lamyser Castellanos Rigoberto, Mr. Li Zhiwu, Ms. Li Hui, Mr. Li Xiaoyong, Ms. Li Jingjing, Ms. Li Sa, Mr. Li Zhenggui, Ms. Liang
Hong, Mr. Liang Yong, Mr. Lin Xuxin, Mr. Liu Deyou, Mr. Liu Heng, Mr. Louis Philippe Jacques Tavernier, Ms. Lu Xiaoyan, Mr. Lv
Jianping, Mr. Manuel Mattiat, Mr. Martin Lugmayr, Mr. Mohamedain SeifElnasr, Mr. Mundia Simainga, Mr. Mukayi Musarurwa,
Mr. Olumide TaiwoAlade, Mr. Ou Chuanqi, Ms. Pan Meiting, Mr. Pan Weiping, Mr. Ralf Steffen Kaeser, Mr. Rudolf Hüpfl, Mr. Rui
Jun, Mr. Rao Dayi, Mr. Sandeep Kher, Mr. Sergio Armando Trelles Jasso, Mr. Sindiso Ngwenga, Mr. Sidney Kilmete, Ms. Sitraka
Zarasoa Rakotomahefa, Mr. Shang Zhihong, Mr. Shen Cunke, Mr. Shi Rongqing, Ms. Sanja Komadina, Mr. Tareqemtairah, Mr.
Tokihiko Fujimoto, Mr. Tovoniaina Ramanantsoa Andriampaniry, Mr. Tan Xiangqing, Mr. Tong Leyi, Mr. Wang Xinliang, Mr.
Wang Fuyun, Mr. Wang Baoluo, Mr. Wei Jianghui, Mr. Wu Cong, Ms. Xie Lihua, Mr. Xiong Jie, Ms. Xu Jie, Ms. Xu Xiaoyan, Mr. Xu
Wei, Mr. Yohane Mukabe, Mr. Yan Wenjiao, Mr. Yang Weijun, Ms. Yan Li, Mr. Yao Shenghong, Mr. Zeng Jingnian, Mr. Zhao
Guojun, Mr. Zhang Min, Mr. Zhang Liansheng, Mr. Zhang Zhenzhong, Mr. Zhang Xiaowen, Ms. Zhang Yingnan, Mr. Zheng Liang,
Mr. Mr. Zheng Yu, Mr. Zhou Shuhua, Ms. Zhu Mingjuan.
Further recommendations and suggestions for application for the update would be highly welcome.
TableofContents
Foreword Ⅲ……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Introduction Ⅳ………………………………………………………………………………………………
1 Scope 1……………………………………………………………………………………………………
2 Normativereferences 1…………………………………………………………………………………
3 Termsanddefinitions 1…………………………………………………………………………………
4 Generalprovisions 1………………………………………………………………………………………
4.1 Planningprinciples 1…………………………………………………………………………………
4.2 Planningscope 2………………………………………………………………………………………
4.3 Planningmethodsandsteps 3………………………………………………………………………
5 Basicdatacollectionandanalysis 4……………………………………………………………………
5.1 Datacollection 4……………………………………………………………………………………
5.2 Dataanalysis 5………………………………………………………………………………………
6 Computationofriverbasinorsub-basinhydropowerpotential 6……………………………………
7 Preliminaryplanningofsite 8……………………………………………………………………………
7.1 Planningcontentandmainconsiderations 8………………………………………………………
7.2 TypesofSHPstationsandapplicableconditionsfordevelopment 9…………………………
7.3 Utilizationofseveralspecialgeographicalconditionsofrivers 9………………………………
7.4 Estimationofthedevelopmentscaleofahydropowerstation 10………………………………
8 Sitesurveysandinvestigations 11………………………………………………………………………
8.1 Hydrologicalsurveys 11……………………………………………………………………………
8.2 Surveysontheplanningsite 12……………………………………………………………………
8.3 Preliminarydeterminationofavailablewaterheadsforthehydropowerstation 12…………
8.4 Otherconstructionconditionsforinvestigation 12………………………………………………
9 Preparationofsiteconstructionplan 13………………………………………………………………
9.1 Selectionofinstalledcapacity 13…………………………………………………………………
9.2 Selectionofturbinetypes 13………………………………………………………………………
9.3 Numberofunits 13…………………………………………………………………………………
9.4 Selectionofdamtype 14……………………………………………………………………………
9.5 Selectionofspillwaystructures 14…………………………………………………………………
9.6 Selectionofwaterintakestructures 15……………………………………………………………
9.7 Selectionofdiversionstructures 15………………………………………………………………
9.8 Typesofpowerhouse 16……………………………………………………………………………
9.9 Locationofswitchyard 16…………………………………………………………………………
9.10 Locationoftailrace 16………………………………………………………………………………
9.11 Layoutofmainstructures 16………………………………………………………………………
10 Assessmentandprediction 17…………………………………………………………………………
10.1 Preliminaryassessmentofsocialandenvironmentalimpacts 17………………………………
10.2 Assessmentofpowerdemand 17…………………………………………………………………Ⅰ
SHP/TG002-1:2019
10.3 Costestimationandbenefitsassessments 18……………………………………………………
10.4 Evaluationofplanningsiteanddevelopmentsequencerecommendations 18………………
11 Preparationofsiteselectionplanningreport 19………………………………………………………
AppendixA(Informative) Computationoftheoreticalpotentialofriverwaterenergy,
estimationformulaforinstalledcapacityonaplannedsite 20………………
AppendixB(Informative) SchematicdiagramofdevelopmenttypesandspecialterrainutilizationofSHPstations 23………………………………………………
AppendixC(Informative) Siteselectionplanningreport(Outline) 28………………………………
Ⅱ
SHP/TG002-1:2019
Foreword
TheUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO)isaspecializedagencyundertheUnitedNationssystemtopromotegloballyinclusiveandsustainableindustrialdevelopment(ISID).TherelevanceofISIDasanintegratedapproachtoallthreepillarsofsustainabledevelopmentisrec-ognizedbythe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmentandtherelatedSustainableDevelopmentGoals (SDGs), which willframe United Nations and country efforts towards sustainabledevelopmentinthenextfifteenyears.UNIDO’smandateforISIDcoverstheneedtosupportthecre-ationofsustainableenergysystemsasenergyisessentialtoeconomicandsocialdevelopmentandtoimprovingqualityoflife.Internationalconcernanddebateoverenergyhavegrownincreasinglyoverthepasttwodecades,withtheissuesofpovertyalleviation,environmentalrisksandclimatechangenowtakingcentrestage.
INSHP(InternationalNetworkonSmallHydroPower)isaninternationalcoordinatingandpromotingorganizationfortheglobaldevelopmentofsmallhydropower(SHP),whichisestablishedontheba-sisofvoluntaryparticipationofregional,subregionalandnationalfocalpoints,relevantinstitutions,
utilitiesandcompanies,andhassocialbenefitasitsmajorobjective.INSHPaimsatthepromotionofglobalSHPdevelopmentthroughtriangletechnicalandeconomiccooperationamongdevelopingcountries,developedcountriesandinternationalorganizations,inordertosupplyruralareasinde-velopingcountrieswithenvironmentallysound,affordableandadequateenergy,whichwillleadtotheincreaseofemploymentopportunities,improvementofecologicalenvironments,povertyallevi-ation,improvementoflocallivingandculturalstandardsandeconomicdevelopment.
UNIDOandINSHPhavebeencooperatingontheWorldSmallHydropowerDevelopmentReportsinceyear2010.Fromthereports,SHPdemandanddevelopmentworldwidewerenotmatched.Oneofthedevelopmentbarriersinmostcountriesislackoftechnologies.UNIDO,incooperationwithINSHP,
throughglobalexpertcooperation,andbasedonsuccessfuldevelopmentexperiences,decidedtodeveloptheSHPTGstomeetdemandfromMemberStates.
TheseTGsweredraftedinaccordancewiththeeditorialrulesoftheISO/IECDirectives,Part2(seewww.iso.org/directives).
AttentionisdrawntothepossibilitythatsomeoftheelementsoftheseTGsmaybesubjecttopa-tentrights.UNIDOandINSHPshallnotbeheldresponsibleforidentifyinganysuchpatentrights.
Ⅲ
SHP/TG002-1:2019
Introduction
SmallHydropower(SHP)isincreasinglyrecognizedasanimportantrenewableenergysolutiontothechallengeofelectrifyingremoteruralareas.However,whilemostcountriesinEurope,NorthandSouthAmerica,andChinahavehighdegreesofinstalledcapacity,thepotentialofSHPinmanyde-velopingcountriesremainsuntappedandishinderedbyanumberoffactorsincludingthelackofgloballyagreedgoodpracticesorstandardsforSHPdevelopment.
TheseTechnicalGuidelinesfortheDevelopmentofSmallHydropowerPlants(TGs)willaddressthecurrentlimitationsoftheregulationsappliedtotechnicalguidelinesforSHPPlantsbyapplyingtheexpertiseandbestpracticesthatexistacrosstheglobe.Itisintendedforcountriestoutilizethesea-greeduponGuidelinestosupporttheircurrentpolicy,technologyandecosystems.Countriesthathavelimitedinstitutionalandtechnicalcapacities,willbeabletoenhancetheirknowledgebaseinde-velopingSHPplants,therebyattractingmoreinvestmentinSHPprojects,encouragingfavourablepoliciesandsubsequentlyassistingineconomicdevelopmentatanationallevel.TheseTGswillbevaluableforallcountries,butespeciallyallowforthesharingofexperienceandbestpracticesbe-tweencountriesthathavelimitedtechnicalknow-how.
TheTGscanbeusedastheprinciplesandbasisfortheplanning,design,constructionandmanage-mentofSHPplantsupto30MW.
● TheTermsandDefinitionsintheTGsspecifytheprofessionaltechnicaltermsanddefinitionscommonlyusedforSHPPlants.
● TheDesignGuidelinesprovideguidelinesforbasicrequirements,methodologyandprocedureintermsofsiteselection,hydrology,geology,projectlayout,configurations,energycalculations,
hydraulics,electromechanicalequipmentselection,construction,projectcostestimates,eco-nomicappraisal,financing,socialandenvironmentalassessments—withtheultimategoalofa-chievingthebestdesignsolutions.
● TheUnitsGuidelinesspecifythetechnicalrequirementsonSHPturbines,generators,hydrotur-binegoverningsystems,excitationsystems,mainvalvesaswellasmonitoring,control,pro-tectionandDCpowersupplysystems.
● TheConstructionGuidelinescanbeusedastheguidingtechnicaldocumentsfortheconstructionofSHPprojects.
● TheManagementGuidelinesprovidetechnicalguidanceforthemanagement,operationandmain-tenance,technicalrenovationandprojectacceptanceofSHPprojects.
Ⅳ
SHP/TG002-1:2019
TechnicalGuidelinesfortheDevelopmentofSmallHydropowerPlants-DesignPart1:SiteSelectionPlanning
1 Scope
ThisPartoftheDesignGuidelinesspecifiesthegeneralprinciplesofsiteselectionplanningforsmallhydropower(SHP)projects,andthemethodologies,proceduresandoutcomerequirementsofSHPplantsiteselection.
2 Normativereferences
Thefollowingdocumentsarereferredtointhetextinsuchawaythatsomeoralloftheircontentconstitutesrequirementsofthisdocument.Fordatedreferences,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includinganyamendments)ap-plies.
SHP/TG001,Technicalguidelinesforthedevelopmentofsmallhydropowerplants—Termsanddef-initions
3 Termsanddefinitions
Forthepurposesofthisdocument,thetermsanddefinitionsgiveninSHP/TG001apply.
4 Generalprovisions
4.1 Planningprinciples
4.1.1 Siteselectionshallfollowtheprinciplesoflocalizedplanning,subjecttooverallnationalinte-gratedwaterresourcesplanningandtocomprehensiveriverbasinplanning withthesystematicprospectionofpotentialsites.
4.1.2 Siteselectionshallmeettherequirementsoftheenvironmentalneedsoftheriverandsur-roundingareasandalsohavepreliminaryplanstomitigatethenegativeimpactslikelytobecausedbytheSHPprojectstotheriveranditssurroundingenvironment.
1
SHP/TG002-1:2019
4.1.3 Siteselectionshallbedeterminedbasedonthewaterresourcesandtopographywiththepur-poseofsustainabledevelopment,utilization,andalongwithfollowingcomprehensiveconsiderationofallotherfactors.
a) Siteselectionshallconsidercomprehensivelythecorrelationofhydropowerresourcedevelop-mentovertheentirelengthoftheriver,withdueattentiontotheinterrelationshipofupstreamanddownstreamcascadedevelopment,sothatthelayoutofupstreamanddownstreamsitesareproperlycoordinated.Formultipurposerequirementsforwatersupply,floodcontrol,irrigation,
ecology,tourism,navigationandcommunitydevelopment,theSHPprojectsshallbeplannedinaccordancewiththeprimaryandsecondarydevelopmentpurposes.
b) Siteselectionshalltakeintoaccountthelong-termelectricitydemandprojectionbasedonthesocialandeconomicdevelopmentofthearea.Whereindirectsellingofelectricitytootherregion(s)isforeseenthroughthepowergrid,thecurrentstatusanddevelopmentplanofthegridshallbeconsidered,andthegrowthpotentialoftheexternalpowermarketshallbeevalua-ted.Accordingtothedevelopmentneedsofthepowermarket,planningshouldbecarriedoutaccordinglytomeettherelevantshort-,medium-andlong-termdevelopmentgoals.
c) SiteselectionshallmakeajustificationoftheselectionofSHPinrelationtootherpossibleruralelectrificationtechnologies.
d) Siteselectionshalltakeintoaccountrelevantlocal,regionalandinternationalintegrateddevel-opmentplansrelevanttotheareaunderstudy.
4.1.4 Siteselectionshallbecoordinatedwithotherrelevantdevelopmentplansoftheareaunderstudy,includingplanningindicators,terminology,unitsofquantitiesandvalues,implementationplans,andshallbeconsistentandavoidconflicts.
4.2 Planningscope
4.2.1 TheplanningscopeforsiteselectionofSHPdevelopmentshallbebasedonthelevel(local/
state/national)oftheplanningorganizationofthecountry.
4.2.2 IftheSHPresourcedevelopmentplanispartofthecomprehensiveplanningoftheadministra-tivearea(local/state/provinces),thescopeofthesiteselectionplanningshallbedefinedinaccord-ancewiththeadministrativedivisionalplan.
4.2.3 SHPdevelopmentplanningshallbebasedonthedetailedandhomogeneousdefinitionoftherivernetworkandcatchmentsintheriverbasins.
4.2.4 Withinexclusiveeconomicdevelopmentzoneandnaturereserveareas,siteselectionplanningofSHPdevelopmentshallconsiderthemultipurposeneeds.2
SHP/TG002-1:2019
4.3 Planningmethodsandsteps
TheplanningshallbedeterminedinaccordancewiththeactualprocessofsiteselectionplanningofSHPresourcedevelopment.ThemethodsandstepsareshowninFigure1.Inpractice,thedatacol-lectionshouldbecarriedoutincoordinationwithsomeworksofthesiteinvestigation.
Figure1 FlowchartofactivitiesforSHPsiteselectionplanning
3
SHP/TG002-1:2019
5 Basicdatacollectionandanalysis
5.1 Datacollection
5.1.1 Adequatebasicdatashallbecollectedandanalysed.Theauthenticity,accuracy,timelinessandapplicabilityofthecollecteddatashallbetestedandconfirmed.Considerationshallbegiventotheuseofdigitalnaturalresourcedatabasesandgeomaticstechnology(remotesensingandGeo-graphicalInformationSystem[GIS]).
5.1.2 Thefollowingbasicdatashallbeincluded.
a) Hydrometeorologicaldata,includingseriesofmeasureddata,suchasprecipitation,flowinriv-ers,evaporation,waterlevel,sedimentandice.Forthelocationslackingthemeasureddata,
relevantdataonadjacentriverbasinsandhydrologicalmapsissuedbythenationalorregionalauthorityshouldbecollected.
b) Dataofnaturalgeographyofriverbasinandrivercharacteristicsincludingthetopographicmapoftheriverbasin(scalenotlessthan1∶50000),roadmapofadministrativearea,longitudinalandcross-sectionsofriver.Dataondigitalelevation/terrainmodelsareavailableat30m,andbetterresolutionmayalsobeused.Ifthehydro-meteorologicaldataofadjacentriverbasinsneedstobeutilized,thetopographicmapsofadjacentriverbasinsshallalsobecollected.
c) Geologicaldata,includingregionalgeological,tectonic,seismiczoning maps,geologicalreports,andrecordsofmajorgeologicaleventssuchasearthquakesintheplanningarea.
d) Resourceinformation,includinglanduse,minerals,energy,forestry,tourism,rareanimalsandplants.
e) Powersystemdata,includingpowersource,powerdemand,annualpowersupply,loadstruc-ture,loadcurve,powergridstructure,powermarkets,regulationsandpower-developmentplanninginthearea.
f) Existingfacilitiesdata,includingas-builtdesigndocumentsofexistinghydropowerstations,
irrigation,watersupply,rafting,navigationandotherprojectswithintheplanningriverreach.
g) Socio-economicdata,includingthedemography,industrialandagriculturalproduction,roadnetwork,grossnationalproduct,percapitaincome,andnationaleconomicdevelopmentplansinthearea.
h) Otherdata,includingnaturaldisasterrecords,legalrequirements,archaeology,historicsites,
protectedareasandnaturalheritage.4
SHP/TG002-1:2019
5.2 Dataanalysis
5.2.1 Analysisofhydrometeorologicaldatashallincludethefollowing.
a) Qualitativeanalysis
1) Thedataseriesshallbeaccurate,reliableandhavenodatagapsasfaraspossible.
2) Thedatashallbeapplicabletotheriverbasinsunderstudy.
3) Theaccuracyofthedatashallmeettheanalysisrequirements.Theprecipitation/rainfalldatashouldbe,asfaraspossible,“dailyrainfall”.Themeasureddataofflowshallbeaspreciseas“averagedailyflow”.
4) Appropriateanalyticalmethodsshallbeusedforqualitycontrol.
5) Areliablelong-term dailydischargeseriesspecifictoeveryriverreachinthenetworkshouldbedetermined,basedondistributedhydrologicmodellingthatisappropriatelycali-brated.
b) Quantitativeanalysis
1) Frequencyanalysis:Themeasuredflowdataseriesshouldbeanalysedandcalculatedac-cordingtotheprobabilityformulaofstatistics,andthefrequencycurveshouldbedrawnaccordingtotheanalyticalresults.
2) Correlationanalysis:CorrelationanalysisshallbedonewhenthemeasuredflowdataarenotonthelocationoftheselectedsiteforSHPdevelopment.
3) Averageflowdurationcurve:Basedonthedataoffrequencycomputation,selecttheflowscorrespondingtothefrequencyofhighflow,medianflowandlowflow.Thenselectasimi-laryearfromtheflowseriesforannualdistribution,ifavailable,anddistributetheaveragedailyflowwithinthenextthreeyears,plottedasan“averageflowdurationcurve”.
5.2.2 Topographicmapdataanalysisshallincludethefollowing.
a) Scopeanalysis:Thetopographicmapshallincludethedrainageareaoftheriverbasinunderstudy.Ifrainfallorflowdataofadjacentriverbasinsareutilized,thetopographicmapshallalsoprovidethedrainageareaoftheadjacentriverbasin.
b) Accuracyanalysis:Thescaleofthetopographicmapusedforthesiteselectionshouldbenolessthan1∶50000.Ifthescaleofthecollectedtopographicmapissmallerthanthespecifiedrequirements,encryptionmeasuresshallbetakentoimprovetheaccuracyofcontours.Global
5
SHP/TG002-1:2019
geometricdataof30morbetterresolutionmayalsobeused.
5.2.3 Geologicaldataanalysisshallmeetthefollowingrequirements.
a) Incorporatingtheconclusionsoftheregionalgeologicalstructuralstabilityassessment,majorfaultlinesandthegroundmotionparametersdeterminedfortheprojectarea.
b) Itcanreflectregionaltopographyandgeomorphology,stratigraphiclithology,geologicalstruc-ture,hydrogeologicalconditionsandphysicalgeologicalphenomena.
5.2.4 Powersystemdataanalysisshallincludethefollowing.
a) Presentstatusofthepowergridandanalysisofthepowergridplan:includingpowergridstruc-ture,geographicaldistribution,voltagelevelsandtherelationshipwith,andimpacton,pro-posedandplannedSHPdevelopment.
b) Powersourceanddemand(load)statusandplanninganalysis:includingpowersourceandde-mand(load)structure,annualmaximumpowerdemand(load),annualminimumpowerdemand(load),annualdemand(load)distribution,annualpowersupply,powergrowthrate,powermarkets,regulations,impactofintegrationwithotherrenewableenergysuchaswindandsolar.
5.2.5 Otherdataanalysisshallincludeacomprehensiveassessmentontheauthenticity,timelinessandrelevanceofthedata.
6 Computationofriverbasinorsub-basinhydropowerpotential
6.1 Thetheoreticalwaterenergypotentialoftheriver(reach)shallbeexpressedintermsofaver-ageannualoutput(power)(kW)oraverageannualenergy(kWh).TheaverageannualoutputandtheaverageannualenergyshallbemutuallyconvertedbythemeansoftheFormula(A.1).
6.2 Thetheoreticalwaterenergypotentialoftheriver(reach)shallbecalculatedinsegments.Alargertributaryentrypointshouldbeusedasasegmentationpointforriverwaterenergycomputa-tion.Takingthetributaryentrypointastheinterface,theadjacentsectionupstreamisthelowersectionoftheupperreach,andtheadjacentsectiondownstreamoftheentrypointistheuppersec-tionofthelowerreach.Thereachwithalargechangeinthelongitudinalslopeoftheriverbedshallberegardedasasegment.Thereachhavingparticularlyadvantageousdevelopmentconditionsshallberegardedasasegment.
6.3 Theannualaverageflowateachanalysissegmentoftherivershallbecalculated,withtheirar-earatiosbasedonthecollectedhydrologicdataseriesoftheriverandthecatchmentareasofeachanalysissegmentoftheriver.Iftheflowdataoftheriverbasinisinadequateorunavailable,thein-formationshouldbeobtainedbythefollowingmethods.6
SHP/TG002-1:2019
a) Ifthereisrainfalldataonthisriverbasin,theappropriaterunoffcoefficientshouldbeconvertedtotherunoffinthesameperiodwithreferencetotheFormula(A.2)oranyothersuitablefor-mulaormethods.
b) Ifthereishydrologicalflowdataonanadjacentriverbasin,thecorrelationwiththeriverbasinshallbeanalysed,andtherelevantdataafterrevisionmaybeusedforwaterenergycomputa-tion.
c) Thehydrologicalflowparametersoftheriverbasincanbeobtainedbyusingthehydrologicalcontoursoreffectivechartsissuedbythehydrologicalorrelevantdepartment.
d) On-sitemeasurementmethod.
6.4 Thetopographicmapwithascaleof1∶50000orhighershouldbeusedtoverifyandcalculatetheelevationdifferencebetweentheupperandlowersectionsofthereachbyappropriateinterpre-tation.UseofDigitalElevationModel(DEM)/DigitalTerrainModel(DTM)isencouraged.
6.5 Basedontheflowrateoftheupperandlowersectionsoftheriverreachandtheelevationdifferencebetweentheupperandlowersections,theaverageannualoutputNi(kW)ofthereachshallbecalculatedbythemeansoftheFormula(A.3).TheaverageannualenergyEi(kWh)iscalcu-latedbytheFormula(A.1).
6.6 Withtheaverageannualoutputofwaterenergyineachreachbeingaccumulated,∑Ni,andtheaverageannualpowerenergyineachreachbeingaccumulated,∑Ei,thetheoreticalwaterener-gypotentialoftheriver(reach)maybeobtained.
6.7 Accordingtotheabovecomputationresults,thetheoreticalpotentialofriverwaterenergycanbecalculated:
a) TherelationcurvebetweenriverelevationZ (m)andriverlengthL(km):Z=f(L).CalculatetheZandLvaluesanddrawtheZ=f(L)curveontherectangularcoordinates.Thecurveshallshowthegradientofriverwatersurface(orthalweg)alongtheriverlength.
b) TherelationcurvebetweenriverflowQ (m3/s)andriverlengthL(km):Q=f(L).AccordingtotheflowrateQcalculatedin6.3,thevalueLisverifiedandcalculatedbyusingatopographicmaporDM/DEM/DTM.DrawQ=f(L)curveonrectangularcoordinates.Thiscurvereflectsthevariationofriverflowalongtheriverlength.
c) Accumulationcurveofriverwaterenergypotential∑Ni=f(L);The∑Ni(kW)valuemaybeobtainedbydirectlyusingthecomputationresultin6.6,thevalueLisverifiedandcalculatedbyusingtopographicmap/DEM/DTM.Draw∑Ni=f(L)curveonrectangularcoordinates.Theor-dinatevalueofacertainpointonthecurveindicatesthetotalpotentialofwaterenergyfromtheupstreamstartingpoint(forexample,fromtheriversource)tothesection.
7
SHP/TG002-1:2019
d) Curveofunitpotentialofriver:Nd=f(L).Thatis,thedistributionoftheenergyvalueNd
(kW/km)oftheunitriverlengthofthereachalongtheriverlengthL(km).Thiscurvereflects
theenergydensityofthereach.NdiscalculatedbytheFormula(A.4).Thediagramoftheoreti-
calwaterenergypotentialisshowninFigureA.1.
7 Preliminaryplanningofsite
7.1 Planningcontentandmainconsiderations
7.1.1 PreliminaryplanningoftheSHPdevelopmentschemeshallincludeselectionofthesite,de-velopmenttypeandconstructionscaleoftheSHPplant.
7.1.2 Thepreliminaryplanningofthehydropowerstationsiteshallinvolvethefollowingconsidera-tions.
a) Thetopographyandgeologyshallbesuitableforplanningtherelevantstructuresofthehydro-
powerstation.
b) Thehydropowerpotentialshouldberelativelyconcentrated,andthehydroenergydensityoftheriverreachberelativelyhigher.
c) Powerevacuation/transmission:thehydropowerstationisclosetotheloadareasorclosetothepowergrid.
d) Accessandtransportationwithdifferentoptionsshallbeevaluatedandavailable.
e) Minimalinundationoffarmland,villagesortowns,forestsandothernaturalandsocialre-sources.
f) Avoidingnaturalresources,protectedareas,heritageareasandculturalheritagesites.
g) Theelectricitymarketdemandandtheadditionalrequirementsofthepowersystemforutiliza-tionofpowerfromtheproposedSHPplant.
h) Comprehensiveintegrationofwatersupply,irrigation,tourismandnavigation.
i) Avoidconflictswithexistingnationalandlocalwaterrelatedexistingschemesandfutureplansandmanagetheconflictsbetweendifferentplansinaccordancewiththelocal/state/national
planningprinciples.8
SHP/TG002-1:2019
7.2 TypesofSHPstationsandapplicableconditionsfordevelopment
7.2.1 Dam-typehydropowerstation
Dam-typehydropowerstationsmaybeclassifiedintotwotypes,namelyin-streamhydropowersta-tionsordam-toehydropowerstations.
a) Thein-streamhydropowerstation(alongriverchannel)mostlyappliestotheriverreachinrela-tivelyplainareaswithrelativelysmallhead(lessthan15m),wheretheriverisrelativelywide;
itisalsousedforirrigationchannelsorwatersupplywithacertaindrop.SeeFigureB.1andFig-ureB.2forschematicdiagrams.
b) Thehydropowerstationatadamtoeappliestoawiderangeofwaterheads,rangingfromafewmetrestomorethan100metres.SeeFigureB.3foraschematicdiagram.
7.2.2 Diversion-conduit-typehydropowerstation
Thediversion-conduit-typehydropowerstationissuitableforriversectionswheretheriverchannelisrelativelynarrow,theslopeoftheriversectionisrelativelysteep,andthegeologicalconditionsoftheriverbankslopesarefavourable.Applicableheadsrangefromafew metrestoafewhundredmetres.SeeFigureB.4inAppendixBforaschematicdiagram.
7.2.3 Reservoir-based,run-of-riverhydropowerstation(hybrid)
Thecommonlyknownasrun-of-riverwithdiversionorstoragedamhydropowerstationissuitableforriversectionswheretheupstreamofthedamsitecaneasilyformstoragecapacity(diurnal,sea-sonalorannual),andthedownstreamofthedamsitehasarelativelyconcentrateddrop.SeeFigureB.5foraschematicdiagram.
7.3 Utilizationofseveralspecialgeographicalconditionsofrivers
7.3.1 Thenaturalwaterfallhasarelativelyconcentrateddrop.Thebarragemaybebuiltattheap-propriatelocationonthesteepslopeofthewaterfallandthenthewaterisdivertedbytheconduitintotheturbinegeneratorunitinthepowerhousetogenerateelectricity.SeeFigureB.6forasche-maticdiagram.However,suchschemesshallbecarefullyplannedincoordinationwiththerelevanttourismdepartment,includingschedulingofflowforwaterfallsandpowergeneration.
7.3.2 Rapidsornaturalwaterfallsareeasilyformedinrivercoursesinmountainousareas.Forsuchriversections,low-heightweirsmaybebuiltdependingontheactualsituation,and,byrationaluseoftheterrain,watermaybedivertedintothepowerhousethroughadiversioncanaltogenerateelectricity.However,forsuchhydropowerstations,specialattentionshallbepaidtofloodcontrolissues.SeeFigureB.7foraschematicdiagram.
9
SHP/TG002-1:2019
7.3.3 Inmountainousareas,theriverchannelsaremostlycurved,andthecurvedistanceisrela-tivelysmall.Alow-heightdammaybebuiltupstreamofthecurve,toconnectthecurvesbyusingadiversioncanal(ortunnel);cut-offthecurvedriverchannelandobtaintheriverbenddrop,andthe
powerhousemaybebuiltonasuitablelocationonthediversioncanal(ortunnel).SeeFigureB.8foraschematicdiagram.
7.3.4 Thewaterfallonanirrigationchannelmaybeusedtobuildahydropowerstationinthechan-nel.Fordiversion-channel-typehydropowerstations,thetailwaterafterpowergenerationshallre-turntotheoriginalirrigationchannel.SeeFigureB.2foraschematicdiagram.
7.3.5 Thekineticenergyofflowingwatersinariverorcanalmaybeusedtoproduceelectrical
power.Becausethisispoweredbykineticenergyinsteadofpotentialenergy,itisknownas“veloci-ty”powergeneration.SeeFigureB.9foraschematicdiagram.
7.4 Estimationofthedevelopmentscaleofahydropowerstation
7.4.1 ThemeanannualflowattheplanningsitemaybefoundbyusingthecurveinthediagramoftheoreticalwaterenergypotentialQ=f(L).
7.4.2 Theusabledropattheplanningsitemaybecheckedandcalculated.
7.4.3 ThemeanannualoutputofthehydropowerstationattheplanningsitemaybecalculatedbyusingFormula(A.5).Theminimumecologicalflowshallbemaintainedinaccordancewiththeregula-tionsofthestate/country;ifthereisnospecificregulationinthecountry,itmaybecalculatedas10%ofthemeanannualflow.
7.4.4 Theannualenergyofhydropowerstationmaybepreliminarilydeterminedbytheannualutili-zationhours.
a) Selecttheexpectedannualutilizationhoursforthehydropowerstation.Thefollowingselection
principlesshallbefollowed.
1) Asmallvalueistakenifthedifferenceinprecipitationbetweenthewetanddryseasonsisobvious;amediumtolargevalueistakenifthedifferenceinflowbetweenthewetanddryseasonsisnotobvious.
2) Asmalltomediumvalueistakenforthehydropowerstationoperatinginanetworkcon-nectedtothegrid;foranisolatedpowerstation,alargevalueistaken.
3) Amediumtolargevalueistakenforahydropowerstationwithoutregulationfunction;amedianvalueistakenforahydropowerstationwithregulationfunction.
01
SHP/TG002-1:2019
4) InstalledcapacityoftheSHPplantshallbebasedonoptimizationstudies,takingintoac-countflowdurationandtheenergymarket.
b) Afterselectingthedesirednumberofannualutilizationhours,theinstalledcapacityshallbees-timatedinaccordancewiththeFormula(A.6).
8 Sitesurveysandinvestigations
8.1 Hydrologicalsurveys
Hydrologicalsurveysshallincludesurveysofrainfallconsistency,fieldinvestigationofrunoffs,in-vestigationsofhistoricalfloods,andinvestigationsofhistoricaldryflows.Thesurveycontentisgenerallyasfollows.
a) Surveyofrainfallconsistency:Forareaswithshorthistoricaldata,especiallythosesiteslackingrecords,thesurveymaybecarriedoutbyvisitingthesiteandtalkingtotheresidentsalongtherivertounderstandqualitativelytherainfallpatternovertheyears,thedistributionconsistencywithintheyearandthedurationofriseandfalloftheriver.
b) Runoffmeasurement:Anapproximatemeasurementoftheflowoftheriversectionmaybestudiedbyaportableflowmeter,orasimplefloatflow measurementmethod,tocompareitwiththehistoricalrecordinthesameperiod.
c) Historicalfloodsurveys:
1) Preparationforsurveys:Itisnecessarytomakefulluseofbasicdatacollectedintheprevi-ouswork,suchasverticalandhorizontalsectionsoftheriver,includinghighestfloodlev-els;thehistoricaldatashouldbeconsideredinadvancetounderstandthenumber,magni-tudeandtimingsoftheoccurrenceofhistoricalfloods.
2) Sitesurveys:Importanceshallbeattachedtoselectingastraightriversection,focusingonbridges,ancientmonuments,bends,andrivermeandering,tocheckthetracesoffloodmarks.
3) Investigationandvisit:Visittheolderresidentsalongtherivertodeterminetheyearandmonthofhistoricalfloods,thetraces/highfloodmarksleftandthefloodingprocess.
4) Fieldmeasurements:Theelevationofthefloodtrace/highfloodmarks,andtheverticalandhorizontalsectionalmapofthenearbyriversection,shallbeincluded.
d) Investigationofthehistoricaldryseason:Thesurveyprocessissimilartothefloodsurvey.11
SHP/TG002-1:2019
8.2 Surveysontheplanningsite
8.2.1 Damsitesurveys
Thespecificlocationshallbeverifiedonsiteinlinewiththedam/diversionstructuressiteselectedonthetopographicmap.Accordingtothebasicprinciplesofdamsiteselection,theleftandrightbanksandthesurroundingterrainofthedamsite,thesubsurfacestrataandrockstructureofthedamsiteshallbeinitiallyevaluatedtodetermineitssuitabilityasthebestlocationfortheconstruc-tionofadam/diversionstructure.
8.2.2 Plantsitesurveys
Thelocationofthepowerhouseselectedonthetopographicmapshallbeverifiedtomakesureitmeetsthebasicrequirementsfromtopographicalandgeologicalconsiderations.Atthesametime,
therelativepositionalrelationshipbetweenthepowerhouseandthedamshallbestudiedtojustifywhetherthewaterheadutilizationlevelinthepreliminaryplanismet.
8.2.3 Waterconveyancelinesurveys
Thetopographicalandgeologicalconditionsalongthewaterconveyancelineshallbesurveyed.Un-favourablelandformssuchaslandslides,collapseandlargespansofaqueductsshallbespecificallyevaluated.
8.2.4 Reservoirsurvey
Thegeologicalstructureofthebedofthereservoirareashallbeinvestigatedandattentionshallbepaidtowhetherthereareburiedchannels,riverdeposits,fossilvalleys,karstcaves,fracturesandfaults.Basicassessmentofreservoirrimslopestabilityshallbeensured.
8.3 Preliminarydeterminationofavailablewaterheadsforthehydropowerstation
8.3.1 Thewatersurfaceupstreamofthedamsiteandthesurfacedownstreamofthepowerhouseshallbeusedasmeasuringpoints,andthenaturaldropattheplanningsiteshallbemeasuredbyusingelevationinstrumentssuchasahand-heldGPSinstrument,alevelgaugeortotalstation.
8.3.2 Thenaturaldropplusthestorageheightofplannedwaterretainingstructuremaybeadoptedasthegrossheadofthehydropowerstation.Thecharacteristicwaterlevelupstreamofthewater-retainingstructureshallbedeterminedaftertheschemecomparisonandevaluationinthedesignstage.
8.4 Otherconstructionconditionsforinvestigation
Thefollowingconstructionconditionsshouldalsobeinvestigatedinthesiteselectionplanning.21
SHP/TG002-1:2019
a) Assessthetransportationconditionsoftheplannedsiteandthefeasibilityofnewroadconstruc-tionorotheroptionssuchasropeways.
b) Verifythattherareanimalandplantspeciesneartheplanningsiteareconsistentwiththedata.
c) Visitthehistoricalsitesandtheirdistributionaccordingtotherecords.
d) Investigatethepopulationdensityanddistribution,landuseandownershipneartheplanningsiteandwithinthereservoirarea.
e) Investigateimportantbuildingsandotherpublicfacilitiesintheplanningarea.
f) Investigateotherrelevantplansfortheriverbasin.
g) Investigatetheavailabilityofconstructionmaterials.
9 Preparationofsiteconstructionplan
9.1 Selectionofinstalledcapacity
TheinstalledcapacityoftheSHPplantshallbeselectedaccordingtothehydrologicdatasurveyandthemeasurementoftheusabledropatthesite.
9.2 Selectionofturbinetypes
Theappropriateturbinetypeshallbeinitiallyselectedintheturbinetypetableorutilizationrangechartbasedonthewaterheadanddischargeofthehydropowerstation.
9.3 Numberofunits
Accordingtotherevisedinstalledcapacityofthepowerstation,thenumberofunitsisselectedandshallmeetthefollowingrequirements.
a) Inordertofacilitatemaintenanceandmanagement,unitswiththesamecapacityshallbeselect-ed.
b) Consideringthereliabilityrequirementsofthepowersupply,twoormoreunitsshouldbeused.
c) Whenthedistributionofrunoffisseverelyunbalancedinwetanddryseasons,unitsoftwodif-ferentcapacitiesshouldbeselected.
d) Whenselectingthecapacityofasingleunit,itshallbebasedontheconvenienceofmanufactur-31
SHP/TG002-1:2019
ing,transportationandadequacyofutilizationshallbetakenintoaccount.
9.4 Selectionofdamtype
Thetypeofdamshallbeselectedaccordingtothetopography,geology,hydrologyandconstructionmaterials,aswellasthepreliminaryplanningresultsoftheselectedsites,includingmainlythefol-lowing.
a) Gravitydam:Thisshouldbebuiltonarockfoundation,butagravityweirmaybebuiltonasoftfoundation.
b) Archdam:Thisshouldbebuiltondamsiteswithnarrowrivergorges,symmetricalandcontinu-oushillsonbothbanks,andgoodgeologicalconditions.
c) Earth/rockfilldam:Thisissuitableforlocaldamconstructionwherethereareabundantmateri-alsthatareconvenientforconstructionandtransportation;ithasrelativelylowrequirementsforfoundationgeologicalconditions.
d) Sluicedam/barrage:Thisisapplicabletolowwaterheadhydropowerprojectsinriverchannelsorplainareas.Itisgenerallybuiltonarockfoundationorhomogeneoussoil,oronanon-rockfoundationsuchassandygravelandsoftclay.However,constructionpartiallyonrockfounda-tionandpartiallyonnon-rockfoundationshallbeavoided.
e) Shutterdam/weir:Thisisapplicabletolocationswherethewaterdepthislessthan5mandtherequirementforriverbedfloodingishigh.Foundationrequirementsforashutterdamarethesameasthoseforasluicedam.
9.5 Selectionofspillwaystructures
Appropriateflooddischargemeasuresandspillwaysshallbeselectedaccordingtothedamtypeandsurroundingtopography.Themainformsareasfollows.
a) Theflooddischargethroughthedammaybeclassifiedintosurfacespillwayflooddischargeandmediumandlowsluiceflooddischarge.
b) Riversideflooddischargemaybeclassifiedintospillwayandspillwaytunnel.
1) Spillway:Thespillwayshallbeplacedonastablefoundationandtheaxisshouldbestraight.Theflowshallmaintainasafedistancefromotherstructuresandconnecttothedown-streamriver.Thespillwayisclassifiedaschutespillwayorsidespillway,accordingtotherelationshipbetweenitsaxisandtheaxisofthebarrageordam.
2) Spillwaytunnel:Economicandtechnicalcomparisonsshallbemadetochooseapressureor41
SHP/TG002-1:2019
anon-pressuretunnel.Theconstructiondiversiontunnelmaybeusedasaspillwaytunnel.
Allspillwaysshallhavesuitablespaceforenergydissipatingstructures,dependingonthetypeofspillway,topographicalandgeologicalfeatures.
9.6 Selectionofwaterintakestructures
Thewaterintakestructuresinsideoroutsideofthedamshallbeselectedaccordingtodifferenttypesofhydropowerstation.Theselectionofwaterintakeshallmeetthefollowingrequirements.
a) Thewaterintakeofthehydropowerstationatadamtoemaybeinstalledinsidethedam.
b) Thediversiontypeofhydropowerprojectshallhavethewaterintakeinstalledoutsidethedam.
c) Thewaterintakeoutsidethedammaybelocatedononesideoftheriverbanks.
d) Forsediment-ladenrivers,asedimentationbasinshouldbeinstalledadjacenttothe waterintake.Whenrestrictedbyterrainconditions,orheadofsand-flushingwaterisnotsufficient,itcanbemoveddowntotheappropriatepositionalongthediversionchannel.
9.7 Selectionofdiversionstructures
Thewaterconductorsystemofthehydropowerstationincludesthechannel,tunnel,sedimentationbasin,forebay,penstock,surgechamber,fishpassageandtailrace.Theselectionofeachpartshallrespectthefollowingconditions.
a) Channel:Thechannelroutealongthecontourlineshouldbechosen.Theshorterandmorefeasi-blerouteispreferred.
b) Tunnel:Thetunnelmaybeclassifiedasapressuretunnelorafree-flowtunnel.Inordertore-ducethelengthofthechannel,thetunnelmaybeexcavatedifthegeologicalconditionsofthemountainmeettherequirements.Thetunnelshallbekeptawayfromgeologicalstructuressuchasfaults,fracturesandkarstcaves.
c) Sedimentationbasin:Accordingtothesedimentcontent,sedimentparticlesizeandhydropowerstationwaterhead,thenecessityofinstallingasedimentationbasinshallbejudged.Thesedi-mentationbasinshallbelocatedonastablefoundationandshallbecapableofconvenientlydis-chargingsediment.
d) Forebay:Theforebayshallbelocatedattheendofthenon-pressurewaterdiversionsystemandbeforethepenstockdirectswaterintotheturbine.Thepressureforebayshallbekeptawayfromlandslides,downslopefracturedevelopmentorsteepslopes.Theforebayshallbelocatedonasolidfoundationwithlowpermeabilityandincombinationwiththepenstockandpowerhouselo-
51
SHP/TG002-1:2019
cation.
e) Penstock:Theform,parametersandsupportmethodsforthepenstockshallbedeterminedbysubsequentdesign.
f) Surgechamber:Inahydropowerstation’spressurediversionsystem,ifthereisapossibilityofdirecthammer-basedontheturbineregulationfirmcalculationresult,asurgechambershallbeinstalledinasuitablepositionofthepressurepipe,priortotheturbine.Ifgeographicalcondi-tionspermit,thesurgechambershallbeinstallednearthehydropowerstation.Itshallbein-stalledonthesolidfoundationwithlowwaterpermeability.
g) FishPassage:Suitablefishpassagemaybeprovidedinthediversionstructure.
9.8 Typesofpowerhouse
Thetypeofpowerhouseshallbeselectedthrougheconomicandtechnicalcomparisonaccordingtothetopographicandgeologicalconditions,upstreamanddownstreamwaterlevelandotherfactors.Thepowerhousetypesincludesurface,underground,semi-underground,overflowandwithin-dam.
9.9 Locationofswitchyard
Theswitchyardshallbeclosetothepowerhouse,asfaraspossible,incombinationwiththetopo-graphiccharacteristics.Subsidenceproneandlow-lyinglocationsshallbeavoided.
9.10 Locationoftailrace
Thetailraceshallbelocatedwithconsiderationtothesmoothdischargeofflowandshallavoidtheinfluenceofwaterflowattheoutletofspillwaystructures.
9.11 Layoutofmainstructures
Underthepremiseofsatisfyingthegeologicaland otherconstructionconditions,thelayoutprinciplesmainlyincludethefollowing.
a) Thetopographicconditionsshallbefullyutilizedtooptimizethequantityofconstructionwork.
b) Thepowerhouseshallbeclosetothedam,asfaraspossible.
c) Theswitchyardshallbeclosetothepowerhouse,asfaraspossible.
d) Considerationshallbegiventotheconvenienceoftransportationofequipment,especiallythepossibilityoftransportationofthelargestandheaviestequipment.61
SHP/TG002-1:2019
e) Adequateconsiderationshallbegiventofloodprevention.
f) Culturalheritageshallbeavoided.
g) Theeaseofconstructionshallbeconsidered.
h) Theharmonicandelegantappearanceoftheoveralllayoutofthemainstructuresshallbetakenintoaccount.
i) Facilitationofeducationalandtouristvisitsshouldbeaccommodatedwhenpartoflocalregula-tion.
10 Assessmentandprediction
10.1 Preliminaryassessmentofsocialandenvironmentalimpacts
10.1.1 Thepresentstatusofnaturalandsocialenvironmentshallbeinvestigatedinandaroundthehydropowerstationsite,reservoirareaandtheareaspossiblyaffectedbyconstruction;thisshallbeusedasthebaselinetoevaluatethesocialandenvironmentalimpactsoftheproject.
10.1.2 Theimpactonaquaticandterrestrialorganismswithintheconstructionanddownstreamare-asshallbeevaluatedaccordingtothedevelopmenttype,scaleandoperationmodeofthehydropow-erstation.
10.1.3 Theextentofpermanentimpactonthevegetationsurroundingtheprojectaftertherestora-tionmeasuresaretakenshallbeevaluated,basedonthearearequiredforthehydropowerstationin-cludingtheconstructionphase.
10.1.4 Thedegreeofinundationofforests,crops,farmlandandwoodlandinthereservoirareashallbeestimated.
10.1.5 Thenumberofrelocationsofhousesandthepopulationofresettlementshallbeestimated.
10.1.6 Basedonthesurveyresults,preliminaryassessmentopinions(publichearing)ontheenvi-ronmentalimpactoftheprojectshallbemadeaccordingtotheenvironmentalassessmentcriteriaofthecountry.
10.2 Assessmentofpowerdemand
10.2.1 Accordingtothecurrentstatusofpowerdemandandthesocio-economicdevelopmentplan,
theforecastofloadinshort-,medium-andlong-termshallbecarriedoutforthedirectpowersupplyarea,includingtheloadprofile,typesofloadslikedomestic,commercial,industrial,institutional,
71
SHP/TG002-1:2019
seasonalandannualvariations.
10.2.2 Thedevelopmenttrendoftheelectricitymarketshallbepredictedaccordingtothecurrentstatusoftheloadandthenationaleconomicdevelopmentplan.
10.3 Costestimationandbenefitsassessments
10.3.1 Thecostestimationmethodsincludethesub-itemestimationmethodandcomprehensivecostcomputationmethod,whichshallmeetthefollowingrequirements.
a) Sub-itemestimationmethod:First,theprojectquantitiesofdifferentcomponentsofthehydro-powerstationareestimatedaccordingtotheproposedscheme,thentheunitpriceanalysisisconductedaccordingtothelocalpriceindex,afterwhichtheprojectcostisestimatedaccordingtotheprojectquantitiesandunitprice.Thecostofelectromechanicalequipmentmaybeesti-matedbysets.Afterthesubprojectcostsaresummarized,thetotalcostofhydropowerstationconstructionwillbeobtained.
b) Comprehensivecostcomputation method:Thetotalconstructioncostofthehydropowerstationistheproductofthecomprehensiveunitprice(costperkilowatt)ofthesamekindoflocalhydropowerstationandtheinstalledcapacityofthehydropowerstation.
c) Parametricandempiricalcoststudiesmaybeusedforcostestimation.
10.3.2 Estimatethestatictotalcostoftheproject.Analyzeandcalculateeconomicindexesofthehydropowerstation,suchascostperkilowattandcostperkilowatt-hour.
10.3.3 Theannualpowergenerationandoperationcostofthehydropowerstationmaybecalculatedaccordingtothestatisticalindexofthecountry,thatis,theratioofthepowergenerationandoper-ationcostofthehydropowerstationtotheconstructioncost.
10.3.4 BenefitsfromtheschemesfromtheSHPplantshallbeassessedbasedontheutilizationofelectricity,areadevelopmentandsocio-economicbenefits.
10.4 Evaluationofplanningsiteanddevelopmentsequencerecommendations
10.4.1 Thetechnicalevaluationoftheplanningsiteshallbecarriedoutfromtheaspectsofhydroenergyutilization,constructiondifficultyandcomprehensiveutilization.
10.4.2 Apreliminaryeconomicevaluationoftheplanningsiteshallbecarriedoutbasedonthepre-liminaryestimatedcostbymeansofthestaticordynamicmethod.
10.4.3 Asocialbenefitevaluationshallbecarriedoutbasedonthecontributionthatthehydropowerstationmayprovidetothesocietyafteritscompletion.
81
SHP/TG002-1:2019
10.4.4 Suggestionsonthe developmentsequence shallbe made accordingto theresourceconditionsanddevelopmentconditionsoftheplanningsiteandthefollowingfactors:
a) Meetingthecurrentelectricityneedsoftheregion,aswellastheneedsofsocio-economicandloaddevelopment;
b) Meetingthelocalpowerrequirementsofthepowersystem;
c) Aligningwithinvestmentcapacityandconstructiontechnologylevel;
d) Coordinatingwiththeoverallplanninganddevelopmentplanfortheriverbasin.
11 Preparationofsiteselectionplanningreport
Thesiteselectionplanningreportshallcontainthefollowing:
a) TheresultsofsiteselectionplanningforSHPdevelopment,includingnaturalconditionsoftheriverbasin,statusofhydropowerresourcesintheriverbasin,resultsofsiteselection,com-prehensiveevaluationofthesiteanddevelopmentsequence;
b) Theauthenticity,timelinessandapplicabilityofhydrologicaldataandothermaterials;
c) Thecompilation,analysis,interpolationandcitationofdata;
d) Theplanningprinciples,planningmethodsandtechnicalstages;
e) Theconstructionconditionsofeachplanningsiteshallbeexplained,includingriversediment,
engineeringgeologicalcondition,waterconservancyandhydroenergy,reservoirinundationex-tent,constructionplanandengineeringlayout,socialandenvironmentalimpactassessment,
loadassessment,costandbenefitestimation,economicandtechnicalevaluation;
f) Alongwiththesummarizedplanningresults,acomprehensiveevaluationoftheSHPprojects;
g) ThesiteselectionplanningreportinaccordancewiththeoutlineinAnnexC,withrelevantchartsattached.
91
SHP/TG002-1:2019
AppendixA(Informative)
Computationoftheoreticalpotentialofriverwaterenergy,
estimationformulaforinstalledcapacityonaplannedsite
A.1 Conversionformulaofmeanannualoutputofwaterenergyandmeanannualpowerofwaterenergy
N=E
8760(no.ofhoursinayear) ……………………(A.1)
where
N isthepoweroutput(capacity),inkW;
E Isthewaterenergy(electricity),inkWh.
A.2 Conversionformulaforrainfallandrunoffdepth(applicableformicrocatch-ment;)alsoknownastherationalmethod
x=α·y …………………………(A.2)
where
x istherainfall,inmm;
y istherunoffdepth,inmm;
α istherunoffcoefficient.
A.3 Computationformulafortheoreticalwaterpotentialofreach
Ni=9.81Q1+Q2
2 Hi …………………………(A.3)
where
Ni isthepoweroutput(capacity)ofreachi,inkW;
02
SHP/TG002-1:2019
Q1 isthemeanannualflowattheuppersectionofthereachi,inm3/s;
Q2 isthemeanannualflowatthelowersectionofthereachi,inm3/s;
Hi isthedifferencebetweenelevationsoftheupperandlowersectionsofthereachi,inm.
A.4 Formulaforwaterenergydensityperunitlengthofriverreach
Nd=Ni
Li…………………………(A.4)
where
Nd isthewaterenergydensityinunitlengthofreachi,inkW/km;
Ni isthewateroutput(power)ofreachi,inkW;
Li isthelengthofreachi,inkm.
A.5 FormulaformeanannualoutputofSHPplanningsite
Nj=9.81QHη1η2 ……………………(A.5)
where
Nj isthemeanannualoutput(power)oftheplannedhydropowerstation,inkW;
Q isthemeanannualflowofplanningsite,inm3/s;
H istheusablewaterheadattheplanningsite,inm;
η1 isthecoefficientofwaterintakeattheplanningsite(0.9istaken,whiletheremaining10%ofthemeanannualflowisconsideredasnormalecologicalflow.);
η2 isthetheoverallefficiencycoefficientoftheunits(0.75to0.85istaken).
A.6 EstimationformulaforinstalledcapacityofSHPstation
P=8760Nj
hnl…………………………(A.6)
12
SHP/TG002-1:2019
where
P istheinstalledcapacityoftheplannedhydropowerstation,inkW;
Nj isthemeanannualoutputofplannedpower(power),inkW;
hnl istheannualoperationalhoursofplannedhydropowerstation,inh.
A.7 Diagramoftheoreticalpotentialofriverwaterenergy
Key1 riversource2 rivermouthItoVIIIriverreach
FigureA.1—Diagramoftheoreticalpotentialofriverwaterenergy
22
SHP/TG002-1:2019
AppendixB(Informative)
SchematicdiagramofdevelopmenttypesandspecialterrainutilizationofSHPstations
B.1 SchematicdiagramofdevelopmenttypesofSHPstations
FigureB.1 In-streamhydropowerstation
Key1 irrigationcanals2 graduatingvalve3 powerhouse
FigureB.2 Hydropowerstationcanalfall
32
SHP/TG002-1:2019
Key1 reservoir2 overflowdam3 non-overflowdam4 riverbed
FigureB.3 Dam-toehydropowerstation
Key1 overflowdam2 waterinlet3 gritbasin4 diversioncanal5 regulatingreservoir6 pressureforebay
7 penstock8 irrigationchannel9 powerhouse10 tailrace11 riverbed
FigureB.4 Diversion-typehydropowerstation
42
SHP/TG002-1:2019
Key1 dam2 waterinlet3 spillway4 reservoir5 pressuretunnel
6 surgeshaft7 penstock8 powerhouse9 tailrace10 riverbed
FigureB.5 Reservoirbasedrun-of-riverhydropowerstation
B.2 Schematicdiagramoftheutilizationofseveralspecialgeographicalconditionsintheriverchannel
Key1 dam2 penstock3 powerhouse
FigureB.6 Utilizationofnaturalwaterfalls
52
SHP/TG002-1:2019
Key1 waterinlet2 diversioncanal3 powerhouse4 diversioncanal
FigureB.7 Utilizationoftorrentrapidsornaturalwaterfall
Key1 masonryarchdam2 reservoir3 tunnel4 penstock5 powerhouse6 river7 village
FigureB.8 Utilizationofriverbend
62
SHP/TG002-1:2019
Key1 generator2 turbineBlade3 float4 anchoringcable
5 baseorNail6 waterFlow7 waterSurface8 riverbed
FigureB.9 Utilizationofkineticenergyofflowingwatersinariverorcanal
72
SHP/TG002-1:2019
AppendixC(Informative)
Siteselectionplanningreport(Outline)
C.1 Outline
—Tableofcontents
—Relatedphotographsofsite,figuresandmaps
—ChapterI:Generaldescription
1) Geographicallocation,administrativearea,andthewatersystemoftheriver(reach)inwhichtheplanningsiteislocated.
2) Thenaturalconditionsoftheadjacentareasoftheriverbasin,includinggeographictrends,to-pography,hydrometeorology,forestvegetation,regionalgeologyandmineralresources.
3) Thesocio-economicconditionswithintheriverbasin,includingpopulationdistribution,eco-nomic status,industrial structure, grain and crops,lifestyle,religious beliefs andadministrativemanagement.
4) Thestatusofhydropowerresourceswithintheplannedriverbasin,includingtotalhydropowerresources,resourcedistribution,resourcecharacteristicsandexploitablecapacity.
5) Summaryofplanningresults,includingtotalcapacityofresourcedevelopment,numberofhy-dropowerstations,sitedistributionandtechnicalandeconomicindicators.
6) Figuresandtables:
—Schematicdiagramofthelocationoftheplannedhydropowerstation(seeFigureC.1);
—Schematicdiagramofthelocationandlongitudinalsectionoftheplannedhydropowerstation(seeFigureC.2);
—Summarytableofengineeringcharacteristicsoftheplannedhydropowerstation(seeTableC.1).
—ChapterII:Descriptionofdata82
SHP/TG002-1:2019
1) Datacollectionandcompilation;includingthetypeofdata,sourceofdata,collectionmethods,
filingandsoon.
2) Basicevaluationofdata;includingtheintegrity,timeliness,authenticityandapplicabilityofthedata.
3) Technicalanalysisofdata;includingthedataseriessupplement,consistencyanalysis,resultsevaluationandapplicationvalue.
—ChapterIII:Planningprinciplesandmethods
1) Descriptionofplanningprinciples,includingplanningbasis,planningobjectives,environmentalcontrol.
2) Descriptionofplanning methods,includingplanningprocedures,maintechnicalmethods,
qualitycontrolofresults.
—ChapterIV:Planningsitedescription
1) Site selection principles,including the principles ofresource utilization,constructionconditions,technologyprioritiesandeconomicpriorities.
2) Descriptionofsiteselectionresults,includingconstructionconditions,developmentmode,sub-mergenceareamigrants,socialandenvironmentalimpacts,technicalandeconomicindicatorsandestimatedcosts.
—ChapterV:Comprehensiveevaluation
1) Evaluationofhydropowerresources,includingtotalpotential,spatialandtemporaldistribution,
energydensityanddevelopmentconditions.
2) Evaluation of planned hydropower station,including resource utilization level,layoutrationality,developmentvalueandenvironmentalimpactmitigationandcontrol.
—ChapterVI:Suggestionsondevelopment
1) Layoutofpreliminarywork,includingresourcereview,hydrologicalobservation,andfeasibilitystudyplan.
2) Resourcedevelopmentproposals,includingdevelopmentsequence,developmentconditionsandprecautions.
92
SHP/TG002-1:2019
C.2 Figuresandtables
Key1 mountainpeakname32 mountainpeakname23 rivername14 rivername25 placename26 placename17 mountainpeakname18 placename39 placename410 placename511 placename612 placename713 rivername314 ivername415 countyname16 placename817 placename918 placename1019 reservoirname520 powerstationname521 reservoirname1
22 powerstationname123 powerstationname24 powerstationname425 powerstationname226 reservoirname227 reservoirname328 reservoirname429 legend30 drainagebasin31 county32 river33 town34 reservoir35 hydropowerstation36 reservoirname37 normalpoollevel38 normalreservoirstorage(m3)
39 conventionalhydropowerstation40 installedcapacity(MW)
41 annualenergyoutput(kWh)
42 scale
FigureC.1—Schematicdiagramofthelocationoftheplannedhydropowerstation
03
SHP/TG002-1:2019
Key1 rivername2 basinname3 placename4 hydropowerstation5 hydropowerstation16 hydropowerstation37 hydropowerstation48 legend9 drainagebasin10 county11 river12 town
13 reservoir14 hydropowerstation15 plottingscale16 conventionalhydropowerstation17 normalpoollevel(m)
18 installedcapacity(kW)
19 elevation(m)
20 powerstation121 powerstation222 powerstation323 powerstation424 distancetoestuary** (km)
FigureC.2—Schematicdiagramofthelocationandlongitudinalsectionoftheplannedpowerstation
TableC.1—Maintechnicalandeconomicindicatorsof××riverplannedhydropowerstations
Items UnitNameofhydropowerstation
××× ××× ××× ×××
Projectsite
Distancetotributaries km
Catchmentareaatdam/diversionsite km2
Meanannualflow m3/s
Meanannualrunoff m3
13
SHP/TG002-1:2019
TableC.1(continued)
Items UnitNameofhydropowerstation
××× ××× ××× ×××
Meanannualsedimentdischarge kg
Normalwaterlevel m
Deadwaterlevel m
Totalreservoircapacity m3
Reservoircapacitybelownormalwaterlevel m3
Deadreservoircapacity m3
Regulatedreservoircapacity m3
Regulationperformance
Usabledrop m
Installedcapacity kW
Meanannualpowergeneration kWh
Annualutilizationhours h
Powergenerationflow m3/s
Ecologicalwaterdemand m3/s
Reservoirsubmergence
Farmland km2
Population person
Developmentmode
Dam(gate)type
Maximumdam(gate)height m
Headracechannel/tunnellength m
Damsitelithology
Basicintensityofearthquake degree
Environmentallysensitiveobjects
Totalestimatedcostcurrency
unit
Estimatedcostperkilowattcurrencyunit/kW
Estimatedcostperkilowatt-hourcurrencyunit/kWh
Constructionperiod year
23
SHP/TG002-1:2019