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Papers Published

Hosagoudar, V. B., A. Sabeena, G. R. Archana and Jacob Thomas 2007. Meliola

vallaridis sp. nov. from Kerala, India, Journal of Scientfic Transactions in

Environment and Technovision 1(2): pp. 69-70.

Hosagoudar, V. B., Jacob Thomas and P.J. Robin 2009. Studies on foliicolous

fungi-XXX Fungi of shillong, Meghalaya , Indian Journal of Science &

Technolgy Vol.2 No 6 (June) : pp. 2-6

V.B. Hosagoudar, Jacob Thomas, S.S. Shaji and P.P. Rajeshkumar 2009. A new

Balladyna species from Kerala, India, Indian Journal of Science & Technolgy

Vol.2 No 6 (June) : p. 9

Hosagoudar, V. B. and Jacob Thomas 2009. The genus Dysrhynchis in India,

Indian Journal of Science & Technolgy Vol.2 No 6 (June) : pp. 10-11.

Hosagoudar, V. B., A. Sabeena and Jacob Thomas 2009. The Genus Lembosia on

Humboldtia species in Kerala, India, Indian Journal of Science & Technolgy

Vol.2 No 6 (June) : pp. 19-21.

Hosagoudar, V. B., and Jacob Thomas 2009. Meliolaceae of Kerala, India-

XXXII, Indian Journal of Science & Technolgy Vol.2 No 6 (June) : pp. 22-24.

Hosagoudar, V. B., and Jacob Thomas, Two new Sarcinella species from

Kerala, India, Indian Journal of Science & Technolgy Vol.2 No 6 (June) : pp.

26-27.

Scientific Transactions in Environment and TechnovationOctober to December 2007

Scientific Transactionsin Environment andTechnovation69 - 70

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Scientific Transactions in Environment and TechnovationOctober to December 2007

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Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol.2 No 6 (June 2009) ISSN: 0974- 6846

Research article “Foliicolous fungi” Hosagoudar et al. Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol.

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Fig.1. Asterina schimae sp.nova. Appressorium, b. Thyriothecium, c.Ascspores

Studies on foliicolous fungi-XXX: fungi of Shillong, Meghalaya V. B. Hosagoudar, Jacob Thomas and P.J. Robin

Abstract: This paper gives an account of the fungi collected from Shillong. Of these, Asteridiella phukanea, Asterina schimae, Meliola meghalayensis, M. shillongensis, Questieriella zanthoxyli, Sarcinella castanopsidis and S. lyoniae are the new species. While, Asterina indica, A. hakgalensis and Meliola rubiella are reported for the first time from the state of Meghalaya. The study indicates that North-Eastern region of India is a treasure of foliicolous fungi and its systematic study may bring out several undescribed new species. Keywords: Foliicolous fungi, Shillong, new species, new records Introduction

As a part of “Diversity and distribution of Asterinaceous fungi in India”, a tour was conducted to Shillong and preliminary survey of the fungi resulted in the discovery of seven new species and four new records to the state. This indicates the potentiality of the fungal wealth of the region. Taxonomy Asterina hakgalensis Hansf., Proc. Linn. Soc. London 158: 45, 1947; Hosag. & Shiburaj, Zoos’ Print J. 18: 1193, 2003. Materials examined: On leaves of Rhododendron arboreum Smith (Ericaceae), Jan. 21, 2007, Mawphlang, Shillong, Meghalaya, Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin. HCIO 48038, TBGT 2821. Asterina indica Sydow in Sydow & Butler, Ann. Mycol. 9:390, 1911 Materials examined: On leaves of Symplocos theacifolia Ham. (Theaceae), Mawphlang, Shillong, Meghalaya, Jan. 21, 2007, Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin HCIO 48053, TBGT 2836. Asterina schimae sp. nov. (Fig. 1)

Coloniae epiphyllae, densae, dispersae, ad 2 mm diam., confluentes. Hyphae rectae vel undulatae, opposite vel alternatim acuteque vel laxe ramosae, laxe vel arte reticulatae et formans tages mycelialis, cellulae 12-29 x 5-7 µm. Appressoria opposita (70%), alternate, unicellularis, crassa posita, sessilis, ovata, globosa, mammiformes, integra, 7-11 x 7-10 µm. Thyriothecia dense dispersa, orbicularis vel raro ovata, 130-220 x 90-160 µm, stellatim dehiscentes ad centre, crenata vel fringiora ad margine; asci numerosi, ovati vel globosi, octospori, ad 58 µm diam.; ascosporae conglobatae, brunneae, uniseptatae, constrictae ad septatae, late rotundatae ad ambi apicem, 31-36 x 14-17 µm, parietus glabrus. Pycnothyria thyriotheciis similis, breviter; pycnothyriosporae pyriformes, brunneae, 10-24 x 5-10 µm.

Colonies epiphyllous, dense, scattered, up to 2 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to undulate, branching opposite to alternate at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate and form a mycelial mat, cells 12-29 x 5-

7 µm. Appressoria opposite (70%), alternate, unicellular, broad based, sessile, ovate, globose, mammiform, entire, 7-11 x 7-10 µm. Thyriothecia closely scattered, orbicular to rarely ovate, 130-220 x 90-160 µm, dehiscing stellately at the centre, crenate to fimbriate at the margin; asci many, ovate to globose, octosporous, up to 58 µm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, brown, 1-septate, constricted at the septum, broadly rounded at both

apices, brown, 31-36 x 14-17 µm, wall smooth. Pycnothyria similar to thyriothecia, smaller; pycnothyriospores pyriform, brown, 10-24 x 5-10 µm. Material examined: On the leaves of Schima wallachi (DC.) Korthals var. khasiana (Dyer) Bloem. (Theaceae), Lumshillong, Shillong, Meghalaya, Jan. 18, 2007, Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin HCIO 48018 (type), TBGT 2801 (isotype).

Yamamoto (1957) proposed Asterina theae Yamam. on Thea sinensis from Taiwan and Katumoto (1975) synonymised it to Asterina camelliae Syd. & Butler and narrated the total history of Schiffnerula camelliae (Sydow, Sydow & Butler) Hughes. Subsequently, Hosagoudar et al. (2005) proposed Asterina cannonii Hosag. et al. However, the former two species have alternate appressoria and the latter has 5% alternate appressoria. A. schimae is similar to Asterina cannonii Hosag. et al. in having alternate appressoria but differs from it in having 70% opposite appressoria. Key to the species of the Genus Asterina on Theaceae 1. Appressoria alternate ..... 2 1. Appressoria alternate and opposite ..... 3 2. Appressoria oblong, ovate, clavate, cylindrical, entire,

19-24 x 8-10 µm .... A. cannonii 2. Appressoria ovate, globose, clavate, cylindrical, entire

to rarely furcate, 8-13 x 6-7 µm .... A. euryae 3. Appressoria 5% opposite ... A. theacearum



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Fig. 2.Asteridiella phukanea sp.nov a. Appressorium, b. Phialide, c. Perithecial cell wall,

d.Ascspores

Fig.3. Meliola meghalayensis sp.nov. a. Appressorium, b. Phialide, c. Apical portion of the mycelial

setae, d. Ascspores

3. Appressoria 70% opposite .... A. schimae Asterina zanthoxyli Yamamoto, Sci. Rep. Hyogo Univ. Agric. Biol. Ser.3: 28, 1957. Materials examined: On leaves of Zanthoxylum khasianum Hook. f. (Rutaceae), Lumshillong, Shillong, Meghalaya, Jan. 18, 2007, Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin HCIO 48070, TBGT 2853. Asteridiella phukanea sp. nov. (Fig. 2)

Coloniae amphigenae, plerumque epiphyllae, ad 2 mm diam., confluentes. Hyphae subrectae vel leniter undulatae, alternate vel opposite acuteque vel laxe ramosae, arte reticulatae, cellulae 21-28 x 7-10 µm. Appressoria alternata, antrorsa vel subantrorsa, 24-31 µm longa; cellulae basilares cylindraceae vel cuneatae, 5-12 µm longae; cellulae apicales ovatae, globosae, integrae, angularis vel leniter lobatae, 14-22 x 10-19 µm. Phialides appressoriis intermixtae, oppositae vel alternatae, ampulliformes, 17-22 x 7-10 µm. Perithecia dispersa, ad 120 µm daim.; ascosporae obovoideae vel cylindraceae, 3-septatae, constrictae ad septatae, 36-43 x 16-18 µm.

Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, up to 2 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to slightly undulate, branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate, cells 21-28 x 7-10 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to sub antrorse, 24-31 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 5-12 µm long; head cells ovate, globose, entire, angular to slightly lobate, 14-22 x 10-19 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 17-22 x 7-10 µm. Perithecia scattered, up to 120 µm in diameter; ascospores obovoidal to cylindrical, 3-septate, constricted at the septum, 36-43 x 16-18 µm. Material examined: On leaves of Castanopsis armata Spach. (Fagaceae), Mawphlang, Shillong, Meghalaya, Jan. 18, 2007, Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin HCIO 48066 (type), TBGT 2849 (isotype). This new species is distinct from all the known species of the genus Asteridiella known on the members of the family Fagaceae in having three septate ascospores (Hansford, 1961; Hosagoudar, 1996; Hu et al. 1996,

1999) and is named in honour of Dr. (Mrs.) S.J. Phukan, Joint Director, Botanical Survey of India, Eastern Circle, Shillong for her dedicated help during the period of exploration. Meliola meghalayensis sp.nov. (Fig. 3)

Coloniae epiphyllae, tenues, ad 2 mm diam. Hyphae rectae vel subrectae, opposite laxe ramosae, arte reticulatae et rete mycelialis formans, cellulae 21-31 x 7-10 µm. Appressoria alternate et 2% unilateralis, recta vel curvula, antrorsa vel subantrorsa, 24-29 µm longa; cellulae basilares cylindraceae vel cuneatae, 10-12 µm longae; cellulae apicales subglobosae vel ellipsoideae, integrae vel leniter angularis, 14-19 x 12-19 µm. Phialides appressoriis intermixtae, oppositae vel alternatae, ampulliformes, 17-26 x 9-12 µm. Setae myce-liales circa perithecia aggregatae, simplices, rectae, ad apicem acutae, obtusae vel dentatae, ad 820 µm longae. Perithecia dispersa, globosa, verrucosa, ad 180 µm daim.; ascosporae cylindraceae vel ellipsoideae, 4-septatae, constrictae ad septatae, 41-43 x 14-19 µm. Colonies epiphyllous, thin, up to 2 mm in diameter. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite at wide angles, closely reticulate and form a mycelial net, cells 21-31 x 7-10 µm. Appressoria alternate and about 2% unilateral, straight to curved, antrorse to subantrorse, 24-29 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 10-12 µm long; head cells subglobose to ellipsoidal, entire to slightly angular, 14-19 x 12-19 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to unilateral, ampulliform, 17-26 x 9-12 µm. Mycelial setae grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, acute, obtuse to dentate at the tip, up to 820 µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, verrucose, up to 180 µm. in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 41-43 x 14-19 µm. Materials examined: On leaves of Castanopsis armata



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Fig.4. Meliola shillongensis sp.nov. a. Appressorium, b. Phialide, c. Apical portion of the mycelial

setae, d. Ascspores

Fig.5. Questieriella zanthoxyli sp.nov.a. Appressorium, b. Conidiphore, c.Conidiospore

Spach. (Fagaceae), Lumshillong, Shillong, Meghalaya, Jan. 18, 2007, Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin HCIO 48069 (type), TBGT 2852 (isotype). This species differs from Meliola taiwaniona Yamam. and M. melanochaeta Sydow in having simple to dentate mycelial setae. However, it differs from both in having entire head cells of appressoria and smaller ascospores (Hansford, 1961). It also differs from M. bosei Hosag. in having longer appressoria, mycelial setae and larger ascospores (Hosagoudar, 1996). Meliola rubiella Hansf., Sydow Beih. 1: 115, 1957; Sydowia Beih. 2: 240, 1961; Kapoor, Indian Phytopathol. 20: 158, 1967; Hosag., Meliolales of India, p. 303, 1996. Materials examined: On the leaves of Rubus sp. (Rosaceae), Shillong peak, Shillong, Meghalaya, Jan. 20, 2007, Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin HCIO 48054, TBGT 2837. Meliola shillongensis sp. nov. (Fig. 4)

Coloniae epiphyllae, densae, velutinae, ad 3 mm diam. Hyphae subrectae vel undulatae, alternate vel opposite acuteque vel laxe ramosae, arte reticulatae et formans rete mycelialis ad centro, cellulae 19-25 x 7-9 µm. Appressoria alternata, antrorsa vel retrorsa, recta vel curvula, dense posita, 22-34 µm longa; cellulae basilares cylindraceae vel cuneatae, 7-12 µm longae; cellulae apicales ovatae, globosae vel subglobosae, integrae, 14-22 x 9-12 µm. Phialides paucae in numero, appressoriis intermixtae, opposite, ampulliformes, 21-29 x 7-10 µm. Setae myceliales numerosae, circa peritheciis aggregatae, simplices, rectae, leniter curvulae, ad apicem acutae vel obtusae, ad 620 µm longae. Perithecia dispersa, globosa, verrucosa, ad 170 µm diam.; ascosporae oblongae vel obovoideae, cylindraceae, 4-septatae, constrictae ad septatae, 19-31 x 10-12 µm.

Colonies epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 3 mm in diameter. Hyphae substraight to undulate, branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate and form a mycelial mat at the centre, cells 19-25 x 7-9 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, closely placed, 22-34 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 7-12 µm long; head cells ovate, globose to subglobose, entire, 14-22 x 9-12 µm. Phialides few in number, mixed with appressoria, opposite, ampulliform, 21-29 x 7-10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, grouped around perithecia, simple, straight, slightly curved, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 620 µm long. Perithecia scattered, globose, verrucose, up to 170 µm in diam.; ascospores oblong to obovoidal, cylindrical, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 19-31 x 10-12 µm. Materials examined: On the leaves of Vaccinium griffithianum Wight (Vacciniaceae), Mawphlang, Shillong, Meghalaya, Jan. 21, 2007, Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin HCIO 48065 (type), TBGT 2848 (isotype).

Based on the morphology and measurements, M. shillongensis is closer to M. vaccinii Stev. known on Vaccinium reticulatum from Hawaii (Hansford, 1961; Hosagoudar et al., 1997). However, differs from it in having only alternate and shorter appressoria and smaller ascospores. Questieriella zanthoxyli sp. nov. (Fig. 5) Coloniae epiphyllae, minutae, ad 2 mm diam., confluentes. Hyphae rectae vel subrectae, leniter flexuosae, opposite vel alternatim acuteque ramosae, laxe reticulatae, cellulae 19-29 x 4-7 µm. Appressoria dispersa, mammiformes, integra vel angularis, 7-12 x 5-7 µm. Conidia numerosa, producentes cellulae hyphales, pallid brunnea, recta vel curvula, 3-septata, raro constricta ad septata, 24-34 x 7-10 µm.



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Fig.6.Sarcinella castanopsidis sp.nov. a.Appressorium, b.Questieriella conidiospores,

c.Sarcinella conidiospores

Fig.7.Sarcinella lyoniae sp.nov.a.Appressorium, b.Questieriella conidiospores,

c.Sarcinella conidiospores

Colonies epiphyllous, minute, up to 2 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, slightly flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at acute angles, loosely reticulate, cells 19-29 x 4-7 µm. Appressoria scattered, mammiform, entire to angular, 7-12 x 5-7 µm. Conidia numerous, borne directly from the hyphal cells, pale brown, straight to curved, 3-septate, rarely constricted at the septa, 24-34 x 7-10 µm. Materials examined: On leaves of Zanthoxylum khasianum Hk. f. (Rutaceae), Lumshillong, Shillong, Meghalaya, Jan. 18, 2007, Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin HCIO 48070 (type), TBGT 2853 (isotype). This is the synanamorph of the genus Schiffnerulla. Schiffnerulla toddaliae Hansf. on Toddalia asiatica from Uganda, Sarcinella glycosmidis Kamal & Singh on Glycosmis pentaphylla and Sarcinella fumosa Sahni on Eagle marmelos from India are known. The present collection persists in its Questieriella form on a hitherto unrecorded host genus and it warrants its placement in a new species. Sarcinella castanopsidis sp. nov. (Fig. 6)

Coloniae epiphyllae, tenues, patentiae, ad 2 mm diam. Hyphae pallid brunneae, rectae vel subrectae, alternate vel opposite acuteque vel laxe ramosae, laxe vel arte reticulatae, formans rete, cellulae 22-31 x 5-7 µm. Appressoria alternata vel unilateralis, recta, ovata, globosa, unicellularis, crassa posita, margine integra, sessilis, 7-10 x 12-14 µm. Conidiophora producentes hyphis lateralis, formans erectes, unicellularis, gibbous ad basim, micronemata, mononemata, simplices, recta, 4-10 x 5-7 µm; cellulae conidiogena integrata, monoblastica, cylindracea; conidia simplices, solitaria, acrogena, globosa vel subglobosa, cellulae 8-15, sarciniformes, leniter vel fortiter constrictae ad septatae, nigra, 31-46 µm diam., parietus glabrus.

Colonies epiphyllous, thin, spreading, up to 2 mm in diameter. Hyphae pale brown, straight to substraight, branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles,

loosely to closely reticulate and form a net, cells 22-31 x 5-7 µm. Appressoria alternate to unilateral, straight, ovate, globose, unicellular, broad based, margin entire, sessile, 7-10 x 12-14 µm. Conidiophores borne lateral to the hyphae, become erect, unicellular, gibbous at the base, micronematous, mononematous, simple, straight, 4-10 x 5-7 µm; conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, monoblastic, cylindrical; conidia simple, solitary, acrogenous, spherical to subspherical, 8-15 celled, sarciniform, slightly to deeply constricted at the septa, charcoal black, 31-46 µm in diameter, wall smooth. Materials examined: On the leaves of Castanopsis armata Spach. (Fagaceae), Lumshillong, Shillong, Meghalaya, Jan. 18, 2007, Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin TBGT 2899 (type).

Questieriella quercina Hughes on Quercus sp. from Costa Rica and Sarcinella quercina Verma & Kamal on Quercus dilatata from India are known (Hosagoudar, 2003). Based on the host specificity, the present fungus has been accommodated in a new species. Sarcinella lyoniae sp.nov. (Fig. 7)

Coloniae epiphyllae, tenues, patentiae, ad 2 mm diam., confluentes. Hyphae pallid brunneae, subrectae vel undulatae, alternate vel opposite acuteque vel laxe ramosae, laxe reticulatae, cellulae 9-29 x 2-5 µm. Appressoria dispersa, alternata vel unilateralis, recta, ovata, globosa, unicellularis, crassa posita, margine integra, sessilis, 7-10 x 12-14 µm. Conidiophora Sarcinella micronemata, mononemata, simplices, recta, plerumque unicellularis, 9-12 x 4-5 µm; cellulae conidiogenae integratae, monoblasticae, determinatae, cylindraceae; conidia simplices, solitaria, sicca, acrogena, subglobosa vel globosa, cellulae 4-12 numero, sarciniformes, constrictae ad septatae, nigrae, 24-31 µm diam., parietus glabrus. Conidia Questieriella in coloniis dispersa, germinatio et producentes myceliis et appressoria, conidia pallid brunnea, 3-septata, leniter constrictae ad septata, leniter curvula, falcata, 33-41 x 7-10 µm, cellulae terminalis attenuatae ad apicem. Colonies epiphyllous, thin, spreading, up to 2 mm in diameter, confluent and cover the larger area of the



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upper surface of leaves. Hyphae pale brown, substraight to undulate, branching alternate to opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 9-29 x 2-5 µm. Appressoria scattered, alternate to unilateral, straight, ovate, globose, unicellular, broad based, margin entire, sessile, 7-10 x 12-14 µm. The conidiophores of Sarcinella form were micronematous, mononematous, simple, straight, mostly unicellular, 9-12 x 4-5 µm; conidiogenous cells terminal, integrated, monoblastic, determinate, cylindrical; conidia simple, solitary, dry, acrogenous, subglobose to globose, 4-12 celled, sarciniform, constricted at the septa, charcoal black, 24-31 µm in diameter, wall smooth. Several conidia of Questieriella form were scattered in the colony and were germinating by producing mycelium and appressoria; conidia pale brown, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, slightly curved, falcate, 33-41 x 7-10 µm, end cells pale, attenuated at the tip. Materials examined: On the leaves of Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude (Ericaceae), Mawphlang, Shillong, Meghalaya, January 20, 2007, Jacob Thomas & P.J. Robin., HCIO 48067 (type), TBGT 2850 (isotype).

The genus Schiffnerula constitute five synanamorphs namely, Sarcinella, Mitteriella, Questeriella, Digitosarcinella and the teleomorph Schiffnerula. The present fungus reveals two anamorph states, namely, Sarcinella and Questieriella. Hughes (1987) has given a list of the genus Schiffnerula and Hosagoudar (2003) has updated it. There are no records of any Schiffnerulaceous fungi on the members of the host family Ericaceae and hence, the present fungus warrants its placement in a new species. References 1. Bilgrami, K.S., Jamaluddin, S. and Rizwi,

M.A. 1991. Fungi of India.List and References. Today and Tomorrow’s Pr inters & Publ ishers, New Delhi , pp:798

2. Hansford CG (1961) The Meliolaceae. A Monograph. Sydowia. Beih. 2, pp:806.

3. Haridasan K and Rao RR (1985) Forest Flora of Meghalaya. Vol. I. Bishen Singh & Mahendrapal Singh, Dehra Dun. pp: 450.

4. Hosagoudar VB (2003) The genus Schiffnerula and its synanamorphs. Zoos´ Print J. 18, 1071-1078.

5. Hosagoudar VB (2005) Studies on foliicolous fungi–XIX. Indian Phytopathol. 58, 194-204.

6. Hosagoudar VB, Abraham TK and Pushpangadan P (1997) The Meliolineae - A Supplement. Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. pp: 201.

7. Hosagoudar VB (1996) Meliolales of India. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. pp: 363.

8. Hu Y, Ouyang Y, Song Bin and Jiang G (1996) Flora Fungorum Sinicorum. Vol. 4. Meliolales (1). Science Press Beijing. Pp: 270, plate IV.

9. Hu Y, Song Bin, Ouyang Y and Jiang G (1999) Flora Fungorum Sinicorum. Vol. 11. Meliolales (2). Science Press Beijing. Pp: 252.

10. Hughes SJ (1987) Pleomorphy in some hyphopodiate fungi. In: Sugiyama (ed.) Pleomorphic fungi. The diversity and its taxonomic implications. Kodansa & Elsevier,Tokyo. pp:103-139.

11. Katumoto K (1975) The Hemisphaeriales in Japan. Bull. Fac. Agric. Yamaguti Univ. 26, 1-122.

12. Yamamoto W (1957) The Formosan species of the Microthyriaceae–II. Sci.Rep. Hyogo Univ. Agric., Agric. Biol. Ser. 3, 23-31.



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A new Balladyna species from Kerala, India V.B. Hosagoudar, Jacob Thomas, S.S. Shaji and P.P. Rajeshkumar

Abstract: A new species, Balladyna salaciae, infected the leaves of Salacia oblonga, collected from Silent Valley National Park of Palghat district in Kerala state has been described and illustrated in detail. Keywords: Balladyna, new species, Salacia, Kerala, India Introduction

During a survey of the foliicolous fungi in the Western Ghats region of Kerala state, a black mildew fungus was collected on the leaves of Salacia oblonga (Hippocrataceae) from the Silent Valley National Park of Palghat district in Kerala State. Microscopic examination of the fungus revealed the presence of unicellular appressoria, mycelial setae, globose ostiolate perithecia, having successively maturing asci with uniseptate brown ascospores. These are the characteristics of the genus Balladyna. Taxonomy Balladyna salaciae sp. nov. (Fig.1)

Coloniae hypophyllae, densae, crustosae, ad 4 mm diam., confluentes. Hyphae subrectae vel undulatae, irregulariter acuteque vel laxe ramosae, arte reticulatae et formans rete mycelialis, cellulae 19-36 x 6-7 µm. Appressoria numerosa, alternata vel unilateralis, unicellularis, antrorsa vel retrorsa, recta vel curvula, integra vel leniter angularis, clavata, recta vel variae curvula, 12-19 x 7-10 µm. Setae myceliales numerosae, dispersae, simplices, rectae, flexuosae, ad apicem acute vel obtusae, ad 140 µm longae. Perithecia dispersa, moderatim numerosa, stipitata ad initio, subsessilis ad maturitata, ovata, globosa, ostiolata, 100-150 x 60-80 µm; asci pauci, globosi vel ovati, paraphyses hyalinus asciis intersperses, 4-6- spori, bitunicati, 60 µm in diam., parietus crassus; ascosporae conglobatae, oblongae, brunnneae, uniseptatae, fortiter constrictae ad septatae, 28-36 x 14-17 µm, parietus glabrus.

Colonies hypophyllous, dense, crustose, up to 4 mm in diam., confluent and cover almost lower

surface of the leaves. Hyphae substraight to undulate, branching irregular at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate to form a mycelial net, cells 19-36 x 6-7 µm. Appressoria numerous, alternate to unilateral, unicellular, antrorse to retrorse, straight to curved, entire to slightly

angular, clavate, straight to variously curved, 12-19 x 7-10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered, simple, straight, flexuous, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 140 µm long. Perithecia scattered, fairly numerous, initially stipitate, later become subsessile, ovate, globose, ostiolate, 100-150 x 60-80 µm; asci few, globose to ovate, interspersed with hyaline paraphyses, 4-6 spored, bitunicate, 60 µm in diam., wall thick; ascospores conglobate, oblong, brown, uniseptate, strongly constricted at the septum, 28-36 x 14-17 µm, wall smooth.

Materials examined: On the leaves of Salacia oblonga Wallich ex Wight & Arn. (Hippochrataceae), Silent Valley National Park, Palghat, Kerala, India, June 17, 2007 Jacob Thomas & al HCIO

48257 (type), TBGT 2996 (isotype). The genus Balladyna belongs to

the obligate biotrophs of the group ‘Black mildews’ and their host range is restricted to the members of the corresponding host family. This genus represents 15 species infected the members of the family Rubiaceae, Annonaceae, Strychnaceae and Verbenaceae (Hosagoudar, 2004). Since there is no report of the genus Balladyna on the members of the family Hippocrataceae, it is described here as a new species.

References Hosagoudar VB (2004) Studies on foliicolous fungi- XI. The genus Balladyna Racib., based on literature. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28, 202-208.


Research article “Foliicolous fungi” Hosagoudar & Jacob Thomas Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol.

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Fig.1. Dysrhynchis palmicola (Sydow) Arx.a. Branched mycelium, b. Stipitate Perithecium, c. Ascus,

d. Ascospores, e. Apical portion of the mycelial setae

Fig.2. Dysrhynchis uncinata (Sydow) Arx.a. Branched mycelium, b. Stipitate Perithecium, c. Ascus,

d. Ascospores, e. Apical portion of the mycelial setae

The genus Dysrhynchis in India V.B. Hosagoudar and Jacob Thomas

Abstract: Two species of the genus Dysrhynchis, namely, D. palmicola and D. uncinata collected on the leaves of Elaeis guineensis and Ochlandra travancorica from Kerala state are described and illustrated in detail. Keywords: Dysrhynchis, Arecaceae, Poaceae, Kerala Introduction

The genus Dysrhynchis Clemens has been classified under the family Parodiellinaceae (Arnaud, 1918; Hansford, 1946; Arx & Muller, 1975). This includes the family Parodipsidaceae (Luttrell, 1951) and Perisporiopsidaceae (Muller & Arx, 1962). Kirk et al. (2001) have placed it under Parodipsidaceae. These are leaf parasites, having brown, septate, branched mycelium, penetrate the host by stomopodia. Mycelial setae present. Perithecia born on the hyphae, urniform, non-ostiolate but forming wide opening at the apical portion, wall composed of thick, dark cells, often become translucent and asci visible at maturity; asci clavate to spherical, bitunicate; ascospores hyaline, brown at maturity, uniseptate. Type species, D. pulchella (Sacc.) Clemens. This genus differs from other genera of Parodiellinaceae in absence of appressoria and hypostromata (Arx & Muller, 1975, Hosagoudar, 2004). It represents seven species in the world on members of the host families, Malphighiaceae (D. Pulchella (Sacc.) Clemens), Oleaceae (D. confusa (Doidge) Arx), Moraceae (D. amazonica (Hohn.) Muller), Zinziberaceae (D. amomi (Berk. & Broom) Arx), Arecaceae (D. palmicola (Syd.) Arx) and Poaceae (D. oligotricha (Mont.) Arx, D.uncinata (Syd.) Arx). In India, Hosagoudar (2002) made its generic report from Kerala on Ochlandra travancorica. Subsequently, we could collect another species of this genus on Elaeis guineensis from Kerala state. Hence, we felt to present

the detailed study of this rare fungal genus. Taxonomy 1. Dysrhynchis palmicola (Sydow) Arx, Beitr. Kryptog. Flora Schweiz 11: 192, 1962. Balladynella palmicola Syd., Ann. Mycol. 37: 205, 1939. Meliolinella elaeidis Hansf., Mycol. Pap. 15: 69, 1946. (Fig. 1, Plate 1) Colonies hypophyllous, dense, velvety, run parallel along the veins, up to 2 mm in diam., confluent and cover an entire lower surface of the leaves. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching irregular at wide angles, closely reticulate, cells 18-24 x 2-4 µm. Appressoria absent. Mycelial setae numerous, carbonaceous black, scattered, simple, straight, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 200 µm long. Perithecia closely scattered, stipitate, globose, ovate, ostiolate, up to 100 µm in diameter; asci visible in mature perithecia, 2-4 in numbers, ovate to globose, octosporous, 30-60 µm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, oblong, pale brown, 1- septate, constricted at the septum, broadly rounded at both ends, 24-34 x 9-11 µm, wall smooth. Materials examined: On the leaves of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecaceae), on the way between Athirappally to Chalakkudy, Thrissur, Kerala, India, Aug. 21, 2007 HCIO 48255, TBGT 2994. This species was known on the same host from Africa and is reported here for the first time from India (Muller & Arx, 1962; Bilgrami et al. 1991). 2. Dysrhynchis uncinata (Sydow) Arx in Muller & Arx,

Beitr. Kryptogamenflora der Schweiz 2 : 191, 1962; Hosag., Persoonia 18: 125, 2002.

Ballydyna uncinata Sydow, Ann. Mycol. 12: 546, 1914. Meliolinella uncinata (Sydow) Hansf. Sydowia 9: 85, 1955. Kusanobotrys bambusae Hino & Katumoto, Bull.

Yamaguti Univ. 5: 218, 1954.



11

Neoballadyna butleri Boedijn, Persoonia 1: 398, 1961.

(Fig. 2, Plate-2) Colonies hypophyllous, dense, run parallel along the veins, up to 5 mm long and 2 mm broad, confluent and cover larger leaf area. Hyphae straight to crooked, branching irregular at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 14-29 x 2-5 µm. Appressoria absent. Mycelial setae numerous, simple, straight, flexuous, uncinate, subacute to obtuse, up to 120 µm long. Perithecia slightly stipitate, globose, ovate, ostiolate, 33–38 µm in diameter; asci visible in mature perithecia, 1-2 in numbers, ovate to globose, octosporous, 28-36 µm in diameter; ascospores conglobate, oblong, brown, uniseptate, constricted at the septum, broadly rounded at both ends, 24-29 x 7-10 µm, wall smooth in young. Materials examined: On leaves of Ochlandra travancorica Benth. ex Gamble (Poaceae), Attayar, Trivandrum, Kerala, March 20, 1997, V.B. Hosagoudar HCIO 43966, TBGT 470. This species was known on Schizostachyum sp., Bambusa sp. and Gigantochloa sp. from Philippines (Muller & Arx, 1962). This species was reported from

Kerala state as a new generic record (Hosagoudar, 2002)

but the description and illustrations were lacking. References 1. Arnaud H (1918) Les Astérinées. Ann. Ecol. Nat. Agric.

Montpellier, N. S. 16, 1-288. 2. Arx JAV and Müller E (1975) A re-evaluation of the bitunicate

ascomycetes with key to the families and genera. Stud. Mycol. 9, 1-159.

3. Bilgrami KS, Jamaluddin S and Rizwi MA (1991) Fungi of India. List and references. Today & Tomorrow’s printers and Publishers, New Delhi.

4. Hansford CG (1946) The foliicolous Ascomycetes, their parasites and associated fungi. Mycol. Pap. 15, 1-240.

5. Hosagoudar VB (2002) Studies on foliicolous fungi – VI. Persoonia 18,123-127.

6. Hosagoudar VB (2004) Studies on foliicolous fungi- XI. The genus Balladyna Racib., based on literature. J. Econ. Taxon. Bot. 28, 202-208.

7. Kirk PM, Cannon PF, David JC and Stalpers JA (2001) Dictionary of the Fungi. 9th edition. CABI Bioscience, Surrey, UK.

8. Luttrell ES (1951) Taxonomy of the Pyrenomycetes. Univ. Mo.Stud. 24,1-120.

9. Muller E and Arx JA von (1962) Die Gattungen der didymosporen Pyrenomyceten. Beitr. Kryptog. Flora Schweiz. 11, 1-922.

.Dysrhynchis uncinata(



19

The Genus Lembosia on Humboldtia species in Kerala, India V. B. Hosagoudar, Jacob Thomas and A. Sabeena

Abstract: The genus Humboldtia comprises six species and of which five are in India. All these five species are endemic to Peninsular India. Of these, Humboldtia unijuga and H. vahliana were infected with three species of the genus Lembosia, namely, Lembosia humboldtiae, L. humboldtiicola and L. humboldtiigena. The former species was described from Kerala State and the latter two are described here as new to science. All these species are described and illustrated in detail to provide the consolidated account of the species known on this host genus. Key words: Fungi, Lembosia, Humboldtia, Kerala, India, new species Introduction

The genus Humboldtia is the Indo-Sri Lankan plant, comprises six species, of which five are known in India and are endemic to Southern Western Ghats. These are mostly distributed in the ever green forests at an altitude from 150-1250 m. Of these, Humboldtia unijuga Bedd. and H. vahliana Wight were found infected with Lembosia species.

The genus Lembosia, a type genus of the family Lembosiaceae, represents 144 species in the world (Song & Hosagoudar, 2003), characterized by the brown, septate mycelium with laterally placed appressoria; ovate, elongated to furcate thyriothecia dehisce longitudinally at

the centre. Asci ovate to globose with 4-8 brown uniseptate ascospores. Taxonomy

Key to the species of the genus Lembosia on Humboldtia species: 1. Appressoria oblong to elongated , 1-3 celled, straight,

flexuous to crooked, cells of ascospores unequal … humboldtiiae

1. Appressoria and ascospores not so …2 2. Appressoria opposite, ovate to conoid … humboldtiicola 3. Appressoria alternate, globose … humboldtiigena Descriptions to the species 1. Lembosia humboldtiae Hosag. & Abraham, Mycol.

Res. 102: 186, 1996 (humboltiae) (Plate 1, Fig.1) Colonies amphigenous, dense, crustose, up to 5 mm

in diameter, confluent. Hyphae flexuous to crooked, branching opposite at acute to wide angles, closely reticulate, cells 15-44 x 2-4 µm. Appressoria scattered, some part of the mycelium devoid of appressoria, alternate to opposite, straight, curved, flexuous to crooked, 1-3 celled, 11-44 µm long; stalk cells 1-2



20

septate, 12-22 µm long; head cells ovate, straight, curved, entire to rarely lobate, 6-22 x 2-4 µm. Thyriothecia scattered, rounded to elongated, longitudinally fissured at the centre, 200-1000 x 180-250 µm, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae flexuous to crooked; asci octosporous, subglobose to ovoid, 22-42 µm in diameter; ascospores 1-septate, brown, constricted at the septum, 22-35 µm long, lower cell smaller, ovate, 9-15 x 6-11 µm, upper cell larger than the lower, ovate, 13-20 x 11-13 µm, wall smooth. Materials examined: On leaves of Humboldtia vahliana Wight (Caesalpiniaceae), Kombe, Meenmutty, Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, March 9, 1996, V.B. Hosagoudar HCIO 42179 (type), TBGT 51 (isotype); Humboldtia sp., TBGRI Campus, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, Nov. 25, 2000, T. Sabu HCIO 43829, TBGT 379; Dec. 28, 2006, A. Sabeena & M.C. Riju HCIO, TBGT 3008; Kulamavu, Idukki, Kerala, Sept. 5, 2001, M. Kamarudeen HCIO 45109, TBGT 1164; Arboretum, TBGRI Campus, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Nov. 4, 2004, T. Sabu HCIO 47318, TBGT 2356; near Peppara Dam, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Nov. 18, 2007, Jacob Thomas and Vimalkumar HCIO 48290, TBGT 3009.

This species is distinct from rest of the two in having unicellular to multi cellular, flexuous to crooked stalk cells of the appressoria and unequal cells in the ascospores (Hosagoudar & Abraham, 1998). 2. Lembosia humboldtiigena sp.

nov. (Plate-2, Fig. 2) Coloniae amphigenae,

densae, ad 5 mm diam., confluentes. Hyphae subrectae vel flexuosae, alternate vel irregulariter acuteque vel laxe ramosae, laxe vel arte reticulatae, cellulae 44-55 x 3-5 µm. Appressoria dispersa, alternata vel unilateralis, unicellularis, crassa posita, ovata, globosa, integra vel sublobata, 2-9 x 2-6

µm. Thyriothecia dispersa, rotundata vel elongata, dehiscentes longitudinalis ad centro, 150-480 x 100-330 µm, margine crenatae vel fimbriatae, hyphae fringiorae

flexuosae, exappressoriatae; asci sub globosi, octospori, 31-44 µm diam.; ascosporae hyalinae ad initio, brunneae ad maturitatae, 1-septatae, conglobatae, constrictae ad septatae, 13-17 x 4-9 µm, parietus glabrus.

Colonies amphigenous, dense, up to 5 mm diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to flexuous, branching alternate to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 44-55 x 3-5 µm. Appressoria scattered, alternate to unilateral, unicellular, broad based, ovate, globose, entire to sublobate, 2-9 x 2-6 µm. Thyriothecia scattered, rounded to elongated, longitudinally fissured at the centre, 150-480 x 100-330 µm, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae flexuous, exappressoriate; asci sub globose, octosporous, 31-44 µm in diameter; ascospores initially hyaline, brown at

maturity, 1-septate, conglobate, constricted at the septum, 13-17 x 4-9 µm, wall smooth.

Materials examined: On leaves of Humboldtia vahliana Wight (Caesalpiniaceae), TBGRI Campus, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, Dec. 28, 2006, A. Sabeena and M.C. Riju HCIO 48289 (type), TBGT 3008 (isotype).

Unicellular, scattered, ovate, globose, entire to sublobate appressoria distinguishes this from the other two species. 3. Lembosia humboldtiicola

sp. nov. (Plate 3, Fig.3) Coloniae hypophyllae,

tenues, crustosae, ad 2 mm diam., confluentes. Hyphae rectae vel subrectae, opposite vel irregulariter acuteque vel laxe ramosae, laxe reticulatae, cellulae 9-14



21

x 2-5 µm. Appressoria plerumque opposita, subopposita, paucae unilateralis, unicellularis, ovata, conoidea vel cylindracea, crassa posita, sessilis, integra, 5-7 x 4-10 µm. Thyriothecia dispersa, ad intio rotundata, elongata ad maturitata, dehiscentes longitudinalis ad centro, 250-400 x 150-200 µm, margine crenatae vel fimbriatae, hyphae fringiorae subrectae vel flexuosae, exappressoriatae; asci octospori, globosi, ad 48 µm diam.; ascosporae hyalinae ad initio, fortiter brunneae ad maturitatae, uniseptatae, conglobatae, constrictae ad septatae, 31-36 x 11-13 µm, parietus echinulatus.

Colonies hypophyllous, thin, crustose, up to 2 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles, loosely reticulate, cells 9-14 x 2-5 µm. Appressoria mostly opposite, sub opposite, few unilateral, unicellular, ovate, conoid to cylindrical, broad based, sessile, entire, 5-7 x 4-10 µm. Thyriothecia scattered, initially rounded, elongated at maturity, longitudinally dehisced at the centre, 250-400 x 150-200 µm, margin crenate to fimbriate, fringed hyphae substraight to flexuous, appressoriate; asci octosporous, globose, up to 48 µm diameter; ascospores initially hyaline, deep brown at maturity, uniseptate, conglobate, constricted at the septum, 31-36 x 11-13 µm long, wall echinulate.

Materials examined: On leaves of Humboldtia unijuga Bedd. (Caesalpiniaceae), Athirumala, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, Feb. 28, 2008, Jacob Thomas & al HCIO 48291 (type), TBGT 3010 (type).

Opposite to sub opposite, ovate to conoid appressoria distinguishes this species from the other two species.

References 1. Hosagoudar VB and Abraham TK (1998) Four new

foliicolous Ascomycetes from Kerala, India. Mycol. Res. 102, 184-86.

2. Song B and Hosagoudar VB (2003) A list of Lembosia species based on the literature. Guizhou Science 21, 93-101.


Research article “Foliicolous fungi” Hosagoudar & Thomas Indian Society for Education and Environment (iSee) http://www.indjst.org Indian J.Sci.Technol.

22

Meliolaceae of Kerala, India-XXXII V.B. Hosagoudar and Jacob Thomas

Abstract: This paper gives an account of five taxa of the genus Meliola. Of these, Meliola dioscoreacearum, M. dioscoregena and M. vazhachalensis are the new species, while, M. erythrinae var. indica and M. strophanthicola var. indica are the new varieties collected from the Western Ghats region of Kerala state. All these fungi are described and illustrated in detail. Keywords: Meliola, New species, Kerala, India Introduction

During a survey of the foliicolous fungi in the Western Ghats region of Kerala state, several foliicolous fungi have been collected from Vazhachal forest in Thrissur district, Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary in Thiruvananthapuram district and Kozhencherry region in Pathanamthitta districts. Of these, five taxa are described and illustrated in detail. Taxonomy 1. Meliola dioscoreacearum sp. nov. (Fig. 1)

Coloniae epiphyllae, densae, velutinae, ad 2 mm in diam., confluentes. Hyphae rectae, opposite acuteque ramosae, laxe vel arte reticulatae, cellulae 16-34 x 4-7 µm. Appressoria alternata, ad 3% opposita, antrorsa vel subantrorsa, recta vel curvula, 14-19 µm longa; cellulae basilares cylindraceae vel cuneatae, 2-5 µm longae; cellulae apicales curvulae, cylindraceae, ovatae, integrae, ad apicem rotundatae, 12-15 x 7-10 µm. Phialides appressoriis intermixtae, alternatae vel oppositae, ampulliformes, 14-24 x 7-10 µm. Setae myceliales dispersae, rectae, simplices, acutae vel dentatae ad apicem, ad 510 µm longae. Perithecia dispersa, verrucosa, ad 200 µm diam.; ascosporae cylindraceae, 4-septatae, fortiter constrictae ad septatae, 36-38 x 14-17 µm. Colonies epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 2 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 16-34 x 4-7 µm. Appressoria alternate, about 3% opposite, antrorse to subantrorse, straight to curved, 14-19 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2-5 µm long; head cells curved, cylindrical, ovate, entire, rounded at the apex, 12-15 x 7-10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14-24 x 7-10 µm. Mycelial setae scattered, straight, simple, acute to dentate at the tip, up to 510 µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 200 µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical, 4-septate, strongly constricted at the septum, 36-38 x 14-17 µm. Materials examined: On leaves of Dioscorea sp. (Dioscoreaceae), Lower Sholayar, Vazhachal, Thrissur, Kerala, India, Nov. 12, 2007, Jacob Thomas & al, HCIO 48251 (type), TBGT 2990 (isotype). Based on the dentate mycelial setae and oppositely placed appressoria, this species can be compared with Meliola dioscoreicola Hansf. & Deight. and its variety

peruviensis Hansf. but differs from both in having only 3% opposite appressoria, minutely dentate mycelial setae and the apical cells of the appressoria are typically ovate to cylindrical (Hansford, 1961). This forms the first report of meliolaceous fungi on the members of the family Dioscoreaceae (Hosagoudar, 1996, 2008).

2. Meliola dioscoregena sp. nov. (Fig. 2)

Coloniae epiphyllae, densae, velutinae, ad 2 mm diam. Hyphae rectae vel subrectae, opposite acuteque ramosae, arte reticulatae, cellae 9-15 x 4-7 µm. Appressoria opposita, minusve 1% alternata, antrorsa vel patentia, recta vel leniter curvula,, 12-17 µm longa; cellulae basilares cylindraceae vel cuneatae, 2-5 µm longae; cellulae apicales subglobosae vel ovatae, integrae, 9-12 x 7-10 µm. Phialides appressoriis intermixtae, alternatae vel oppositae, ampulliformes, 7-14 x 4-7 µm. Setae myceliales dispersae vel aggregatae juxta perithecia, rectaet, simplices, acutae vel obtusae ad apicem, ad 440 µm longae. Perithecia plerumque aggregata ad colonis centralis, verrucosa, ad 190 µm diam.; ascosporae cylindraceae vel ellipsoideae, 4-septatae, constrictae, 36-41 x 14-17 µm. Colonies epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 2 mm in diameter, not confluent. Hyphae straight to substraight, branching opposite at acute angles, closely reticulate, cells 9-15 x 4-7 µm. Appressoria opposite, less than 1% alternate, antrorse to spreading, straight to slightly curved, 12-17 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2-5 µm long; head cells subglobose to ovate, entire, 9-12 x 7-10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 7-14 x 4-7 µm. Mycelial setae scattered to grouped around perithecia, straight, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 440µm long. Perithecia mostly grouped at the centre of the colony, verrucose, up



23

to 190 µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to ellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted, 36-41 x 14-17 µm. Materials examined: On leaves of Dioscorea sp. (Dioscoreaceae), Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, November 18, 2007, Jacob Thomas and Vimalkumar HCIO 48250 (type), TBGT 2989 (isotype). Typically opposite appressoria distinguishes this species from rest of the Meliola species known on the members of the family Dioscoreaceae (Hansford, 1961, Hosagoudar et al. 1997). Ascospores produce three appressoria from the terminal cells and the mycelium is being produced from the sub-terminal cells.

3. Meliola erythrinae Sydow var. indica var. nov. (Fig. 3)

Differt a var. erythrinae appressoria 5% opposita. Colonies epiphyllous, thin, up to 3 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to slightly undulate, branching opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 21-41 x 4-7 µm. Appressoria alternate, 5% unilateral, 5% opposite, antrorse to spreading, straight to curved, 12-17 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2-5 µm long; head cells subglobose, clavate, entire, 9-12 x 12-15 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 14-22 x 7-10 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered to grouped around perithecia, straight, simple, acute to obtuse at the tip, up to 410 µm long. Perithecia scattered to grouped, verrucose, up to 160 µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to subellipsoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 33-43 x 12-17 µm. Materials examined: On leaves of Erythrina variegata L. (E. indica Lam.) (Fabaceae), near Lower Sholayar dam, Vazhachal, Thrissur, Kerala, India, Nov. 12, 2007, Jacob Thomas & al HCIO 48253 (type), TBGT 2992 (isotype). The present collection is similar to Meliola eruthrinae but the variety differs from the var. erythrinae in having 5% opposite appressoria.

4. Meliola strophanthicola Hansf. var. indica var. nov. (Fig. 4) Colonies amphigenous, dense, velvety, up to 4 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae substraight to undulate, branching mostly opposite at acute to wide angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 19-26 x 5-7 µm. Appressoria alternate, antrorse to subantrorse, spreading, 17-24 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 6-9 µm long; head cells cylindrical, ovate, entire, 11-15 x 6-9 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, opposite to alternate, ampulliform, 13-18 x 5-7 µm. Mycelial setae numerous, scattered to grouped around perithecia, simple, straight to curved, acute at the tip, up to 480 µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 170 µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to subellipsoidal, 4-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, 33-38 x 11-16 µm.

Materials examined: On leaves of Strophathus wightianus Wallich ex Wight (Apocynaceae), St. Thomas College Campus, Kozhencherry, Pathanamthitta, Kerala,



24

India, Feb. 1, 2007, Jacob Thomas HCIO 48017 (type), TBGT 2800 (isotype). Two species of the genus Meliola, M. monilispora Gaill. and M. strophanthicola Hansf. are known on the host genus Strophanthus from Congo Francoise and Uganda (Hansford, 1961). The present collection differs from the former species in having only acute mycelial setae in contrast to all dentate ones. It is similar to the later species but the new variety differs from the var. strophanthicola in having distinctly smaller ascospores (33-38 x 11-16 µm) in contrast to 42-46 x 15-17 µm. 5. Meliola vazhachalensis sp. nov. (Fig. 5)

Coloniae epipyllae, subdensae, velutinae, ad 4 mm in diam., confluentes. Hyphae rectae, opposite acuteque ramosae, laxe vel arte reticulatae, cellulae 12-28 x 5-7 µm. Appressoria opposita, antrorsa, subantrorsa vel patentia, 12-17 µm longa; cellulae basilares cylindraceae vel cuneatae, 2-5 µm longae; cellulae apicales ovatae, cylindraceae, leniter attenuatae et late rotundatae ad apicem, integrae, 9-15 x 7-10 µm. Phialides appressoriis intermixtae, alternatae to oppositae, ampulliformes, 14-22 x 5-9 µm. Setae myceliales juxta perithecia aggregatae, simplices, uncinatae vel leniter circinatae, acutae ad apicem, ad 220 µm longae. Perithecia dispersa, verrucosa, ad 140 µm diam.; ascosporae cylindraceae vel obovoidea, 4-septatae, constrictae ad septatae, 28-36 x 12-15 µm.

Colonies epipyllous, subdense, velvety, up to 4 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae straight, branching opposite at acute angles, loosely to closely reticulate, cells 12-28 x 5-7 µm. Appressoria opposite, antrorse, to subantrorse to spreading, 12-17 µm long; stalk cells cylindrical to cuneate, 2-5 µm long; head cells ovate, cylindrical, slightly attenuated and broadly rounded at the apex, entire, 9-15 x 7-10 µm. Phialides mixed with appressoria, alternate to opposite, ampulliform, 14-22 x 5-9 µm. Mycelial setae grouped around perithecia, simple, uncinate to slightly coiled, acute at the tip, up to 220 µm long. Perithecia scattered, verrucose, up to 140 µm in diam.; ascospores cylindrical to obovoidal, 4-septate, constricted at the septa, 28-36 x 12-15 µm.

Materials examined: On leaves of Aglaia sp. (Meliaceae), Lower Sholayar, Vazhachal, Thrissur, Kerala, Nov. 12, 2007, Jacob Thomas & al HCIO 48206 (type), TBGT 2942 (isotype). This species can be compared with Meliola reinwardtiodendri Hosag. known on Reinwardtiodendron anamallayanum (Bedd.) from Anamalai forests, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu having opposite appressoria with uncinate mycelial setae. The new species differs from it having distinctly attenuated head cells of appressoria in contrast to broadly rounded to truncate ones. (Hosagoudar, 1996). References 1. Hansford CG (1961) The Meliolaceae. A Monograph.

Sydowia. Beih. 2, 1-806. 2. Hosagoudar VB (1996) Meliolales of India. Botanical

Survey of India, Calcutta. pp: 363. 3. Hosagoudar VB, Abraham TK and Pushpangadan P

(1997) The Meliolineae- A Supplement. Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute, Palode, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. pp: 201.

4. Hosagoudar VB (2008) Meliolales of India, vol. II. Botanical Survey of India, Calcutta. pp: 380.



26

Two new Sarcinella species from Kerala, India V.B. Hosagoudar and Jacob Thomas

Abstract: Two new species of the genus Sarcinella, namely Sarcinella cipadessae and Sarcinella quisqualidis, infected the leaves of Cipadessa baccifera and Quisqualidis indica have been described and illustrated. Keywords: Sarcinella, new species, Kerala, India. Introduction

During a survey of foliicolous fungi in the Western Ghats region of Kerala state, medicinal plant Cipadessa baccifera and an ornamental plant Quisqualidis indica were found infected with black mildew fungi. Microscopic examination of the infected leaves revealed an undescribed species of the genus Sarcinella. Hence, the note. 1. Sarcinella cipadessae sp. nov. (Fig.1, Plate 1)

Coloniae epiphyllae, densae, ad 2 mm in diam., confluentes. Hyphae palid brunneae, subrectae vel flexuosae, opposite vel irregulariter acuteque vel laxe ramosae, laxe vel arte reticulatae, cellulae 19-29 x 4-7 µm. Appressoria alternata, unicellularis, subglobosa vel ovata, mammiformes, integra, 7-12 x 9-12 µm. Conidiophorae macronematae, mononematae, simplices, rectae, producentis a hyphis lateralis, glabrae, 7-12 x 4-7 µm; cellulae conidiogenae integratae, plerumque terminalis, monoblasticae, determinatae, cylindraceae; conidia simplices, solitaria, sicca, acrogena, globosa vel ovala, integra, brunnnea vel nigra, constrictus ad septata, 4-6 cellula, cellulae circinatim positae, 26-31 x 21-36 µm. Conidia Questieriella in coloniis dispersa, pallid brunnea, leniter falcata, 3-septata, cellulae terminalis

attenuatae, pallid brunnnea, 31-34 x 7-10 µm, parietus glabrus.

Colonies epiphyllous, dense, up to 2 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae pale brown, substraight to flexuous, branching opposite to irregular at acute to wide angles,

loosely to closely reticulate, cells 19-29 x 4-7 µm. Appressoria alternate, unicellular, subglobose to ovate, mammiform, entire, 7-12 x 9-12 µm. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, simple, straight, arise laterally from the hyphae, smooth, 7-12 x 4-7 µm; conidiogenous cells integrated, mostly terminal, monoblastic, determinate, cylindrical; conidia simple, solitary, dry, acrogenous, globose to oval, smooth, brown to dark, constricted at the septa, 4-6 celled, cells circinately arranged, 26-31 x 21-36 µm. Conidia of Questeriella were scattered in the colonies, pale brown, slightly falcate, 3-septate, end cells attenuated, light brown, 31-34 x 7-10 µm, wall smooth. Material examined: On leaves of Cipadessa baccifera (Roth.) Miq. (Meliaceae), Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, Nov. 18, 2007, Jacob Thomas and Vimal Kumar HCIO 48249 (type), TBGT 2988 (isotype). Sarcinella azadirachtae Meenu et al. is known on Azadirachta indica from Nepal (Meenu et al. 1994, J. Living World 1: 107). In absence of teleomorph and based on the host specificity, the present fungus has been placed under a new species 2. Sarcinella quisqualidis sp. nov. (Fig. 2, Plate-2)

Coloniae amphigenae, plerumque epiphyllae, densae, velutinae, ad 2 mm diam., confluentes. Hyphae fortiter brunneae, subrectae vel flexuosae, opposite vel alternate acuteque ramosae, arte reticulatae, cellulae 12-26 x 4-7 µm. Appressoria alternata, unicellularis, globosa,

subglobosa vel mammiformis, integra, 7-12 x 9-12 µm. Conidiophorae macronematae, mononematae, simplices, rectae, producentes a hyphiis lateralis, glabrae, 7-15 x 7-10 µm; cellulae conidiogenae integratae, plerumque terminalis, monoblasticae,



27

determinatae, cylindracea; conidia simplices, solitaria, sicca, acrogena, globosa vel leniter ovala, glabra, anthracina, constrictus ad septata, 4-8- cellula, cellulae circinatim positae, 28-36 x 24-31 µm. Conidia Questieriella in coloniis dispersa, 3-septata, leniter constrictus ad septata, brunnea vel fortiter brunnea, falcata, cellulae terminalis attenuatae, 31-43 x 9-12 µm, parietus glabrus.

Colonies amphigenous, mostly epiphyllous, dense, velvety, up to 2 mm in diameter, confluent. Hyphae deep brown, substraight to flexuous, branching opposite to alternate at acute angles, closely reticulate, cells 12-26 x 4-7 µm. Appressoria alternate, unicellular, globose, subglobose to mammiform, entire, 7-12 x 9-12 µm. Conidiophores macronematous, mononematous, simple, straight, produced lateral to the hyphae, smooth, 7-15 x 7-10 µm; conidiogenous cells integrated, mostly terminal, monoblastic, determinate, cylindrical; conidia simple, solitary, dry, acrogenous, globose to slightly oval, smooth, carbonaceous black, constricted at the septa, 4-8- celled, cells sarciniform, 28-36 x 24-31 µm. Conidia

of Questieriella were scattered in the colonies, 3-septate, slightly constricted at the septa, brown to deep brown, falcate, end cells attenuated, 31-43 x 9-12 µm, wall smooth.

Materials examined: On leaves of Quisqualis indica L. (Combretaceae), Peppara Wildlife Sanctuary, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India, November 18, 2007, Jacob Thomas and Vimal Kumar HCIO 48254 (type), TBGT 2993 (isotype).

Questieriella terminaliae Hosag & Agarwal and Sarcinella jarwaensis Chandra et al. (Chandra et al. 1991, Hosagoudar & Agarwal, 2002) are known on Terminalia chebula from Uttar Pradesh and Kerala States. Based on the host specificity, this species has been accommodated in a new species. References 1. Chandra S, Srivastava N and Chaudhary R (1991)

New species of Sarcinella from India. Indian Phytopath. 44, 301-307.

2. Hosagoudar VB, Biju CK, Abraham TK and Agarwal DK (2002) Studies on foliicolous fungi III. Indian Phytopath. 55, 497-502.

3. Meenu et al. (1994) J. Living World. 1, 107.

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