46th ISTE Annual National Convention & National Conference 2017International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation (ISSN 2347 – 3258)

Experimental Investigation on the Effect of “STEAM INJECTION” into Combustion Chamber in a Spark

Ignition EngineBalwant Singh1; Amritpal Singh2, Kulvir Singh3; Ravinder Goyal4

1, 2 Student of Department of Automobile EngineeringGulzar College of Engineering

Ludhiana, Punjab, India3, 4 Assistant Professor: Department of Automobile Engineering

Gulzar College of EngineeringLudhiana, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT - In this paper an experimental study is carried out to increase the engine performance and other parameters by injecting steam into combustion chamber with fuel and air homogenous mixture in Spark Ignition (SI) engine. In this experiment a gasoline engine motorcycle of “Hero Honda Glamour F.I (Fuel Injection) System” is used. The steam is generated by the exhaust gas heat and is injected in-to the combustion chamber through the inlet port of the engine at the position just above the inlet valve head after the fuel injector to form a homogeneous mixture of fuel, air and steam. Steam injection technology in order to cool certain parts of the combustion chamber where "hot points" could produce premature ignition of air cooled S.I Engines due to wet steam and lower the temperature of combustion chamber by absorbing latent heat through remaining molecules of hydrogen and oxygen. Steam injection with fuel and air the engine produce less CO, CO2 and NOx gas contents and other particle matter due to presence of tiny molecules of hydrogen and oxygen into the combustion which helps to make the efficient & clean combustion as well as improvement in mileage. KEYWORDS: Ignition, internal Combustion engines, automotive applications, Water injection, Steam Injection Technology, anti- detonant injection (ADI). Mileage increase, emission reduction, Emission control

I. INTRODUCTIONInternal combustion engine is a device which convert chemical fuel energy into mechanical energy as output are used by automotive industry and aerospace industry locomotives and others. As per the current scenarios of increase in traffic and population globally, reports of many researchers have shown that due to rapid growth of industries and automobiles in recent decades the amount of exhaust gases and harmful pollution in air has increased. The fossil fuel’s limited amount in natural resources begin to diminish. Engineers are inventing and using various modern technologies to reduce I.C engine’s fuel consumption, emission, and to increase engine performance. But most of them are costlier and some of them are not fully success and physically applicable. In this experimental investigation The vision of “steam injection technology” is to achieve maximum performance, fuel efficiency with minimum NoX, CO, Co2, and detonation. Steam injection technology is adopted from the concept of water injection technology which was used first time by aircraft industry in the meantime of World War 1 and

World War 2 and in the era of 1980’s water injection was introduced in F1 cars also, to reduce the engine knocking and to control premature ignition. But this experiment “The Steam injection” in I.C engine along with air and fuel’s homogenous mixture is used to increase the compression ratio of engine which reduce the knocking as well reduce in emission and increase in fuel efficiency.

II. EXPERIMENTAL PROTOTYPE

A single cylinder air cooled gasoline engine motorcycle of “Hero Honda Glamour F.I” (Fuel Injection) is used to perform the experiment and investigation.

Table 1: Technical details of motorcycle engine:

Engine Characteristics Value

Power 9BHP @ 7000RPM

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Gulzar Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, Punjab-141401 (INDIA)

46th ISTE Annual National Convention & National Conference 2017International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation (ISSN 2347 – 3258)

Bore 52.4 MM

Stroke 57.9 MM

Compression ratio 9.2:1

Displacement 124.8CM3

Spark Plug NGK-CPR 6EA 9

Spark Plug Gap 0.8-0.9 MM

Cooling system Air cooled

Fuel Gasoline

No. of cylinder One

Fuel supply system Injector system ECM programed

In this experiment the engine is kept as original as it was. There are no modification in its parameters and ECU programming. B) CUSTOMIZATION IN ENGINE’S EXHAUST SYSTEM (FABRICATION OF BOILER TO GENERATE STEAM)The I.C engine’s exhaust gas has very high temperature which is released and conducted by the surrounding environment air. At half throttle of engine the exhaust gas temperature lies between 3000 C to 4000 C and at full throttle of engine exhaust gas temperature lies between 7000 C to 8000 C. In this experiment to generate the steam by using the exhaust gas’s heat, a boiler is designed which is directly linked by the engine’s silence and exhaust gas system.

Fig. 1: Internal part of the boiler.In the Figure the bowl is assembled with one inch diameter pipe, crossed by the body of bowl from the both ends. A

stainless steel sphere shape ball connect the pipe from the both ends. The one side of the pipe is closely connected to engine’s exhaust port by flange couple. The heated exhaust gas circulated from the pipe to sphere shape ball The water is contained in the bowl about 600 Ml to 700 Ml, which submerge the S.S sphere shape ball so that the exhaust gas’s heat energy can be conducted into the surrounding water to generate heat. The upper cap of the bowl is dome shaped. A 5MM diameter steam flow control ball type gate valve is fitted in the center of the bowl cap. A water plug is provided to pore water into bowl. Bowl cap is air tight by silicon sealant and assembled with bowl by using 8 mm *1” eight no. of star head nut and bolts.Steam flow control ball type gate valve is manually opened approximately 300. The steam is injected at high pressure by opening the gate valve through a heavy duty pressure/temperature resist pipe to inlet manifold, position at just above the inlet valve head.

Fig. 2: Shows the complete assembly of boilerIII. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

The experimental testing and analysis of parameters are obtained and calculated actual on road testing and by using the RTMI Real Time Mileage indicator ( for mileage result) and Exhaust Emission analyzer (AIRREX Model: HG 540). To avoid cold starting failure at the time of engine starting, initially the steam is not injected into the inlet manifold until the combustion chamber’s temperature reach to its ideal working temperature. After engine running on the ideal condition five to ten minutes neutrally, the water in boiler starts boiling and generate the steam. Steam flow control valve is closed until the steam pressure gets raise into the boiler.When the steam pressure gets rise, the steam flow control valve is opened. The driver starts moving motorcycle by carrying one passenger and maintain the speed at 60 KM/Hrs.

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Gulzar Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, Punjab-141401 (INDIA)

46th ISTE Annual National Convention & National Conference 2017International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation (ISSN 2347 – 3258)

on plane road. At the same time and constant speed the motorcycle is run for ten kilometers continue along with steam injection into combustion chamber through the intake manifold and mileage reading is noted from RTMI meter. Again the same procedure is repeated in same conditions. But this time driver maintain the speed at 95 KM/Hrs. the motorcycle was run for ten kilometers continue along with steam injection into combustion chamber through the intake manifold and mileage reading is noted from RTMI meter. For analysis of exhaust gases parameters along with steam injection, the motorcycle engine was run neutrally at half throttle approximately 3000 to 3500 RPM and the emission gases were analyzed by using Exhaust Emission analyzer (AIRREX Model: HG 540). IV. RESULT COMPARISON

To complete this experimental investigation from initial to final result, it took approximately seventy hours. The results of experimental investigation’s results are compared without steam injection and with steam injection into engine. Which proved the objective of experiment is achieved by steam injection into an ordinary gasoline fuel injection based engine.

Table 2: Engine mileage test results

S.No Parameters Pre experiment Values

1 a. AT SPEED 60 KM/Hrs. Range 10 KM

b. MILEAGE 65 KM/ Ltr.

c. LOAD 69 + 65 K.G

2 a. AT SPEED 95 KM/Hrs.

b. MILEAGE 37

c. LOAD 69 + 65 K.G

Above table represent pre experimental engine parameters at two different speed with constant load weight of passenger and driver.

Table 3: Engine emission test results

S. NO Parameters Values

1. CO2 9.00 %

2. CO 0.672%

3. HC 0190 PPM

4. O2 21.42%

5. Air fuel ratio 36.76

6. Lambda 2.500

The above table represent the pre experimental exhaust gases parameters

Table 4: Engine mileage test results

S. NO Parameters With steam injection Values

1 a. AT SPEED 60 KM/Hrs. Range 10 KM

b. MILEAGE 81 KM/ Ltr.

c. LOAD 69 + 65 K.G

2 a. AT SPEED 95 KM/Hrs.

b. MILEAGE 43 KM/Ltr.

c. LOAD 69 + 65 K.G

Above table represent the engine parameters with steam injection at two different speed with constant weight of passenger and driver.

Table 5: Engine emission test results

S. NO Parameters Values

1. CO2 8.50 %

2. CO 0.333%

3. HC 0231 PPM

4. O2 20.35%

5. Air fuel ratio 37.04

6. Lambda 2.520

Above table represent the exhaust gases parameters with steam injection. All four table represent the variable result parameters of engine. The results shows that the experiment is successful

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Gulzar Group of Institutes, Ludhiana, Punjab-141401 (INDIA)

46th ISTE Annual National Convention & National Conference 2017International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation (ISSN 2347 – 3258)

V. RESULT DISCUSSION Table a) And Table b) Shows the engine and emission gases parameters before the steam injection. Similarly table c) and table d) Shows the engine and emission gases parameters results with steam injection.The motorcycles’ overall mileage at 60KM/Hrs. speed has increased up-to 10 KM/Ltr. Similarly at the speed of 95 KM/Hrs. the mileage has increased up-to 6 KM/Ltr. The values of exhaust gases parameters reduced CO2 up-to -0.50%, CO up-to -0.339% And O2 0.77% and HC increased up-to +41PPM, by steam injection. VI. CONCLUSIONThe experimental investigation and analysis resulted that the steam injection into a gasoline I.C engine results in increase in air fuel ratio, decrease in detonation, exhaust gases parameters and increase the mileage. Steam injection increased the overall performance of engine. The use of steam injection resulted that it can be used for the future engines as an alternative fuel sustainable energy source to warfare harmful exhaust gases and to surge mileage and engine performance. This technology may have the better future better future to use in automobile industry and heavy locomotives and military vehicle, because the tradition I.C engines cannot be eliminated completely in next upcoming decades. The further study can be extend to determine more results and researches.

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[7]. Bozza F, De Bellis V, Teodosio L. Potentials of cooled EGR and water injection for knock resistance and fuel consump¬tion improvements of gasoline engines. Applied Energy. 2016;169:112–25.

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