SEMINAR TOPIC 

PAPER

BATTERY

INTRODUCTIONA Battery convert chemical energy into the electrical

energy.The invention of the first battery in 1800 by

Alessandro volta.Batteries have become a common power source for

many household and many industrial application.

Symbolic view

conventional battery

(Electrons flow from the negative terminaltowards the positive terminal )

.

Batteries Based on three types

Based on the rechargeable nature :- 1.Non rechargeable or primary cells

2.rechargeable or secondary cellsBased on the size :- 1.Miniature batteries

2.Industrial batteriesBased on nature of electrolyte:- 1.Dry cell

2.Wet cell

Principle of operation of cell

A battery is a device that converts chemical energy directly to electrical energy. It consists of a number of voltaic cells. Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by a conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations.

TYPES OF BATTERIES

Batteries are classified into two broad categories:-

1. Primary battery2. Secondary battery

PRIMARY BATTERYThis can produce current immediately on assembly

Disposable batteries are to be used once and discarded

These are most commonly used in portable devices

The used in:-

1. Alarm

2. Communication circuit

This primary battery not re charged

Common types of disposable batteries1. Zince –carbon batteries2. Alakine batteries

Primary cell

SECONDARY BATTERYThese batteries must be charged before use secondary cells can be recharged by applying electric

current which reverses the chemical reactions that occur

during its use.

Secondary cell

Recent developments Recent developments include batteries with

embedded functionality such as USBCELL the battery to be charged by plugging into a USB port

without a charger This battery produced by a company called Moixa

Energy

USB cell

Life of battery disposable (or "primary") batteries can lose 8 to 20

percent of their original charge.

A temperature of about 20°–30°C. This is known as

the "self-discharge" rate.

High or low temperatures may reduce battery

performance.

This will affect the initial voltage of the battery.

For an AA alkaline battery this initial voltage is

approximately normally around 1.6 volts.

Life cycle

Hazards related to batteries 1) Explosion :-A battery explosion is caused by the misuse

or malfunction of a battery or short circuiting a battery.

2) Corrosion :-Many battery chemicals are corrosive, poisonous, or both the chemicals released may be dangerous.

3) Environmental pollution :-The widespread use of batteries has created many

environmental concerns, such as toxic metal pollution. Used batteries also contribute to electronic waste. Americans

purchase nearly three billion batteries annually

Electronic waste

4.Ingestion :- Small button/disk batteries can be swallowed by young children.

PAPER BATTERY A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin energy storage

and production device formed by combining carbon nano tube with a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper.

Paper batteries may be folded, cut or otherwise shaped for different applications without any loss of integrity or efficiency.

the device are able to produce 2.5 volts of electricity from a sample the size of a postage stamp.

In paper batteries can between -75 and 150 degrees Celsius.

CARBON NANOTUBES

FABRICATION OF PAPER BATTERY The materials required for the preparation of paper

battery are

a. Copier paper

b. Carbon nano ink

c. Oven

The steps involved in the preparation of the paper battery are as follows :-

Step 1: The copier paper is taken.

Step 2: carbon Nano ink which is black in color is taken.

Carbon nano ink is a solution of nano rods, surface adhesive

agent and ionic salt solutions. Carbon nano ink is spread on

one side of the paper.

Step 3: the paper is kept inside the oven at 150C

temperature. This evaporates the water content on the paper.

The paper and the nano rods get attached to each other.

Step 4: place the multi meter on the sides of the paper and

we can see voltage drop is generated.

Fabrication process

WORKING OF PAPER BATTERY The battery produces electricity in the same way as

the conventional lithium-ion batteries The devices are formed by combining cellulose with

an infusion of aligned carbon nano tubes. The carbon gives the batteries their black color .

working of a paper battery

LIMITATIONS Carbon nano tubes are very expensive, and batteries

with large enough power are unlikely to be cost effective.

Cutting of trees leading to destroying of the nature.

APPLICATIONS Pace makers in heart (uses blood as electrolyte)

Used as alternate to conventional batteries in gadgets

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Smart toys, children sound books

E-cards, greetings, talking posters