panel 5 - mateus · panel 5 - mateus.pptx author: damien gerard created date: 6/7/2016 9:28:56 pm

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Ins$tu$ons, Norms and Economics: Compe$$on and Development Compe&&on Policy at the Intersec&on of Equity and Efficiency A Conference honoring Eleanor Fox Abel M. Mateus Bibliothèque Solvay, Brussels June, 8 th , 2016 1

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Page 1: Panel 5 - Mateus · Panel 5 - Mateus.pptx Author: Damien Gerard Created Date: 6/7/2016 9:28:56 PM

Ins$tu$ons,  Norms  and  Economics:    Compe$$on  and  Development  

Compe&&on  Policy  at  the  Intersec&on  of  Equity  and  Efficiency  

A  Conference  honoring  Eleanor  Fox    

Abel  M.  Mateus  Bibliothèque  Solvay,  Brussels      

June,  8th,  2016   1  

Page 2: Panel 5 - Mateus · Panel 5 - Mateus.pptx Author: Damien Gerard Created Date: 6/7/2016 9:28:56 PM

Compe$$on  and  Development  

• The  limitaGons  of  compeGGon  policy  in  economies  with  non-­‐inclusive  insGtuGons  • Economic  dynamics  • PoliGcal  structure  and  vested  interests  

• PoliGcal  economy  of  developing  countries:  the  case  of  Middle  East  and  North  Africa:  the  Arab  Spring  • Why  Egypt  blocked  the  development  while  Turkey  was  successful  aQer  her  financial  crisis  • Towards  a  model  of  the  poliGcal  economy  of  development,  cronyism  and  compeGGon  

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Page 3: Panel 5 - Mateus · Panel 5 - Mateus.pptx Author: Damien Gerard Created Date: 6/7/2016 9:28:56 PM

Poli$cal  Economy  of  Compe$$on  (I)

•  Acemoglu,  Robinson  and  others  describe  extensively  exploitaGve  economies,  where  the  economic  surplus  is  appropriated  by  a  small  elite;  country  in  stagnaGon  or  degradaGon  •  Rent  seeking  and  “Crony  socieGes”:  can  we  have  compeGGon  policy  in  an  authoritarian  regime?  Can  we  have  anGtrust  against  major  economic  groups  that  may  control  the  state?  •  “policy  choices  are  endogenous  to  poliGcal  interests”  •  “policies  are  used  to  create  advantages  for  incumbent  elites,  rents  are  generated  for  business  and  poliGcal  elites  and  special  interests  are  insulated  from  compeGGve  pressures  of  domesGc  and  foreign  markets”  

•  InsGtuGonal  weaknesses  in  developing  countries,  but  on  the  other  hand  •  “The  effecGveness  of  state  -­‐  in  market  intervenGons  or  insulaGon  from  private  interests  -­‐  hinges  on  state  capacity”  

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Page 4: Panel 5 - Mateus · Panel 5 - Mateus.pptx Author: Damien Gerard Created Date: 6/7/2016 9:28:56 PM

Poli$cal  economy  of  the  2011  Arab  Spring

•  This  was  a  failure  of  the  Arab  development  model,  especially  its  inability  to  support  an  independent  and  compeGGve  private  sector.    

•  Based  on  a  distorted  legacy  of  intervenGon  and  distribuGon,  this  development  model  is  structurally  incapable  of  reconciling  aspiraGons  with  economic  opportuniGes.    

•  The  contradicGons  associated  with  this  development  model  are  parGcularly  apparent  in  the  region’s  labour-­‐abundant  economies,  where  a  shrinking  resource  envelope  has  led  to  an  erosion  of  the  social  contract,  resulGng  in  a  scaling  back  of  public  employment  and  welfare  services.  Worryingly,  the  space  vacated  by  a  shrinking  state  has  not  been  filled  by  a  vibrant  private  sector.    

•  Why  there  was  an  under-­‐developed  private  sector?  In  much  of  the  Arab  world  the  private  sector  acts  as  an  appendage  of  the  state.  Businesses  tend  to  survive  either  when  they  are  too  close  to  the  state,  such  as  crony  capitalists,  or  too  far,  which  is  the  case  with  informal  firms.    

•  TradiGonal  policy  reform  will  not  work.  Relieving  greater  compeGGve  space  for  the  private  sector  requires  a  poli%cal  concession  that  grants  autonomy  to  independent  businesses  and  relaxes  barriers  to  trade.  

•  Adeel  Malik,  PoliGcal  Economy  of  Arab  Uprisings,  New  Palgrave  DicGonary  of  Economics,  2015    

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Poli$cally  Connected  (CF)  versus  Non-­‐Connected  Firms  (NCF) • CF  are  disproporGonally  present  in  sectors  that  are  closed  to  FDI  and  which  require  licensing,  they  are  usually  dominant  firms  and  exclusionary  mechanisms  increase  once  they  entered  the  sector  • CF  may  not  have  higher  returns  than  NCF,  due  to  larger  inefficiencies  that  compensate  for  higher  barriers  to  entry  •   Egypt  and  Turkey  are  both  Arab  States,  where  the  military  sector  is  an  important  part  of  the  economy  (esGmates  between  10  and  30%  of  GDP),  and  where  large  conglomerates  belong  to  a  dozen  of  families  that  are  connected  with  the  poliGcal  power  

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EGYPT:  2011  

From:  Chekir  and  Diwan,  Crony  Capitalism  in  Egypt  

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Cases  in  Egypt  

From    Chekir  and  Diwan  

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Egypt:  How  cuts  in  tariff  rates  was  counter-­‐balanced  by  increases  in  non-­‐tariff  barriers:  no  import  liberalizaGon  

Decomposing  by  sector  shows  That  Connected  Firms/Sectors  Were  the  main  beneficiaries  

Illusory  increase  in  compeGGon  

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Note:  Russia  and  Ukraine  worst  Korea  good,  because  chaebols  are  in  tradables  

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Why  Turkey  was  a  more  successful  economy?

•  The  liberalizaGon  and  macroeconomic  stabilizaGon  that  took  place  in  the  1990s  led  to  a  substanGal  and  effecGve  opening  of  the  economy  • Did  not  threaten  the  large  family  conglomerates.  In  fact,  the  strong  recovery  expanded  substanGally  their  markets  and  opportuniGes  • More  diversified  economy,  with  a  larger  resource  and  human  basis  • A  larger  role  in  exploiGng  the  geopoliGcal  posiGon  in  the  Middle  East,  Caucasus  and  Central  Asia:  construcGon  and  consumer  goods  

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0  

5000  

10000  

15000  

20000  

25000  

1990  

1991  

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GDP  per  capita  in  PPP  (USD)  

Egypt  

Turkey  

Egypt  has  a  crony  index  3  Gmes  higher  than  Turkey  

The  percentage  of  employment  in  the  informal  sector  Non-­‐agriculture  is  about  25%  in  Turkey  and  37%  in  Egypt    

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Further  research:  An  economic  model  of  Poli$cal  Economy  of  crony-­‐capitalism •  Good  entrepreneurial  and  management  resources  are  extremely  scarce  •  Development  requires  conGnuous  investment  in  physical  and  human  capital  as  well  as  innovaGon  and  technological  progress  in  tradables  and  non-­‐tradables  •  But  only  through  compeGGve  and  efficient  markets  that  process  will  work  •   Suppose  you  have  a  non-­‐tradables  sector  with  regulaGons  and/or  entry  barriers  that  reserve  those  sectors  to  incumbents  (CF)  •  And  tradables  with  high  protecGon  from  foreign  compeGGon  (CF)  •  No  new  entry  (no  contestability).  Where  investment  is  going  to  occur?  Only  in  protected  sectors,  but  limited  by  the  market  (inequaliGes  further  restrict  it)  and  with  no  pressure  to  improve  producGvity  •  Besides  credit  is  majority  allocated  to  these  sectors  because  of  risk  •  The  rest  of  the  populaGon  is  squeezed  out  to  the  informal  sector,  or  survives  in  small  firms  in  non-­‐protected  formal  sectors  

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