pandacan oil depot redevelopment
DESCRIPTION
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 8 RESERACH ABOUT THE REDEVELOPMET OF THE PANDACAN OIL DEPOTTRANSCRIPT
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ADAPTIVE REUSE OF PANDACAN OIL
DEPOT
ARCH3375
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 8
MICHAEL T. QUERIDO
BS ARCHI 4 - 1
2009-01103-MN-0
ARCHT. JOCELYN RIVERA - LUTAP
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Brief History of Pandacan, Manila
Pandacan is one of the many districts of the city of Manila; located south of the Pasig
River Banks, southwest of Sta. Ana, east of Ermita and Northeast of Paco. It is divided into 38
Barangays (Barangays 833 to 872) which includes Zone 90 to Zone 95. Pandacan has a total
population of 82,194 in year 2000. Tagalong migrants from Bulacan were the original residents
of Pandacan.
Pandacan was originally established as the industrial center for the city of Manila during
the turn of the 20th century. Oil depots which service more than half of the fuel requirement of
the country were established along the banks of the Pasig River in the district.
Pandacan's western section, along Doctora Paz Pendoza-Guazon Street (formerly called
Otis Street) was once a row for manufacturing such ascoconut oil processing, rope making, and
soda bottling and distribution forCoca-Cola. Pandacan hosts most of the country's auto
dealerships and showrooms, such asToyota,Honda,Nissan,Ford andIsuzu.
Officially, Pandacan was established as a community in 1574 whenFranciscan priests of
the Roman Catholic Church established the first mission in the district. Pandacan was originally
part of the parish ofSampaloc;it was later established as a separate parish in 1712.
Pandacan was a farming community, producing small quantities ofrice andsugar that
were sold to the Spanish enclave inIntramuros. Aside from a few vegetable plots, the old
Pandacan produced bricks and tiles, colored cotton laces but in limited quantities. The district
also produced shoes and small boats.
In the 19th century, Pandacan was described as a "LittleVenice"or "LittleItaly"for its
numerouscanals or estuaries leading to the Pasig River. Many would leisurely row through the
estuaries in the late afternoons as described byFrancisco Balagtas in his early writings.
Pandacan was home to balladeers and a source of musicians in the early times.
Late in the Spanish era and into the American regime, Pandacan was developed into becoming
the first industrial estate in the Philippines. The first modern manufacturing company was built
in Pandacan and was called theCompaia General de Tabacos de Filipinas in 1882, a modern
cigar-making plant.
By the turn of the 19th century, the American colonial government decreed Pandacan asthe center for industrial activity and had oil companies build their storage and distribution
facilities in the district.
With the presence of several manufacturing facilities in the district, a modern housing
facility was built to house the workers at the nearby oil depots. The housing project was called
"Kapitan Tikong" (Captain Tikong) subdivision, named after a popular local leader. The housing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Colahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Balagtashttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compa%C3%B1ia_General_de_Tabacos_de_Filipinas&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compa%C3%B1ia_General_de_Tabacos_de_Filipinas&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Balagtashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramuroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampaloc,_Manilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuzuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hondahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyotahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca-Colahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oil -
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facility was built on the southeastern banks of the Estero de Beata. In honor of Francisco
Baltazar, the streets in the subdivision were named after the characters ofFlorante at Laura.
The Pandacan Oil Depot
The old farming community before were now seen as an Industrial Complex ever since
the American occupies the Philippines. In 1914 Shell established its facilities on the area,
followed by Caltex (now Chevron) in 1917, and Petron in 1922.
Pandacan Oil depot is a 33 hectare compound
that houses the facilities and distribution terminals of
then so called Phillipines Bog 3 Chevron, Petron, and
Shell. What can be found here is 313 million liters of
gasoline, diesel, bunker fuel, jet fuel, and other highly
volatile chemical substances.
The guarded fenced facility is in the city of
Manila, in close proximity to densely populated areas of
Pandacan, Paco, Sta. Mesa, and Sta. Ana. Along the
same riverbank, less than two kilometres away, lies the
seat of the nations power, Malacanang Palace.
Figure 1 The Pandacan Oil Depot (wikimapia.com)
Figure 2 Oil Silos in Pandacan Depot
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Incidents and Ordinances
Several incidents were associated to the oil depot that has caused damage to properties
and threats to lives of the people over the years. Two Shell oil tankers exploded within its
premises in February 1997. Fires in Muntinlupa in 1999 were caused by pipeline leaks. Tanker
was set on fire on the foot of Nagtahan Bridge in 2008. Recently, in July 2010, the FPCunderground pipeline leak caused panic and anxiety among residents as water mixed with oil
on basement of West tower Condominium in Barangay Bangkal, Makati City.
In 2001, Ordinance No. 8027 was passed by the Manila City Council. This ordinance re-
classified Pandacan from industrial to a commercial area. It gave oil companies six months to
vacate the area. Ordinance No. 8119, in 2006 ordered the phasing out of hazardous industries
in the city, which includes the oil depot. In March 2009, Ordinance 8027 was endorsed by
Supreme Court; while the City Coubcil passed Ordinance No. 81817 to contradict the SC
message of primacy of life over the interest of private companies. This time, the area was re-
classified as a heavy industrial zone allowing highly pollutive and extremely hazardous
industries operate here, including oil refineries. Thus, this allowed the oil depot to remain. In
May 28, 2009, Mayor Alfredo Lim approved the controversial Ordinance 7177, which allows the
oil depot here in Pandacan to stay. It supersedes the previous Ordinance 8027which classified
Pandacan and Sta. Ana as residential and commercial areas instead of industrial.
In late 2012, Ordinance No. 8283 re-classified the area as a high-intensity commercial
zone, thus giving the oil depot until 2016 to relocate, but it was barred by outgoing Mayor
Alfredo Lim. Instead, proposals have been set forth to transfer the facilities to the North
Ahrbor, still in the City of Manila. However, this is likewise a highly populated area and wouldnot eradicate the hazards to life and property.
The Lament of Pandacan Residents
At present, an estimated 85,000 people live in Pandacan.
Nearby, there are elementary and high schools, and across the
Pasig River the Polytechnic University of the Philippines with more
than 60,000 students.
There have been consistent calls from civic and churchgroups for relocation of the oil depot to an area far from the
general population where it will cause hazards, lives and
properties.
Counter arguments claim that this will mean a loss of
income for the residents and the city. However, Antonio Santos,
Figure 3 Campaign Poster against
Mayor Lim and City council's City
ordinance. (mypandacan.com)
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lifelong resident of Pandacan and president of AESJ (Advocates for Environment and Social
Justice) said that only real taxes are paid to the City of Manila since the company taxes are paid
to the City of Makati where the companies headquarters are located. And Santos also pointed
out that only 1,500 workers are employed within the depot which most of them are not even
residents of Manila.AESJ is a league of organizations including South Balagtas Neighbourhood Association
(SBNA), Samahang Sariling Sikap, Movement for the Advancement of Student Power (MASP),
Teatro Balagtas (TBP), and Akbayan Dist. VI. It has been very voacal about the need to remove
and rehabilitate the area known as the Pandacan Depot.
Pandacan Oil Depots Transformation
Various organizations specifically AESJ have collaborated with many experts to draw up
plans not only to remove hazardous facilities but also the area that will be vacated.
According to Santos, the large complex when opened up as business centres, sports
complex, cultural venues, etc. will surely increase the employment rate nearby and the
environment will be beneficial too.
To answer this, People especially on the planning and construction industry should
make a proposal that will benefit equally the people and environment. A planned unit
development where everything is on one cluster will be the most appropriate solution when
companies vacate the site.
This redevelopment of such is not new anymore to our country. Rockwell Centre in
Makati which is also located along the Pasig River banks is an old 15.5 hectare thermal power
plant operated by Lopez ownedManila Electric Railroad and Light Company.
Rockwell Center began its construction in 1998. The design of the centre was carried out
by international architectural firm Skidmore, Owings, Merril under the direction of former
design partner Larry Oltmanns.
Figure 4 Power Plant Mall exterior (right) and interior (left); opened in
December 2000 were the masterpiece of Rockwell Centre. (en.wikipedia.org)
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The Rockwell Center includes high-rise office buildings, condominium towers, a law and
business schools and a shopping mall.
Bonifacio Global City (BGC) in Taguig an old military camp was converted, in 2003 by
Ayala Land, Inc. and Evergreen Holdings, Inc. partnered with Bases Conversion and
Development Authority; into a development where office buildings, residential condominiums,
mall and retails shops. This area that once synonymous to war was turned into a world class
business and residential centre today. BGC effectively links all this developments by properly
and intensively using not an ordinary public parks and spaces.
BGC and Rockwell Centers successful stories is an epitome that Pandacan Oil Depot
once vacated by the oil companies; by proper execution of plans, and strict administration will
surely be a another world-class development in our country.
Pandacan Oil Depot a Planned Unit Development
Planned Unit Development (PUD) controls and promotes:
A mixture of both land uses and dwelling types with at least one of the land uses beingregional in nature
The clustering of residential land uses providing public and common open space
Figure 5 Rockwell Center at night (left) and Bonifacio Global City Skyline (right). (en.wikipedia.org)
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Increased administrative discretion to a local professional planning staff while setting asidepresent land use regulations and rigid plat approval processes
The enhancement of the bargaining process between the developer and governmentmunicipalities which in turn strengthens the municipality's site plan review and control over
development for potentially increased profits due to land efficiency, multiple land uses, andincreased residential densities.
Frequently, PUDs take on a variety of forms ranging from small clusters of houses
combined with open spaces to new and developing towns with thousands of residents and
various land uses. However, the definition of a PUD does not take into consideration these
types of developments unless they fit into a category of size ranging from 100 to 200 acres (40
to 81 ha). In a PUD the property owner owns the land the dwelling sits on.
Planned unit development (PUD) ordinances allow developers flexibility to depart fromexisting zoning requirements in exchange for fulfilling an established set of planning criteria.
PUDs are also called planned residential developments (PRDs) or urban planned developments
(UPDs). The benefits of PUD can include more efficient site design and lower infrastructure and
maintenance costs. Ordinances can also be written to require or incentivize public benefits such
as affordable housing or open space in exchange for regulatory flexibility and assumed cost
savings. Tools likedensity bonuses andparking reductions can help underwrite the cost of
incorporating low- and moderate-income units into a project, either through established
incentive programs or implemented on a case-by-case basis through development.
PUDs are frequently created as floating or overlay zones. Alternatively, land slated for a
known project could be rezoned as a PUD. Standards will vary based on the intent of the
ordinance. For example, a PUD ordinance designed to add diverse housing forms to a single
family area could allow smaller lot sizes, attached dwellings or flexible setbacks. Determine the
mix of uses to be permitted in the PUD district, lot size requirements and guidelines for building
height, bulk, and design and site orientation. Open space allowances may be important for
large properties or on those where the density is greater than the surrounding zone. Design
guidelines complement PUD ordinances, and can help ensure appropriate community design
and compatibility with adjacent properties. Connecting PUDs to the overall fabric of the
community through good design, traffic circulation and site requirements is essential for
success and community buy-in. Review of proposed PUDs is often site and project specific.
Designating PUDs or offering them as a development option are good techniques to
motivate redevelopment of brownfields or vacant properties in urban centers. PUDs are
generally directed at market rate developments, but subsidized projects can locate in PUDs as
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well. Because of the special nature of PUDs, and their potential to create housing forms that
differ from neighbouring properties, cities often stipulate affordable housing as a PUD
component through development agreements or in exchange for density bonuses. This can be
particularly helpful for growing, expensive housing markets and for ensuring that affordable
housing is developed as a part of new dense and diverse development.
Primarily these zones are seen on a Planned Unit Development:
Subdivision Design and Planning
PD 957 or otherwise known as The Subdivision and Condominium Law of the Philippines
mandates and governs the design, allocation and ordinances on developing a subdivision.
Planning Considerations
1. Area PlanningPlanning and designing of subdivision shall take into account the following:
a. Safety and general welfare of the future occupants;b. Adequate, safe, efficient and integrative road circulation system servicing every lot
herein.
c. Judicious allocation of land uses for diversity and amenityd. Preservation of sitee. Proper siting or orientation of lotsf. Harmony with existing and proposed development in the vicinityg. Application of workable design principles or parameters for a well planned and self
sustaining environment.
When a developer or planer submits a Planned Unit Development (PUD) type project,
the layout shall likewise conform to the standards for residential/condominium projects.
a. Open spacesOpen spaces shall conform to the provisions of PD 1216 and its implementing rules
and regulations and shall include the following:
a.1 Streetsadequate and safe means of vehicular and pedestrian circulations and
easements for utilities and planting strips shall be provided.
a.2 Walks paved walks shall be provided to the living units from streets, parking
spaces and from living units to play areas.
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a.3 Parks and playgroundsuitable recreational area(s) shall be allocated with the
subdivision. Where applicable a hierarchy of such recreational areas may be
provided for, such that, a strategically located main park area is supplemented or
complemented by one or smaller pockets or areas for recreational use.
THE RADBURN IDEA
The Radburn plan developed by Clarence Stein and Henry
Wright serves as the prototype of community planning. It was
inspired by Sir Ebenezer Howards Garden City and became
one of the most influential models in urban planning. The
concept of the Radburn plan concentrated on building a
community where harmony in private and open spaces exists.
ELEMENTS OF THE RADBURN IDEA
A. SUPERBLOCK
It is a grid of roads forming a large block of land with the inner
part to be used generally by the residents and pedestrians while
the outer portion forms the basic road networks use by
motorized vehicles where the traffic circulates. Through the
application of this concept, housing developments were able to
improve the separation of pedestrian and vehicular circulation
reducing accident risk within the community. Since a superblock
is larger than the normal city block, it provides greater setbacks
for buildings and eliminates the use of back alley.Figure 7 The Radburn plan sho
the cul-de-sacs in a superblock ar
the central park. The Time S
Standards for Urban Planning
Figure 6 Plan of Radburn completed
by 1930, Radburn, New Jersey
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B. SPECIALIZED HIGHWAY SYSTEM
Specialized roads planned and built for one used instead of for all uses. Roads are being
use according to their functions and capacities. This provides access to land uses whilemaintaining roadway safety and ensuring
traffic flows.
C. COMPLETE SEPARATION OF VEHICULAR AND PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC
Separation of pedestrian and vehiculartraffic was made possible through the
superblock. The provision of cul-de-sac or
dead end road being surrounded by
houses used to calm the traffic flow. This
also provides walkways, pedestrian
overpass and underpass to different places
from the roads.
Figure 8 Hierarchy of Roads (left). Diagram showing the street network structure of Radburn (right).
Figure 9 Plan of a typical lane at Radburn
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D. TURNED AROUND HOUSES
The houses being reversed so
that the living and sleeping
sections face toward the
garden and park areas, while
the kitchen and service rooms
face the access road.
E. PARK AS BACKBONE OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD
Parks in the superblocks and open spaces with
recreational facilities in the community linked by
pedestrian paths saves the construction of roads and
making it a walkable community.
Themed subdivisions are now in a trend in our countries, developers nowadays also
takes into consideration a socialfriendly subdivisions by putting up spaces or parks for social
gatherings.
Figure 10 Site and house layout. Clarence Stein and
Henry Wright, Planners
Figure 11 Plan of a specific block atRadburn
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Condominium and Mixed- Use Development Design and Planning
A study conducted by the United Nations
predicted that much of the worlds population would beliving in cities in the near future. An appropriate solution
is to build vertically; hence, utilizing and maximizing the
potential of urban lands and real estate values.
Residential Condominium Developments plays a
big role in skyscraper industry, as these developments
have the most number of entries in the list of skyscrapers
in our country. Sometimes, they were the catalyst in new
building construction technologies as they need intensive
construction execution.
As per PD 957; the following must be considered
in planning and designing a Condominium Developments:
Planning Consideration
1. Area Planninga.
Supplementary and supportive activities to residential use shall be allowed providedthat the privacy, order, health and safety of the residents are not jeopardized nor
threatened and that the land use plan and/or zoning ordinance of the locality can
accommodate such mixture of land uses.
b. Open spaces shall be provided within the project site pursuant to the NationalBuilding Code of the Philippines and its Implementing Rules and Regulations. These
shall include courts, yards, setbacks, light wells, uncovered driveways, and access
roads, parking spaces, buffer strips, parks and playgrounds. Except as may hereafter
be otherwise provided these spaces shall be open from the ground to sky. The open
space shall also be allocated for basic and community facilities or common areas.c. Easements for utilities, such as drainage system, water supply, power lines and
communication lines, shall be integrated with land circulation system.
d. Building orientation on lot shall take into account proper ventilation, sunlight andland characteristics.
Figure 12 The Beacon Makati; a residential
condominium in Makati City
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e. No development shall be allowed within the 5-meter mandatory easement on bothsides of the Marikina Valley Fault Trace and such other fault traces as may be
identified by PHIVOLCS. (Approved per Board Res. No. 515, Series of 1992).
Design Parameters
1. Floor Area Requirementsa. Single-Occupancy Unit
Single occupancy units shall have a minimum floor area of 18 square meters,
however, a net floor area of 12 square meters may be allowed provided that:
a.1. These are intended for students/employees/workers and provided further that
the condominium project to which these will be integrated is within highly urbanized
areas.
a.2. The same shall be provided with common basic facilities such as laundry/drying
area and support amenities such as visitors lounge and dining area.
a.3. Said facilities/support amenities including all other measures that will ensure
compliance with the intended use of the unit shall be explicitly indicated in the
master deed/ contract to sell.
b. Family Dwelling Unit
The minimum floor area of family condominium units shall be 36 square meters and
22 square meters for open market and medium cost condominium project
respectively.
Most of condominium developments boasts their amenities such as Olympic size pool,
gym, day care centre, massage spa, home theatre, sky lounge etc. amenities however depends
on the market the developer wants to cater.
Figure 13 Amenity Floor of a Condominium development in Makati
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Office and Corporate Development Design and Planning
The design of office buildings is changing fast. How workplaces are used was altered bytechnology, globalisation, and demographics. Office building must now be adaptable over time,
flexible in use, easy to maintain, accessibly located and ecologically sound. Office buildings
must also provide users with an effective and enjoyable environment, and financiers with a
solid return.
Types of Office Layouts
1. CellularA cellular office is an office which has fixed wallsand a door where a person would normally work on
their own. It is usually furnished with traditional
furniture like a desk and chair. One or 2 people
work in a cellular office and leave their working
material there because they use the same office
every day.
Advantages of Cellular Office Layouts
Easier to restrict access to equipment or confidential information. Fewer distractions to workers/interruptions by other employees. Confidential meetings can be held Rooms can be personalised to suit employees working in the room or type of work being
undertaken
Employees can adjust heating, lighting, ventilation, etc to suit themselves Noisy office equipment can be placed in a separate room Infections and illnesses are less easily spread through the organisation
Disadvantages of Cellular Office Layouts
It is more difficult for a manager to supervise employees who are in a number ofseparate rooms.
Figure 14 Cellular Office (geocities.ws)
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Communication may be less efficient Time may be wasted in passing information and work from one room to another Equipment costs are very high. Staff may feel isolated from other employees. Individual rooms cost more to equip and redecorate; walls, doors and windows
take up valuable (and expensive) space
It may not be easy to increase or decrease size of work areas to match changes inthe volume of work
It is more difficult to create a relaxed and friendly atmosphere as line managersare likely to be in separate rooms
It is more difficult to introduce and maintain standard procedures
2. Open Plan/FlexibleA large area where many employees work together.
Advantages of Open Plan
Line managers should find it easier to supervise It should be easier to organise meetings of groups of
employees
Less time should be wasted in passing information andwork from one group of employees to another
Employees are likely to have a better understanding ofhow their area of work fits into the overall work of the
organisation
Less space is wasted with fewer walls and doors;lighting, heating and cleaning should be less expensive
and easier to organise
The size of work areas can be increased or decreased tomatch changes in the volume of work
A more relaxed and friendly atmosphere can be created with employees and linemanagers working in the same area should lead to increased cooperation acrosssections of the organisation
Equipment, eg photocopiers, fax machines and scanner, can be more easily shared
Figure 15 Open Plan Office Layout
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Disadvantages of Open Plan
Employees may find it difficult to concentrate on their work because of backgroundnoise
Employees may be distracted or have their work interrupted by other employees or bythrough-traffic
It may be more difficult to restrict access by unauthorized staff to equipment orconfidential information (see:
There are likely to be fewer suitable areas for holding confidential or importantmeetings
Infections and illnesses can be more easily spread amongst employees Likely to be less wall space for departmental information (charts, tables, pictures, etc) Private offices may still be required for senior staff Standard lighting, heating and ventilation may not suit all activities or all employees
The factors to consider when deciding on office layout
The layout chosen by an organisation will depend upon:
The size of the organisationthe number of employees Whether the organisation is expanding or contracting The type of work undertaken by the organisation The accommodation available to the organisation The financial resources available to the organisationThe layout chosen should:
Be adaptable to meet changes in the type of volume of work Provide sufficient work and storage space Take account of the flow of work time taken to pass information from one section to
another should be kept to a minimum
Allow employees to move about easily passageways should be wide and free fromobstruction
Be economical to maintain, ie to decorate, keep clean and heat Provide easy access to services, eg power points and phone sockets Provide easy access to equipment, eg filing cabinets, photocopiers, printers and fax
machines
Provide security for equipment and information
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Primary Spaces
Spaces for solitary work include:
Workstations: basic configuration of work surface, chair, storage and equipment,possibly with some screening.
Carrel:screened area, containing single or multiple workstations. Personal offices:fully enclosed spaces, usually with a door, for one or more people. Cell:non-dedicated, fully enclosed space for quiet or confidential working.
Spaces for collective work include:
Team rooms:enclosed spaces for long-term team-working, which clients may also use. Team spaces:areas for teams; often changing configuration frequently. Group spaces:dedicated family space for groupsof people who may, or may not, work
as teams.
Meeting points:extended workstations to allow for informal meetings. Meeting areas:open spaces with formal or informal meetings furniture. Meeting rooms: enclosed spaces with formal or informal meetings furniture, plus
special facilities such as electronic whiteboards, and audio-visual or video-conferencing
equipment.
Ancillary Space
Spaces which support departments or floors of an office - involving refreshment, paper
handling and personal care - include:
Paper processing centres: areas, often screened or enclosed, containing copiers,printers, faxes, binders, shredders and stationery storage.
Filing centres: group, team or general filing and reference material, positioned incabinets, cupboards or high-concentration systems.
Refreshment points:tea kitchens or vending areas. Toilets: including showers, and enough flexibility to allow varying ratios of male to
female staff, and also increased staff density.
Service Space
Service space includes:
Mail room:business processes will dictate layout and size.
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Serveries, kitchens and ancillary areas: dictated by functional needs, available spaceand service provision.
Staff rooms: toilets, showers, changing rooms and sitting spaces for catering,maintenance and visiting staff.
Storage: for furniture, office supplies, cleaning equipment, and maintenance supplies;and secure storage for office equipment.
Service storage: for deliveries, and for waste that may be separated into clean, dirty,recycling, and compacted.
Plant rooms:a main plant room and a patch or control room to each floor or area. Security rooms:housing CCTV monitors and workstations for security staff.
Circulation space
Circulation space - which covers both primary and secondary circulation routes - includes: Corridors and passages:enclosed or open routes through the building, providing clear
direction and the opportunity to interact.
Lifts, lift lobbies and staircases:position and design again encourages interaction. Escalators: their capacity provides an excellent means of moving people quickly and
visibly between levels.
Refuges: a well protected safe area for temporary use by those with special needs. Delivery areas and goods lifts:positioned for easy access to all parts of the building.
PARKING
The effective control of parking and appropriate provision of parking facilities is required to
maximize safety and to limit impacts on traffic flow.
1. Vehicle SizesCar sizes vary but a typical size is used for design of parking spaces, roadways and junctions.
Similar standard information is used for other vehicle types.
Figure 16 Typical Car Dimension
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2. Parking Configurations1.80 x 4.60 m to 2.50 x 6.00m is the typical dimensions of vehicle parking spaces in parking
bays, however it is lightly longer than parallel parking. In open-air parking or where a high
proportion of larger cars and vans, an increase in bay size is usually adopted. As seen in
figure 16, though 90 parking is more economical in space requirements (20 22 m
2
percar); 45 parking (2326 m
2per car) can be more convenient.
Figure 17 Typical Dimension: furnitureremoval van
Figure 20 Recommended parking dimensions, 90
degrees layout (m)
Figure 19 Parallel Parking (m)
Figure 21 Angled Parking, 45 degrees (m)
Figure 18 Typical Dimensions: refuse vehicles
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Vehicle parking spaces for people with disabilities should be wider: for semiambulant
persons bay widths should be increased to 2.89 m; for wheelchair users to 3.00 m.
within larger and multistorey car parks, both 90 and angled bays are used depending
on overall widths available and lane patterns.
4. 3 Car Park Design
4.3.1 External or Singlelevel Parking
Single- storey open car parks can be required for both private and public use: for
example, parking courts to residential flats developments, adjacent factories and
offices, town centre parking, tourist sites, supermarkets and multiplex cinemas.
Large open plan parking areas often need to be broken down in scale by
incorporating:
Variety in surfacescoloured bricks, tarmacs, brushed concretesand grassblocks.
Screening or separation to delineate areas and help locatevehicleslevel changes, signing, fencing and planting.
Use of landscaping to soften hard expanses individual treesbetween parking bays, low level planting beds between back-to-back parking, at ends of run and adjacent pedestrian routes.
Location
Parking arrangements should be clear and organised, using road markings, and
signs, preferably with one-way systems.
Keep dead ends as short as possible so that the driver can view vacant spaces.
Consider the passing of vehicles while waiting for another to reverse and depart.
Larger car parks may adopt a centralised route (maybe two-way), with choice of
one-way loops leading off.Long-stay car parks (e.g. for commuters) can have longer parking aisles and
slightly narrower parking stalls (2.3m), compared with short stay/rapid turnover
(2.5m).
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Figure 22 Typical Lay-outs using 90 degrees and angled parking, (m)
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REFERENCES:
Books:
Presidential Decree 957 Subdivision and Condominium Law of the Philippines and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations
Department of Public Works and Highways, Highway Safety Design Standards: Road Safety Design
Manual. Manila, 2011.
Pickard, Quentin, The Architects Handbook. 13th
ed. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Science Ltd.,
2003.
Online:
http://www.interaksyon.com/article/65774/a-century-old-challenge--the-oil-depots-in-
pandacan;(Retrieved January 13, 2014)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Center;(Retrieved January 13, 2014)
http://www.fbdcorp.com/history/;(Retrieved January 13, 2014)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonifacio_Global_City;(Retrieved January 13, 2014)
http://www.interaksyon.com/article/65774/a-century-old-challenge--the-oil-depots-in-pandacanhttp://www.interaksyon.com/article/65774/a-century-old-challenge--the-oil-depots-in-pandacanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Centerhttp://www.fbdcorp.com/history/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonifacio_Global_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bonifacio_Global_Cityhttp://www.fbdcorp.com/history/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockwell_Centerhttp://www.interaksyon.com/article/65774/a-century-old-challenge--the-oil-depots-in-pandacanhttp://www.interaksyon.com/article/65774/a-century-old-challenge--the-oil-depots-in-pandacan