pampanga soil series - philippine rice research institute ·
TRANSCRIPT
-
Pampanga iii
Table of ContentsForeword………..………………………….1
The Simplifi ed Key to Soil Series............ 2
Guide to Soil Series Identifi cation.......... 3
Color Groups......................................... 6
Dark Gray/Yellowish Gray......... 7
Grayish Brown/Dark Brown...... 8
Dark Yellowish Brown/
Strong Brown............................ 11
Soil Profi le Pictures................................ 12
Soil Properties that affect crop growth.... 17
Soil Productivity...................................... 20
Crop Suitability Analysis……................. 22
Soil Management Recommendations.... 27
Soil Taxonomic Classifi cation………… 36
Appendices…………………………….. 43
Steps to Identify Soil Series...... 44
Soil Sampling........................... 44
Color Determination....................45
Texture Determination.............. 46
pH Determination..................... 47
The PalayCheck® System…….. 48
References…………………………….... 50
No.1 Released Rice Varieties (1968-1994)2 Pagpaparami at Pagpupuro ng Binhi sa Sariling Bukid3 Paggawa ng Maligaya Rice Hull Stove4 PhilRice Micromill5 PhilRice Flourmill6 PhilRice Drumseeder7 PhilRice Rototiller8 Rice Food Products9 PhilRice-UAF Batch Dryer10 Integrated Management of the Malayan Black Bug11 SG800 Rice Stripper-Harvester 12 Dry-Seeded Rice-Based Cropping Technologies13 Maligaya Rice Hull Stove14 10 Steps in Compost Production15 Rice Tungro Virus Disease16 The Philippine Rice Seed Industry and The National Rice Seed Production Network17 10 Hakbang sa Paggawa ng Kompost18 10 nga Addang ti Panagaramid iti Kompost19 Characteristics of Popular Philippine Rice Varieties20 Rice Stem Borers in the Philippines21 Rice Food Products (revised edition)22 Leaf Color Chart (English)23 Leaf Color Chart (Ilocano)24 Leaf Color Chart (Filipino)25 Equipment for Rice Production and Processing26 Use of 40kg Certifi ed Seeds per Hectare27 Rice Wine28 Management of Field Rats29 Controlled Irrigation: Saving water while having good yield30 Minus-one Element Technique: Soil Nutrition Defi ciency Test Made Easy31 Management of the Rice Black Bug32 Management of Zinc-defi cient Soils33 Management Options for Golden Apple Snail
34 Use of Evaporation Suppressant 35 Pagpaparami ng Purong Binhi ng Palay36 Management of Sulfur- Defi cient Lowland Rice Soils37 Management of Planthoppers and Leafhoppers38 Management Options for Ricefi eld Weeds39 Use of Indigo as Green Manure40 Management of Salt-affected Soils for Rice Production41 Wet-Seeded Rice Production42 Matatag Lines43 Hybrid Rice Seed Production44 Metarhizium anisopliae: Microbial Control Agent for Rice Black Bug45 Integrated Nutrient Management for Rice Production46 Management of Armyworms/Cutworms47 Carbonized Rice Hull48 Rice-based Microbial Inoculant49 Integrated Farm and Household Waste Management50 Rice Postproduction Practices51 Ecological Rice Farming52 Modifi ed Dry Direct Seeding Technology 53 Palayamanan: Making the Most out of Rice Farms 54 Practical Guidelines in Predicting Soil Fertility Status of Lowland Rice Soils55 Bakanae: The Foolish Disease of Rice56 Management of Rice Blast Disease57 Root-knot Management in Rice-Onion Cropping System58 Management of Yellow and White Stemborers59 The PhilRice Dapog Technology60 Rice Straw-Based Nutrient Management in Irrigated Lowland Rice 61 Biofertilizer Production: Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM)62 Trichoderma: Biofungicide for vegetables63 Barayti ng Palay handog ng PhilRice64 Management of Zinc-defi cient soils (revised edition)
Rice Technology Bulletin Series
-
iv Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 1
ForewordThis guidebook on “Simplifi ed Key to Soil Series Identifi cation” was developed to make the fi eld identifi cation of soils easier.
Soil identifi cation is an important component in rice farming. When the soil is properly analyzed and identifi ed, the risks of incompatible management recommendations will be lessened and selection of knowledge and technologies to apply will be effi cient. And that is why we have this Simplifi ed Keys to Soil Series for Pampanga.
This is a good guide for effective nutrient management, which is one of the components of the PalayCheck System, a dynamic rice crop management system that presents easy-to-follow practices to achieve respective Key Checks and improve crop yield and input-use effi ciency.
It features the different color, texture, pH, coarse fragments, and mottles of the most common soils of Pampanga and contains four simple steps in identifying the soil series right in the fi eld. It also includes the soil productivity index, soil properties that affect crop growth, soil taxonomic classifi cation, crop suitability analysis, and soil management recommendations.
The concept of simplifi ed keys to soil series was fi rst used in Thailand. In the Philippines, the project “Simplifi cation of the Philippine Soil Series for Rice and Corn” started in 2005 under the Nutrient Management Support System (NuMASS) to provide management recommendations for soils identifi ed in the fi eld.
We thank the farmers, agricultural technologists, and municipal and provincial agricultural offi cers for helping us validate the soil series. We also acknowledge the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for providing the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.
We hope that this publication can help you identify suitable crops in your area, learn the limitations of your soils for crop production, and subsequently identify the corresponding management recommendations.
RONILO A. BERONIO Executive Director
This project was funded by the Knowledge Management and Promotion Program (KMP) of PhilRice®.
Philippine Rice Research InstituteCopyright © 2010
-
2 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 3
The Simplified Key The Simplified Key to Soil Seriesto Soil Series
The “Simplifi ed Key to Soil Series” is a tool to identify soil series in the fi eld following simple steps for the use of farmers, extension workers, agricultural technicians, researchers and other stakeholders. Using this guidebook, identifi cation of soil will be more accurate reducing the risk of incompatible management and technology recommendations. Selection of knowledge and technologies could also be easy and effi cient with the identifi cation of soil series. For instance, because some soil series behave similarly, the management practices and technology suitable for known soil name are expected to be adaptable for the same soil series of different region.
This guidebook is simple to use, using only fi ve basic soil properties (color, texture, pH, coarse fragments and mottles) at 30-50cm soil depth and following the simple steps provided in the guidebook, the soil series in the fi eld could be identifi ed. Once the soil is known, a compilation of thematic information related to the use of soils especially in crop production such as selection of suitable crops, crop productivity ratings, soil properties that limit production, and soil management recommendations can be determined.
Ten soil series found in the province of Pampanga were included in this guidebook. These are Angeles, Arayat, Bantog, Bigaa, Buenavista, Candaba, La Paz, Quingua, Prensa, and San Fernando series.
Guide to Soil Series Guide to Soil Series IdentificationIdentification
1. Choose a vacant area in your fi eld and dig up to 50 cm depth from the surface (see page 44).
2. Get bulk soil sample (500 g) between 30 cm and 50 cm depth.
3. Compare the soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook (see page 45).
-
4 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 5
4. Take half a handful of the same soil and check its texture by moistening the soil sample (neither too wet, nor too dry) (see page 46).
5. Take a spoonful of the same soil sample and put it in a test tube. Add 7 drops of reagent; shake gently, and compare with the pH chart (see page 47).
Lateritic nodules Manganeseconcretions
Quartz
6. Take note of the presence, or absence of coarse fragments such as limestone, rock fragments, lateritic nodules, manganese/Mn (black) and iron/Fe (red) concretions, sand materials, and other observable properties of the soil taken from the surface up to 50 cm depth.
7. Take note of other observable soil properties such as polished surface (cutans/slickensides), softness, hardness, stickiness, etc.
8. Use the Simplifi ed Keys to Soil Series book and compare all soil properties starting from the color until the soil name is identifi ed.
slickensides / polished soil surfaces
-
6 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 7
SoilColor GroupsColor GroupsDark Gray/Yellowish Gray
Grayish Brown/Dark Brown
Dark Yellowish Brown/Strong Brown
Arayat (Ayt)
Coarse Fragments Gravel
pH 6.5-7.0
Others Fe (brown) and Mn (black)
Prensa (Pr)
Coarse none
pH 6.5-7.2
OthersFe (yellowish brown) and Mn (black) mottles
Texture: Sandy clay loam
go to page 13
go to page 13
Dark Gray/Yellowish Gray
Texture: Clay loam
-
8 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 9
Angeles (Ang)
Coarse Fragments None
pH 6.0-6.5
OthersStructureless
La Paz (Lp)
Coarse none
pH 6.5-7.0
Others nodules; structureless
Texture: Sand
go to page 13
go to page 14
Grayish Brown/ Dark Brown
Texture: Loam sand
Bantog (Btg)
Coarse Fragments None
pH 6.5-7.6
Others Fe (brownish gray) and Mn
Bigaa (Bga)
Coarse none
pH 5.7-6.1
Othersstructureless
Texture: Clay
go to page 14
go to page 14
Grayish Brown/ Dark Brown
Texture: Clay
-
10 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 11
San Fernando (Sfo)
Coarse Fragments None
pH 7.0-7.5
Others Fe (yellowish brown) mottles
Candaba (Cd)
Coarse none
pH 6.5-7.0
Others Fe (yellowish brown) mottles
Texture: Clay loam
go to page 16
go to page 16
Dark Yellowish Brown/Strong Brown
Texture: Clay
Quingua (Qga)
Coarse Fragments None
pH 6.8-7.6
Others Fe (yellowish brown) and Mn
Buenavista (Bta)
Coarse none
pH 6.9-7.2
Others Mn (black) mottles
Texture: Loamy sand/ Silt loam
go to page 15
go to page 15
Dark Yellowish Brown/Strong Brown
Texture: Sandy clay loam
-
12 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 13
SoilProfile PicturesProfile Pictures
Arayat (Ayt)
page 19
00 cm00 cm
2222
4343
6464
90+90+
00 cm00 cm
2626
5252
9595
105105
Prensa (Pr)
page 19
Angeles (Ang)
page 18
00 cm00 cm
1616
2828
5050
104104
-
14 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 15
La Paz (Lp)
page 18
Bantog (Btg)
page 18
Bigaa (Bga)
page 18
Quingua (Qga)
page 19
Buenavista (Bta)
page 19
00 cm00 cm
1616
3232
107107
126+126+
00 cm00 cm
88
2424
3939
52+52+
00 cm00 cm
1818
3939
8484
8787
112+112+
00 cm00 cm
1313
3030
4141
102+102+
00 cm00 cm
1313
2424
4242
6969
117117
-
16 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 17
Properties of Different Soil Seriesthat affectthe growthof crops
San Fernando (Sto)
page 19
Candaba (Cd)
page 18
00 cm00 cm
1515
4040
9090
120+120+
00 cm00 cm
1515
2727
4343
7373
105105
-
18 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 19
Table 1. Properties of Different Soil Series that Affect the Growth of Crops.
Soil
Qualities
in Relation to Crop Pro-duction
Lowland SoilsAngeles Bantog Bigaa Candaba LaPaz
Soil pH 6.0-6.5 6.5-7.6 5.7-6.1 6.5-7.0 6.5-7.0 N Level low medium low-me-
diummedium low
P Level low high low medium low K Level low low low medium lowSoil Texture sand clay, clay
loamfi ne tex-tured clay
fi ne clay loamy sand
Drainage well drained
moderately well to well
poor very poor poor
Permeabi-lity rapid very slow slow to very slow
slow to very slow
rapid
Coarse Frag-ments
gravels none none none none
Effective Soil Depth
shallow deep deep to very deep
very deep modera-tely deep
Flooding Hazard
seasonal seasonal occa-sional overfl ow
seasonal seasonal
Topography level level to nearly level
level to nearly level
level level
Inherent Fer-tility
low high moderate high low
Soil
Qualities
in Relation to Crop Pro-duction
Lowland Soils Upland SoilsQuingua San
FernandoArayat Buena-
vistaPrensa
Soil pH 6.8-7.6 7.0-7.5 6.5-7.0 6.9-7.2 6.5-7.2 N Level low low medium low low
P Level medium low high low medium K Level medium medium medium medium lowSoil Texture loamy
sand, silt loam
clay loam to clay
sandy clay loam
silty clay loam
clay loam
Drainage well drained
poor poor poor modera-tely well drained
Permeabi-lity modera-tely slow
slow slow slow slow to very slow
Coarse Frag-ments
none none rock frag-ments
none none
Effective Soil Depth
deep deep deep deep deep
Flooding Hazard
seasonal seasonal none none none
Topography level to nearly level
level sloping to rolling to moun-tainous
rolling to steep
sloping
Inherent Fer-tility
moderate moderate high moderate mode-rate
-
20 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 21
SoilProductivityProductivityTable 2. The soil productivity index for rice.
Soil Series Inherent Potential Angeles 0.11 0.36 Arayat 0.47 0.65 Bantog 0.81 0.91 Bigaa 0.56 0.71 Buenavista 0.57 0.72 Candaba 0.66 0.76 La Paz 0.20 0.40
Prensa 0.60 0.78 Quingua 0.68 0.78
San Fernando 0.73 0.83
Soil productivity is that quality of soil that summarizes its potential in producing plants or sequences of plants under defi ned sets of management practices; it is also a synthesis of condition of soil fertility, water control, plant species, soil tilth, pest control and physical environment (Bainroth, 1978: Badayos, 1990). In economic terms, it is a measure of amount of inputs of production factors required to correct soil limitation(s) in order to attain a certain level of production. It is expressed as average crop yield under defi ned sets of management classes (Badayos, 1990).
For making comparisons among soils, a productivity index is used. The inherent productivity index is defi ned as the natural capacity of the soil to produce a given yield while potential productivity index refers to the capability of the soil to produce yield after correctible soil constraints had been remedied. The predicted inherent yield can be calculated by multiplying the inherent index to the maximum potential yield of rice. The predicted maximum possible yield will be computed by multiplying the potential index to the maximum potential yield of rice. For instance, the maximum potential yield in the dry season is 8 tons/hectare. The predicted inherent yield and predicted potential yield of rice in Candaba soils are 5.3 and 6.1 tons/ha, respectively.
-
22 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 23
CropSuitability AnalysisSuitability Analysis
Soil suitability classifi cation refers to the use of a piece of land on a sustainable basis, based on physical and chemical properties and environmental factors. It is the ultimate aim of soil survey and this may come up through good judgment and thorough evaluation of soil properties and qualities like soil depth, soil texture, slope, soil drainage, erosion, fl ooding and fertility. Based from these properties, the suitability of a certain tract of land for crop production can be determined.
Suitability ratings denote qualitative analysis of the potential of the soil to different crops. It implies what crop(s) would give the highest benefi t in terms of productivity and profi tability from a given soil type, indicated by S1 as the most suitable down to S3 as marginally suitable. The symbol N implies that the crop is either currently not suitable (N1) where the effect of limitation is so severe as greatly to reduce the yield or to require costly inputs or permanently not suitable (N2) where the limitations cannot be corrected permanently. Crop suitability analysis also provides information on soil properties that limits the production of specifi ed crop(s).
When using a parametric system, the soil index can be equated into percentage shown below. It means that you can attain 75% of the potential yield of the crop when the soil index is highly suitable while less than 25% of the potential yield when the soil index is not suitable.
S1: soil index >75 S3: soil index 25-50
S2: soil index 50-75 U: soil index
-
24 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 25
Guide to abbreviations
Suitability Ratings:
S1 – Highly suitable
S2 – Moderately suitable
S3 – Marginally suitable
N1 – Currently not suitable
N2 – Permanently not suitable
Limitations due to:
t – topographic; slope
w – drainage; fl ooding
s – texture; coarse fragments; soil depth
f – soil fertility
c – climateTa
ble
3.
The
crop
sui
tabi
lity
anal
ysis
of t
he s
oils
of P
ampa
nga
for
diff
eren
t cr
ops.
Soil
Serie
sSl
ope
Ric
e Irr
igat
ed
Low
land
Ric
e R
ainf
ed
Upl
and
Ric
e R
ainf
ed
Low
land
Mai
zeSo
rghu
mO
nion
Ang
eles
0-2%
S3f
S3f
S3f
S3f
S3f
S3f
Ara
yat
2-5%
S3w
sS
3wS
3wS
3wS
3wS
3w B
anto
g0-
2%S
1S
2cw
S2c
S1
S1
S1
Big
aa0-
2%S
3wf
S3w
fS
3wf
S3w
fS
3wS
3wf
Bue
navi
sta
8-16
%S
3wsf
S3w
fS
3wf
S3w
fS
3wS
3wf
Can
daba
0-2%
S3w
S3w
S3w
S3w
S3w
S3w
La
Paz
0-2%
S3w
sfS
3wf
S3w
sfS
3wf
S3w
fS
3wf
Pre
nsa
2-5%
S2s
fS
2cf
S2c
sfS
2fS
1S
3f Q
uing
ua0-
2%S
2fS
2cf
S2c
fS
2fS
1S
2f S
an F
erna
ndo
0-2%
S3w
S3w
S3w
S3w
S3w
S3w
-
26 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 27
Soil
Serie
sSl
ope
Toba
cco
Swee
t Po
tato
Suga
rcan
ePe
anut
Wat
er
Mel
onM
ango
Ang
eles
0-2%
S3f
S3f
S3f
S3f
S3f
S3f
Ara
yat
2-5%
S3w
S3w
S3w
S3w
S3w
S3w
Ban
tog
0-2%
S3w
sS
1S
1S
1S
2ws
S1
Big
aa0-
2%S
3wsf
S3w
fS
3wf
S3w
fS
3wsf
S3w
f B
uena
vist
a8-
16%
S3w
fS
3wf
S3w
fS
3wf
S3w
fS
3wf
Can
daba
0-2%
S3w
sS
3wS
3wS
3ws
S3w
sS
3w L
a P
az0-
2%S
3wf
S3w
fS
3wf
S3w
fS
3wf
S3w
f P
rens
a2-
5%S
2fS
3fS
3fS
2fS
2fS
2f Q
uing
ua0-
2%S
2fS
2fS
2fS
2fS
2fS
2f S
an F
erna
ndo
0-2%
S3w
sS
3wf
S3w
fS
3wS
3wf
S3w
Soil ManagementManagementRecommendationsRecommendations
-
28 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 29
Soil Management Recommendations
The goal of soil management is to the protect and enhance its performance to increase farm profi tably and preserve environmental quality. It is the combination of soil factors to maximize crop production at the lowest possible cost while leaving the soil in a productive state. It involves: maintaining soil in good physical condition, maintaining the soil fertility status, and infl uencing the biological aspect of the soil so that maximum benefi ts result (Harpstead, et al., 1997).
Soil management recommendations suitable for each soil identifi ed were enumerated in the succeeding pages (table 4). In making soil management recommendations, soil properties such as texture, mineralogy, moisture and temperature regimes, and climate were considered since these factors affect the crop growth. However, these properties cannot be changed but control tillage, crop rotations, soil amendments, and other management choices can be done. Through these choices, the structure, biological activity, chemical content of soil can be altered and later on infl uence erosion rates, pest population, and nutrient availability and crop production.Ta
ble
4.
The
soil
seri
es o
f Pam
pang
a w
ith
thei
r lim
itat
ions
for
crop
pro
duct
ion
and
corr
espo
ndin
g m
anag
emen
t re
com
men
dati
ons
for
diff
eren
t cr
ops.
Soil
Serie
s Li
mita
tion
for c
rop
prod
uctio
n
Soil
Man
agem
ent R
ecom
men
datio
n
Ric
eD
iver
sifi e
d cr
ops
Roo
t cro
psTr
ee/F
ores
t/ Pl
anta
tion
crop
s
Ang
eles
Stru
ctur
eles
s,
poor
wat
er
hold
ing
capa
city
, low
fe
rtilit
y; s
ubje
ct
to s
easo
nal
fl ood
ing;
gra
vels
ar
e pr
esen
t th
roug
hout
the
profi
le
Sui
tabl
e fo
r ric
e du
ring
wet
se
ason
but
ne
eds
ampl
e am
ount
of
ferti
lizer
s to
ad
dres
s th
e fe
rtilit
y pr
oble
m;
phos
phor
us
appl
icat
ion
App
licat
ion
of
orga
nic
mat
ter;
prac
tice
timin
g of
pla
ntin
g;
deep
plo
win
g;
phos
phor
us
appl
icat
ion
Sui
tabl
e fo
r ro
ot c
rops
du
e to
san
dy
text
ure
Pla
nt lo
cally
ada
pted
tre
e sp
ecie
s; s
uita
ble
for c
itrus
Cro
ppin
g Pa
ttern
: ric
e- s
ugar
cane
/root
cro
ps/v
eget
able
s
rice-
fallo
w
fruit
trees
like
citr
us
-
30 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 31
Soil
Serie
s Li
mita
tion
for c
rop
prod
uctio
n
Soil
Man
agem
ent R
ecom
men
datio
n
Ric
eD
iver
sifi e
d cr
ops
Roo
t cro
psTr
ee/F
ores
t/ Pl
anta
tion
crop
s
Ara
yat
Har
d w
hen
dry
and
stic
ky
whe
n w
et
Sui
tabl
e fo
r ric
e; a
pply
fe
rtiliz
er
Plo
win
g sh
ould
be
don
e w
hen
moi
stur
e co
nditi
on
is ju
st ri
ght;
use
of b
road
beds
, rid
ges
or fu
rrow
s an
d m
ulch
ing;
ap
plic
atio
n of
or
gani
c m
atte
r and
fa
rm m
anur
e
Not
sui
tabl
e fo
r roo
tcro
ps
due
to te
xtur
e co
nstra
ints
Sui
tabl
e fo
r for
est,
fruit
trees
to
prev
ent e
rosi
on
at th
e ar
ea; p
lant
lo
cally
ada
pted
tree
sp
ecie
s
Cro
ppin
g Pa
ttern
: ric
e-di
vers
ifi ed
cro
ps/v
eget
able
s
ri
ce-r
ice
div
ersi
fi ed
crop
s/ve
geta
bles
-div
ersi
fi ed
crop
s/ve
geta
bles
Ban
tog
Poo
r dra
inag
e;
high
shr
ink
and
swel
l cap
acity
up
on w
ettin
g an
d dr
ying
pr
oduc
ing
wid
e cr
acks
in th
e so
il, h
ard
whe
n dr
y; s
easo
nal
fl ood
ing
in lo
w
area
s; s
low
pe
rmea
bilit
y
Pra
ctic
e sh
allo
w
culti
vatio
n w
hen
soil
moi
stur
e is
op
timum
; su
ited
for i
rrig
ated
and
ra
infe
d pa
ddy
rice;
mai
ntai
n pr
oper
ly th
e pa
ddy
dike
s
Con
stru
ctio
n of
ade
quat
e dr
aina
ge ir
rigat
ion
and
fl ood
con
trol
syst
em d
ue to
se
ason
al fl
oodi
ng
haza
rd in
low
ar
eas;
use
of
broa
dbed
s,
ridge
s or
furr
ows
and
mul
chin
g;
appl
icat
ion
of
orga
nic
mat
ter
and
farm
man
ure
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
ade
quat
e dr
aina
ge
and
irrig
atio
n sy
stem
; ap
plic
atio
n of
or
gani
c m
atte
r an
d fa
rm
man
ure
Uns
uita
ble
unde
r pr
esen
t con
ditio
n bu
t bec
omes
su
itabl
e if
prop
er
man
agem
ent
prac
tices
like
es
tabl
ishm
ent o
f ad
equa
te d
rain
age
and
fl ood
con
trol
syst
ems;
use
of
sui
tabl
e tre
e sp
ecie
s an
d pr
oper
fe
rtiliz
atio
n
Cro
ppin
g P
atte
rn:
rice
-ric
e
r
ice-
dive
rsifi
ed c
rops
/veg
etab
les/
root
cro
ps
-
32 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 33
Soil
Serie
s Li
mita
tion
for c
rop
prod
uctio
n
Soil
Man
agem
ent R
ecom
men
datio
n
Ric
eD
iver
sifi e
d cr
ops
Roo
t cro
psTr
ee/F
ores
t/ Pl
anta
tion
crop
s
Big
aa
Sur
face
ha
rden
ing
and
crac
king
du
ring
dry
seas
on m
akin
g til
lage
diffi
cul
t; se
ason
al
fl ood
ing
in
low
are
as;
seas
onal
hig
h w
ater
tabl
e;
very
fi rm
co
nsis
tenc
y
Sui
tabl
e fo
r ric
e pr
oduc
tion
due
to
its c
laye
y te
xtur
e;
appl
y fe
rtiliz
er
to m
aint
ain
the
ferti
lity
of th
e so
il; c
onst
ruct
ion
of a
dequ
ate
drai
nage
irr
igat
ion
and
fl ood
con
trol
syst
em
Use
of
broa
dbed
s,
ridge
s or
furr
ows
and
mul
chin
g;
timin
g of
pl
antin
g
Not
sui
tabl
e fo
r roo
tcro
ps
due
to
text
ure
cons
train
ts
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
ade
quat
e dr
aina
ge a
nd
fl ood
con
trol
syst
ems;
use
of
sui
tabl
e tre
e sp
ecie
s an
d pr
oper
fe
rtiliz
atio
n
Cro
ppin
g Pa
ttern
: ric
e-ric
e
Bue
navi
sta
Impe
rvio
us c
lay
subs
oil w
ith
conc
retio
ns,
low
ferti
lity;
po
or d
rain
age
Sui
ted
for r
ice
but n
eed
to
appl
y fe
rtiliz
er,
prac
tice
cont
our
culti
vatio
n
Pro
per l
and
culti
vatio
n;
appl
icat
ion
of o
rgan
ic
mat
ter
and
anim
al m
anur
e to
impr
ove
stru
ctur
e;
cons
truct
ion
of
drai
nage
Dee
p pl
owin
g;
appl
icat
ion
of
ferti
lizer
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
ade
quat
e dr
aina
ge
and
irrig
atio
n sy
stem
; pro
per
ferti
lizat
ion;
use
of
ade
quat
e cr
ops
Cro
ppin
g Pa
ttern
: ric
e-ric
e
r
ice-
dive
rsifi
ed c
rops
Can
daba
Dee
p an
nual
se
ason
al
fl ood
ing,
sh
rinki
ng
swel
ling
clay
, low
ph
ysio
grap
hy;
lack
of d
rain
age
outle
ts in
wet
se
ason
Sui
tabl
e fo
r low
land
rice
; tim
ing
of p
lant
ing
Sui
tabl
e fo
r di
vers
ifi ed
cro
ps
durin
g dr
y se
ason
Not
sui
tabl
e fo
r roo
tcro
ps
due
to te
xtur
e co
nstra
ints
Not
sui
tabl
e du
e to
exc
ess
seas
onal
fl o
odin
g an
d hi
gh
wat
erta
ble
Cro
ppin
g Pa
ttern
: ric
e-fa
llow
ric
e-ric
e
d
iver
sifi e
d cr
ops/
vege
tabl
es-fa
llow
div
ersi
fi ed
crop
s/ve
geta
bles
- div
ersi
fi ed
crop
s/ve
geta
bles
La P
az
Hig
h w
ater
ta
ble
and
loca
l fl o
odin
g in
w
et s
easo
ns
prec
lude
s dr
y la
nd
crop
s, ra
pid
perm
eabi
lity
prec
lude
s gr
avity
irrig
atio
n ex
cept
whe
n w
ater
tabl
e is
sea
sona
lly
high
, low
ferti
lity
Sui
tabl
e fo
r ric
e du
ring
wet
sea
son
but n
eeds
am
ple
amou
nt o
f fe
rtiliz
ers
to a
ddre
ss
the
ferti
lity
prob
lem
; ph
osph
orus
app
licat
ion
App
licat
ion
of
orga
nic
mat
ter;
prac
tice
timin
g of
pla
ntin
g;
deep
plo
win
g;
phos
phor
us
appl
icat
ion
Sui
tabl
e fo
r ro
ot c
rops
du
e to
san
dy
text
ure
Pla
nt lo
cally
ad
apte
d tre
e sp
ecie
s;
suita
ble
for
citru
s
Cro
ppin
g Pa
ttern
: ric
e- s
ugar
cane
/root
cro
ps/v
eget
able
s
r
ice-
fallo
w
f
ruit
trees
like
citr
us
-
34 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 35
Soil
Serie
s Li
mita
tion
for c
rop
prod
uctio
n
Soil
Man
agem
ent R
ecom
men
datio
n
Ric
eD
iver
sifi e
d cr
ops
Roo
t cro
psTr
ee/F
ores
t/ Pl
anta
tion
crop
s
Pre
nsa
Dis
sect
ed
phys
iogr
aphy
lim
its p
addy
fi el
d si
ze a
nd e
xces
s el
evat
ions
in
crea
se c
ost o
f ex
tens
ive
grav
ity
irrig
atio
n in
puts
; ex
cess
2:1
cla
y ca
uses
phy
sica
l lim
itatio
ns fo
r di
vers
ifi ed
cr
ops;
slo
ping
to
pogr
aphy
re
quire
s co
ntou
r cu
ltiva
tion
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
ade
quat
e dr
aina
ge
and
irrig
atio
n sy
stem
; pr
oper
le
velin
g,
cons
truct
ion
and
mai
nten
ance
of
pad
dy d
ikes
App
licat
ion
of
ferti
lizer
s an
d or
gani
c m
atte
r; re
quire
s co
ntou
r cu
ltiva
tion;
use
gr
een
man
ures
an
d m
ulch
es;
prop
er ti
min
g of
cu
ltiva
tion
and
plan
ting
Est
ablis
hmen
t of
ade
quat
e dr
aina
ge a
nd
irrig
atio
n sy
stem
; re
gula
r add
ition
of
org
anic
m
atte
r and
an
imal
man
ure;
pr
oper
tim
ing
of
culti
vatio
n an
d pl
antin
g
Pra
ctic
e pr
oper
tim
ing
of
culti
vatio
n an
d pl
antin
g du
e to
cl
ayey
text
ure
Cro
ppin
g Pa
ttern
: ric
e-ric
e
ric
e-di
vers
ifi ed
cro
ps/v
eget
able
s/ro
ot c
rops
Qui
ngua
Clim
ate,
se
ason
al
fl ood
ing
Sui
ted
for
padd
y ric
e;
appl
icat
ion
of in
orga
nic
ferti
lizer
s to
m
aint
ain
the
ferti
lity
of th
e so
il
Sui
ted
for
dive
rsifi
ed c
rops
; co
nstru
ctio
n of
ade
quat
e dr
aina
ge ir
rigat
ion
and
fl ood
co
ntro
l sys
tem
; pr
oper
tim
ing
of
culti
vatio
n an
d pl
antin
g
Sui
ted
for
root
cro
ps;
cons
truct
ion
of a
dequ
ate
drai
nage
irr
igat
ion
and
fl ood
con
trol
syst
em; p
rope
r tim
ing
of
culti
vatio
n an
d pl
antin
g
Sui
ted
for
tree
crop
s;
cons
truct
ion
of a
dequ
ate
drai
nage
irr
igat
ion
and
fl ood
con
trol
syst
em
Cro
ppin
g Pa
ttern
: ric
e-ric
e
rice-
dive
rsifi
ed c
rops
/veg
etab
les/
root
cro
ps
San
Fe
rnan
do
Low
ph
ysio
grap
hy
subj
ecte
d to
sea
sona
l fl o
odin
g;
wat
erlo
gged
du
ring
rain
y se
ason
Sui
ted
for
padd
y ric
e
Plo
w w
hen
moi
stur
e co
nditi
ons
are
idea
l; ap
ply
gree
n m
anur
e; ti
min
g of
pla
ntin
g; s
ome
slig
htly
ele
vate
d ar
eas
are
suita
ble
for s
ugar
cane
and
co
rn
Not
sui
tabl
e fo
r roo
tcro
ps
beca
use
of
wat
erlo
ggin
g du
ring
rain
y se
ason
Con
stru
ctio
n of
ade
quat
e dr
aina
ge
irrig
atio
n an
d fl o
od c
ontro
l sy
stem
; slig
htly
el
evat
ed a
reas
ar
e su
itabl
e fo
r fru
it tre
es
Cro
ppin
g Pa
ttern
: ric
e/co
rn/s
ugar
cane
-fallo
w
-
36 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 37
Soil Taxonomic Classification
Soil TaxonomicClassificationClassification Soil Taxonomy is a system of naming, describing, and categorizing soils. It helps us understand the types of soils we have, how they were formed, how they may be changing, and the effect of soil on crops and natural resource management. It employs a specifi c nomenclature that both classifi es the soil and gives a distinctive name to the individual soil. Names are constructed from the formative elements (generally originating from Greek and Latin) which are used in specifi c combinations to provide a highly descriptive name to a specifi c soil type.
Scientist have developed different system of soil classifi cation to group soil of similar properties in one class, allowing them to exchange information on soil found in different areas. In the classifi cation scheme, soil characteristics and information about the soil become more specifi c as one continuous from order to series level. For this purpose, the USDA Soil Taxonomic Classifi cation system was applied for technical uses. Soil Taxonomic Classifi cation that implies the general features of a given soil indicating its texture, climate, moisture regime, soil temperature, diagnostic horizons, and soil order were presented in the next page with interpretation.
-
38 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 39
Table 5. Soil taxonomic classifi cation of each soil series in Pampanga with interpretation.
Soil Series Taxonomic Classifi cation
Interpretation
Angeles Coarse loamy, isohyperthermic, TYPIC UNTIPSAMMENT
Coarse loamy-textured soil with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Entisol (-ent), meaning it is a young soil with only slight development which the properties are determined largely by the parent material. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Ustipsamments. This entisol has sandy texture (psamm-) occurring in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (usti-).
Arayat Fine loamy, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, VERTIC EQUIAQUENT
Fine loamy-textured soil with moderate amount of clay (35-60%) with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Inceptisol (-ept), i.e. it is in the incipient development towards mature soils but have not yet fully developed their diagnostic horizons. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles. This is a representative of the great group Epiaquepts vertic properties, i.e. it is dominated by clays that shrink and swell producing wide cracks and slickensides due to repeated wetting and drying
Soil Series
Taxonomic Classifi cation
Interpretation
Bantog Very fi ne, mixed, isohyperthermic,AERIC CALCIAQUERT
This is a very fi ne-textured soil with high clay content of >60% and has isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is a Vertisol(-ert), dominated by shrink-swell clays that cause deep wide cracks, slickensides, and is very sticky and compact when dry. It is saturated with water repeatedly (aqu-) but not as wet as the typical, i.e. it is better aerated, usually because either groundwater is deep or the period of saturation is shorter (aeric). This soil also has high calcium saturation (calci-) in its subsoil horizons.
Bigaa Very fi ne, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, TYPIC CALCIAQUERT
This is a fi ne loamy-textured soil with high clay content of 35-60% and has isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is a Vertisol (-ert). It is dominated by shrink-swell clays that cause deep wide cracks and slickensides when dry and is very sticky and compact when dry. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Calciaquerts. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles. This soil also has high calcium (calci-) saturation in its subsoil horizons.
-
40 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 41
Soil Series Taxonomic Classifi cation
Interpretation
Buenavista Fine loamy, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, KANHAPLIC HAPLUSTALFS
This is a fi ne loamy-textured soil with large amount of clay (18-35%) and isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Alfi sol (alf), i.e. there is illuvial accumulation on clay in the subsoil horizons from the underlying horizons. This soil has minimum complexity in its soil horizonation (hapl-) found in areas with pronounced wet and dry seasons (-ust). This is a member of the great group Haplustalfs which is dominated by low activity clays making this soil low in CEC.
Candaba Very fi ne, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, TYPIC CALCIAQUERT
This is a fi ne loamy-textured soil with high clay content of 35-60% and has isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is a Vertisol (-ert). It is dominated by shrink-swell clays that cause deep wide cracks and slickensides when dry and very sticky and compact when dry. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Calciaquerts. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles. This soil also has high calcium (calci-) saturation in its subsoil horizons.
Soil Series
Taxonomic Classifi cation
Interpretation
La Paz Sandy, mixed (ca.), isohyperthermic,TYPIC PSAMMAQUENT
This is a sandy-textured soil (psamm-) with isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Entisol (-ent), meaning it is a young soil with only slight development which the properties are determined largely by the parent material. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Psammaquent. This soil is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles.
Prensa Fine, mixed, isohyperthermic, VERTIC EPIAQUALF
This is a fi ne-textured soil containing large amount of clay (35-60%) and has isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Alfi sol (-alf), i.e. there is illuvial accumulation on clay in the subsoil horizons from the underlying horizons. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles. It is a representative of the great group Epiaqualfs that has vertic properties, i.e. it is dominated by clays that shrink and swell producing wide cracks and slickensides due to repeated wetting and drying.
-
42 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 43
Appendices
Soil Series Taxonomic Classifi cation
Interpretation
Quingua Fine silty, isohyperthermic, FLUVAQUENTIC EPIAQUOLL
Fine loamy-textured soil with moderate amount of clay (18-35%) and isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is Mollisol (-oll) or dark-colored, fertile soils with high base saturation and natural to medium acid pH. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) due to river fl ooding (fl uvaquentic) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles.
San Fernando
Fine, smectitic (ca.), isohyperthermic, TYPIC EPIAQUEPT
It is a fi ne-textured soil (35-60% clay content) and has isohyperthermic temperature regime (>22°C). It is an Inceptisol (-ept), i.e. it is in the incipient development towards mature soils but have not yet fully developed their diagnostic horizons. It is a typical (typic) representative of the great group Epiaquepts. It is saturated with water for repeated periods of time (aqu-) manifested by its grayish color with or without mottles.
-
44 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 45
Choose a vacant area in your fi eld. Using a spade/auger, dig up to 50cm from the soil surface.
Depth of soil is important. The sur-face/top soil is not a good basis since it is always cultivated.
Get bulk soil sam-ple (½ kilo) from 30-50cm depth; place it in a con-tainer (plastic/pail). This sample will be used for soil series identifi cation.
11 Soil sampling
APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES APPENDIX 1. STEPS TO IDENTIFY SOIL SERIES
22 Soil color determination
Soil color is an indirect measure of other charac-teristics such as drainage, aeration, and organic mat-ter content. Black-colored soils may indicate high fertility and productivity.
Get an ample amount of soil from the sample. The soil should be moist (neither too wet, nor too dry).
Gray indicates a fairly con-stant water-saturated condi-tion. Bright brown and red colors are indicative of good aeration and drainage.
Compare the color of the soil sample with the color chart in the guidebook. Take note of the classifi cation of the soil color.
-
46 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 47
33 Texture determination
Get soil sample from a 30-50cm depth. Fill the test tube with soil sample up to the scratch mark.
Add 7 drops of CPR (chlorphenol red). Mix by gently swirling the test tube.
If soil pH is 6 or greater, repeat the steps using BTB (brom thymol blue).
If the soil pH is 5 or less, repeat the steps using BCG (brom cresol green).
Match the color of the solution on top of the soil with the corresponding color chart of the pH indicator dye used.
pH Determination (UPLB procedure)44
-
48 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 49
APPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK SYSTEMAPPENDIX 2. THE PALAYCHECK SYSTEM
The Palaycheck System is a rice integrated crop management that combines the technologies and learning processes to identify strengths and weaknesses of current crop management practices, make improvements in the next season to increase grain yield, input use effi ciency, and profi t with environmental concerns.
The PalayCheck System describes the crop management practices (input) to achieve the following Key Checks (output):
1) Used certifi ed seeds of a recommended variety.
2) No high and low soil spots after fi nal leveling.
3) Practiced synchronous planting after a fallow period.
4) Suffi cient number of healthy seedlings.
5) Suffi cient nutrients at tillering to early panicle initiation, and fl owering.
6) Avoided excessive water or drought stress that could affect the growth and the yield of the crop.
7) No signifi cant yield loss due to pests.
8) Cut and threshed the crop at the right time.
-
50 Simplified to Key Soil Series Pampanga 51
References
Badayos, R. B. 1990. Lowland rice soils in the Philippines, their characteristics and classifi cation in relation to productivity. Inaugural Professiorial Lecture. SEARCA, UPLB.
Beinroth, F. H. 1978. Some fundamentals of soil classifi cation. In: Soil-resource data for agricultural development. Ed. Leslie D. Swindale. Hawaii Ag. Expt. Sra., College of Trop. Agric., University of Hawaii. p. 12-19.
MI Hampstead, TJ Sauer, and WF Bennet. 1997. Soil Science Simplifi ed. 3rd Edition. Iowa State University Press, Ames Iowa 500014.
“Simplifi ed Keys to Soil Series (29 Soil Series for Maize Production), Lop Buri Province” The International Training Workshop on “Applying Information Technology for Site-Specifi c Agriculture in Small Farms of Tropics.” August 4-10, 2003. Bangkok, Thailand.
Soil Survey of Pampanga Province. Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Bureau of Soils, Manila, Philippines. Bureau of Printing Manila.
Soil Survey Manual. US Department of Agricultural Handbook No. 18. August 1951. Soil Survey Staff, Bureau of Plant and Industry, Soils, and Agricultural Engineering. Agricultural Research Administration, US Department of Agriculture.
Acknowledgment
We thank the Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) for the secondary data of the soils used in this guidebook.
Subject Matter Specialists
PhilRice Wilfredo B. Collado
Mary Rose O. Obico Rona T. Dollentas Jeny V. Ravis Jesiree Elena Ann P. Dela Torre Jovino L. De Dios Leo C. Javier Eduardo Jimmy P. Quilang, Jr., PhD
UP Los Baños Rodrigo B. Badayos, PhD Armando E. Soliman
Managing Editor/Layout Artist Marc Elvin T. Lozano Judith P. dela Torre Editorial Advisers Atty. Ronilo A. Beronio Andrei B. Lanuza
For more information,text the Farmers’ Text Center (0920) 911-1398);write, visit, or call: Agronomy, Soils, and Plant Physiology Division Philippine Rice Research Institute Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3119 Tel. No. (044) 456-0285; -0113; -0651 local 217, 215, or 212
Readers are encouraged to reproduce the content of this bulletin with acknowledgment. Suggested citation:
PhilRice. “Soil Series:Improving Agricultural Productivity in Pampanga.” Rice Technology Bulletin No. 65: 56p., February, 2010.