Pakistan 2010Johanniter‘s flood response

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Every year, the people of Pakistan eager-ly await the monsoon rain, because it irri-gates fields and replenishes water supplies. In July 2010, however, the blessing turned into a curse. During the following days and weeks, floodwater continued to rise and tra-vel through Baluchistan, Punjab, and Sindh. Unobstructed, the water was able to expand throughout the flat terrain, flooding entire swaths of land. Within five weeks, the flood had travelled a total of 2,200 kilometres. The “slow-motion tsunami“, so aptly coined by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, left behind a path of destruction: Over 20 million people lost their homes, workplaces, cattle, and fields.

Existing Structures Facilitate Fast HelpAfter the 2005 earthquake occurred, Jo-hanniter established a presence in Pakis-tan, which allowed Johanniter to respond immediately to the flood disaster. Since the beginning, Johanniter has maintained close communication with health clusters, regular-ly sharing updates, and contributing to emer-gency response efforts in the flood zone. Jo-hanniter focused its efforts and resources on establishing coordination hubs. In addition, Johanniter also actively participated in clus-ter meetings at the provincial level. Compa-red to the provinces of Punjab and KPK, the situation in Sindh appeared more critical, and humanitarian response had been low in the province of Baluchistan. Therefore Johanni-ter established medical camps, and provided

Disaster Response Following the Flood

Chronology of Disaster Response

July 26: Following days of heavy rain-fall, the mountainous parts of northwest Pakistan expe-rience initial flooding. Flood-waters move through Pakis-tan for five weeks, before reaching the Arabian Sea on September 2nd.

July 30: Johanniter provides medi-cal emergency assistance in the district of Charsadda in northwest Pakistan. During the first week, mobile medi-cal teams treat 1,500 people for fever, diarrhoea, and skin diseases.

August 12: By request of the World Health Organization (WHO), Johanniter sets up two me-dical camps in the district of Peshawar, and treats several thousand people during the following weeks.

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1. In small convoys Johanniter distributed relief goods in the disaster zone.2. Over 20 million people lost their homes and had to find shelter in refugee camps, with host families, and in some cases even the streets.3. The floodwaters travelled 2,000 kilometres, swallowing everything in their path.4. At 40 primary healthcare units nationwide Johanniter treated thousands of patients each day.

2 Foto: Stefan Trappe/ADH1 Foto: Birgit Betzelt

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August 20: Johanniter distributes essen-tial relief goods throughout the province of Baluchistan. A total of 26 primary health-care units are already in ope-ration to meet the tremend-ous demand.

September 23:Johanniter expands its emer-gency assistance to cover the province of Sindh.

November 4:Even 100 days after the flooding first occurred, se-ven million people are still homeless.

December 1:Johanniter opens an provin-cial office in Sukkur, Sindh, which will coordinate and expand project activities in the region.

food and non-food item, as well as medici-ne and relief goods. In addition, Johanniter arranged health education sessions, provided MCH, promoted child health and hygiene ser-vices, organised consultations, and held ca-pacity building training courses.

Relief Goods and ShelterThe flood not only tore down houses, streets, and bridges, but also swept away the household items of those living by the river. Providing help proved a major logistic under-taking. Hundreds of thousands were cut off from the outside world, and urgently required basic necessities. Relief workers used boats, helicopters, and small convoys to reach the disaster zone. In the weeks following the flood, Johanniter distributed relief goods in-

cluding tents, blankets, sleeping mats, mos-quito nets, clothing, water containers, coo-king utensils, and sanitary products to over 100,000 people.

In order to facilitate a new beginning for flood victims, Johanniter and the Internatio-nal Organization for Migration financially and technically supported 2,500 families in Sindh and Punjab in the construction of temporary housing. The initiative allowed the families to focus on tending their fields and generating an income. The houses cost approximately 200 Euros to build, took only a few weeks to complete, and consisted of stones, mor-tar, wood, and corrugated iron sheets. In the long-term, residents can expand their living quarters by adding additional rooms.

3 Foto: Stefan Trappe/ADH

Foto: Stefan Trappe/ADH4 Foto: Stefan Trappe/ADH

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Primary Healthcare Services

After the devastating flood, Johanniter provided emergency and essential healthcare services to the affected population across four provinces – KPK, Baluchistan, Sindh, and Punjab. Healthcare services were delivered through medical camps, mobile teams and through the support of governmental health facilities (static units). Johanniter International As-sistance adopted a two-fold strategy in providing emergency health services to the affected populati-on. This included basic consultations, maternal child health services, training sessions for medical staff, rehabilitation of health facilities, and distribution of necessary medicine, as well as medical consumables, and equipment. This was achieved by involving the healthcare system, district health authorities, and UN agencies. As a result, the healthcare system was strengthened. Teams of health educators, communi-ty midwives, and community health workers offered preventative health services at healthcare facilities and at the community level.

The principal goal of the programme was to crea-te quality healthcare facilities, and improve general wellbeing. The services were provided to decrease the rate of morbidity and casualties, thus reducing mor-tality.

Johanniter employed local, qualified medical and pa-ramedical staff to provide primary healthcare and mother and child health services (MCH).

The medical teams consisted of medical officers (M/F), lady health visitors (LHVs), medical technici-ans, dispensers, trained birth attendants (TBAs), com-munity health workers (CHWs), and social mobilisers. Technical staff provided PHC (primary healthcare), MCH, health education, and hygiene promotion ser-vices. Community health workers mobilised the popu-lation to take advantage of emergency medical servi-ces. Staff also raised awareness among the affected population by holding health education and hygiene promotion sessions. As part of the MCH programme, special child health days were introduced to ensure the wellbeing of children, mothers, and caregivers.

Primary Healthcare Services (August 2010 – June 2011)

Emergency Services Delivered Total

OPD consultations 306,533

Paediatric consultation 11,225

Referrals to hospitals 756

Immunisation 7309

Labour room services 5092

Reproductive health services 10,381

Health education sessions 178,516

Total: 519,812

1 Foto: Birgit Betzelt

In the first year after the flood, Johanniter provided medical care to half a million people.

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Rehabilitation of Healthcare Facilities

Previously to the flood, public healthcare in Pakistan, particularly in rural regions, was already considered one of the poorest in the world. The flood damaged or destroyed the few existing primary healthcare units. In response, Johanniter has begun renovating various primary healthcare units. This includes construction work, painting, and renewing electrical and sanitary systems. One such example is the government dis-pensary Lar Bhan in Warah, in the province of Sindh, where the following work has been completed:

Scope of Work- Sewage system (new pipeline, manhole, repairs to

septic tank)- Sanitary fitting (P.F wash basin and water closet)- Water supply (hand pump borehole)- Painting (removal of synthetic enamel, distempering)- Wood work (windows)

Before After

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In addition to providing primary healthcare services, Johanniter also supports provincial health depart-ments in the implementation of nutrition related in-terventions to address nutrition gaps within modera-tely and severely affected districts of Sindh, Punjab, KPK, and Baluchistan provinces. The programme aim is to improve access to nutrition services (communi-ty-based management of acute malnutrition [CMAM] and infant and young child feeding [IYCF]) through mobile nutrition units, the support of provincial health facilities, and the setting up of stabilisation centres. Government medical personnel participated in training sessions on CMAM and IYCF practices at various health facilities, preparing them to manage future nutrition interventions.The implemented measures to prevent and treat mal-nourishment among the flood affected population, especially women and children, included the fol-lowing:

Community Mobilization and OutreachStakeholders, decision makers, and influential com-munity leaders were involved in the project and up-dated on CMAM parameters. Teams of community mobilisers and screening supervisors ensured that the key messages of CMAM - prevention, identification, and treatment of malnourished children, PLW (preg-nant and lactating women), and self-referral mecha-nism - reach all persons involved. In order to ensure that malnourished children are appropriately iden-tified, referred and followed up, effective links bet-ween health facilities and the community have also been established.

Screening, Supplementary and Outpatient Therapeutic Feeding ProgrammeThe CMAM programme focuses on screening the tar-get population for malnutrition. Johanniter has de-veloped a community-friendly approach to maximize the coverage and efficiency of the referral mecha-nism. In addition to screening by the team responsible for treating the malnourished, screening supervisors and community volunteers are hired to screen child-ren and pregnant and lactating women. The benefi-ciaries identified as malnourished are referred to the LHV for enrolment in SFP (supplementary feeding programme) or OTP (outpatient therapeutic feeding

programme). The supplementary feeding programme caters to moderately malnourished children and preg-nant & lactating mothers. The outpatient therapeutic program provides treatment for severely malnouris-hed children.

Nutrition EducationNutrition education sessions (both individual and group) are delivered in conjunction with community mobilisation and outreach. These education sessions support preventive measures by the nutrition teams, and convey the following message:

• Wash hands with soap before eating and after each visit to the bathroom

• Breast feed your baby for 6 months, then introduce appropriate local foods

• Continue feeding during illness• TT vaccinations, prenatal visits, and a healthy diet

during pregnancy are important to the health of your baby

• Keep all food covered and use clean utensils

Hunger and Malnutrition

1: In addition to providing general medical care, Johanniter also focused on malnourished women and children.2: Johanniter mobile teams travel through communities across Pakistan to hold nutrition and hygiene seminars.

2 Foto: Stefan Trappe/ADH

1 Foto: Stefan Trappe/ADH

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List of Flood Related Projects implemented by Johanniter in Pakistan

Province Project Description Financing Duration Budget

Khybar Pakhtoonkhwa

Ensuring Emergency Primary Healthcare Services through Emergen-cy Medical Camps (UC Khazana, UC Haryana), District Peshawar

WHO / JUH August - October 2010 37,132.00

Provision and Increased access to comprehensive primary health care & nutrition services as well as health and hygiene sessions and pro-vision of hygiene kits and chlorine tablets to conflict affectedpopulation of District Peshawar

AA/JUH August 2010 - February 2011 199,773.00

Provision of Emergency Health Services in 3 Health units to the conflict affected population of District Kohat

WHO August 2010 - July 2011 76,365.00

Delivery of health (inclunding preventive health interventions) and nutrition services (IYCF & micronutritient supplementation), Nowshera

JUH / City Vienna

May 2011 - April 2012 214,733.00

Khybar Pakhtoonkhwa + Punjab

Distribution of winterized NFIs among flood affected families JUH/ADH February - March 2011 436,608.00

PunjabConstruction of 1,440 one room / winterized shelter for the flood affected population of district Rajanpur

IOM February - June 2011 101,674.00

Khybar Pakhtoonkhwa + Balochistan

Provision of essential primary health care services to the flood affected people of District Sibi and Nasirabad

WHO (CERF)

August - November 2010 155,355.00

Balochistan

Non-Food Items Distribution Among Flood Affectees (500 tents, 2000 shelter-kits, 10000 blankets and 6000 buckets)

DFID / JUH August 2010 300,000.00

Non-Food Items Distribution Among Flood Affectees of district Barkhan

AA/JUH August - October 2010 81,734.00

Distribution of Non-Food Items to Families living in a camp of District Jafarabad

JUH October - November 2010 75,000.00

Balochistan + Sindh

Provision of PHC & MCHC services, (including MCH, EPI, ARI),referrals and health education sessions as well as distribution of NFIs to the flood affectees

UNOCHA (ERF)

September 2010 - March 2011 291,138.00

Provision of PHC & MCHC (including MCH, EPI, ARI) and nutritional services, referrals and health education for flood affectees

ECHO January – July 2011 745,000.00

Khybar Pakhtoonkhwa + Punjab + Sindh

Distribution of NFIs, Medicine and medical consumable to the flood affectees

JUHOctober 2010 - De-cember 2011

86,636.00

Sindh

Clothing, Kitchen-Sets, water purification tablets, mosquito nets, water storage buckets, jerry cans, hygiene material, plastic mats, lamps and stoves for Flood Affectees, district Thatta

AA/JUH September - October 2010 191,610.00

Inpatient care for severely malnourished children with medical complications through stabilization centers in districts Ghotki, Qambar/ Shahdadkot, Larkana and Sukkar

WHO (CERF)

December 2010 - Fe-bruary 2011

56,439.00

Construction of 1,000 one room / winterized shelter for the flood affected population of districts Jacobad and Kashmore

IOM March - June 2011 71,605.00

LegendFinancing | AA: Federal Foreign Office, ADH: Germany’s Relief Coalition, DFID: Department for International Development, ECHO:

Humanitarian Aid Department of the European Commission, IOM: International Organisation for Migration, JUH: Johanniter-

Unfall-Hilfe, UN OCHA: United Nation’s Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, WHO: World Health Organisation,

WHO/CERF: Central Emergency Response Fund.

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Previously to the latest flood disaster, Pakistan had already experienced a series of natural and man-ma-de disasters. Since 2005, Pakistan has battled mili-tant insurgency and rapid climate change, which has caused major flooding and additional earthquakes. Due to an established presence, Johanniter has ma-naged to initiate its emergency response within hours of a disaster, saving thousands of lives.

Integrated long-term WorkWhen the earth shook in northwest Pakistan on Oc-tober 8th, 2005, Johanniter dispatched a disaster res-ponse team from Germany. The construction of a field hospital ensured medical care for tens of thousands of people. In addition, Johanniter teams laid the foun-dation for a country office in Islamabad, solidifying Johanniter’s long-term commitment to the country.

Today, Johanniter’s medical and prevention projects reach hundreds of thousands of people across the country. In addition, local Johanniter personnel are

able to respond to a natural disaster on short noti-ce, provide mobile medical services, and organise the distribution of vital relief goods.

The Pakistani Johanniter team was able to provide immediate help in July 2010. “In May 2009, combat in KPK resulted in the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people. In response to the situation, we began to operate several primary healthcare units in the region, which we utilised after the flood to treat the refugees,“ explains Jens Schwalb, Head of Desk Pakistan, Johanniter Headquarters. Aside from provi-ding emergency assistance to the population, which is still necessary in many parts of the country, even one year after the disaster, Johanniter is also prepa-ring for long-term involvement in the flood zones.

Integrated Help for Malnourished ChildrenJohanniter and local health authorities will renova-te primary healthcare units, renewing electrical and sanitary systems. In addition, Johanniter will expand

A Solid Base for the Future

Since October 2005, Johanniter has been operating a country office in Islamabad, as well as several regional offices in various provinces throughout Pakistan. They are the base from which Johanniter can dispatch help immediately following a disaster or crisis.

July 2007

A 7.6 earthquake occurs in northwest Pakistan Cyclone YemYin causes severe flooding in Baluchistan

Johanniter Assistance:- Construction and operation of a field hospital- Distribution of relief goods- Rehabilitation and operation of primary healthcare

units and maternity clinics- Training on earthquake resistant building techniques

for 23 villages in Kashmir- Broad first-aid and disaster preparedness education

for the public

Johanniter Assistance:- Mobile clinics ensure

medical care

October 8th, 2005

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its nutrition programmes nationally, set up laborato-ries, and integrate stabilisation centres into hospitals. Children between the ages of 6 and 59 months, who are severely malnourished, show no appetite, or ex-perience medical complications, are treated at the stabilisation centres. Here, they are under constant observation and receive nutritional supplements. Cleanliness and hygiene are a top priority, as the children are particularly vulnerable and at risk of con-tracting an infection, which could lead to death. Once recovered and discharged, the patients will continue to receive treatment at the community level through the CMAM component. Government staff, medical officers, and nurses receive training in order to ma-nage and run the stabilisation centres at a later stage.

Disaster PreparednessIn Punjab and other regions across Pakistan, Johan-niter is assembling community based rapid response teams to better prepare for future disasters, which will be integrated into the existing national disaster

preparedness system. Currently, there are only few volunteers trained on disaster response, which may explain the high number of casualties during past di-sasters. In the long-term, a specialised facility will be established to offer nationwide courses on disaster preparedness and first-aid, which will enable quick and qualified help across various communities during an emergency.

Orthopaedic CareTogether with its partner organisation Motivation, Johanniter will also ensure medical care for people with physical disabilities. Local prosthetic & orthotic workshops manufacture prosthetics, orthotics, and wheelchairs, which are then distributed.

October 27, 2008 April / May 2009 July / August 2010

A 6.4 earthquake occurs in Baluchistan

Fighting in northwest Pakistan forces millions of people to flee their homes

Major flooding in Pakistan

Johanniter Assistance:- Mobile clinics ensure

medical care- Distribution of relief goods- Construction of winter proof

shelters- Broad first-aid and disaster

preparedness education for the public

Johanniter Assistance:- Medical treatment and food

for internally displaced persons across camps and host communities

- Support for malnourished women and children

Johanniter Assistance:- Provision of medical care- Renovation of primary

healthcare units- Distribution of relief goods- Construction and reconst-

ruction of temporary houses- Implementation of disaster

preparedness programmes

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Project Statistics / Data

Allocation of income

Total11,462,794.61 Euro

Donations: 7,311,627.90ADH: 1,770,386.71AA: 425,779.00ECHO: 745,000.00WHO: 325,291.00UNOCHA: 291,138.00DFID: 332,557.00IOM: 173,279.00City Vienna: 70,000.00WFP: 17,736.00

LegendGermany’s Relief Coalition (ADH)Germany‘s Relief Coalition is a union of German relief organisations that can pro-vide rapid and effective aid in the case of large catastrophes and emergency situ-ations abroad. Distribution of the donation monies takes place via a key that takes into account the capacity and capacity profile of the respective participating re-lief organisations.

Federal Foreign Office (AA)The Federal Foreign Office distributes funds to ensure the survival of victims of natural disasters, and to protect people living in areas of conflict. Aside from supporting UN organisations, it also finances projects of German NGOs, such as Johanniter.

European Commission Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO)ECHO draws its funds from the budget of the European Commission and the Eu-ropean Development Fund to provide emergency assistance and relief to victims of natural disasters or armed conflict outside the European Union. In cooperation with international organisations and NGOs, ECHO primarily finances projects rela-ted to humanitarian aid, disaster preparedness, and food aid.

United Nation’s Ofiice for the Coodination of Humanitarian Affairs(UNOCHA)UNOCHA globally coordinates humanitarian aid missions, enabling national and in-ternational actors to provide quick and effcient aid during a crisis or disaster. This includes water, food, medicine, and other essential consumables for victims of a humanitarian crisis or natural disaster.

World Health Organization (WHO)The first priority of WHO is to improve the health of people worldwide. Its main task is to fight diseases by developing healthcare programmes and establishing af-fordable healthcare systems, particularly in developing countries.

Department for International Development (DFID)DFID is the UK Government Department responsible for promoting development. The main focus of its millennium development goals is poverty reduction. In co-operation with industrial nations, developing countries, and international organi-sations, the department supports long-term projects that improve social and eco-nomic living conditions for poor segments of the population.

International Organisation for Migration (IOM)IOM is involved in refugee and migration issues. Aside from implementing migrati-on management projects, it works closely with governments, as well national and international NGOs to implement aid programmes for migrants.

WFPThe World Food Programme (WFP) based in Rom is part of the United Nations sys-tem, and the world‘s largest humanitarian organization addressing hunger world-wide. Approximately 10.000 people are currently working for WFP worldwide. WFP provides food assistance to those who are affected by war, civil conflicts and na-tural disasters and who are unable to produce or obtain enough food for themsel-ves and their families.

Johanniter Austria/ City ViennaJohanniter-Unfall-Hilfe Austria was founded in Vienna, 1974. Their statutory task include: First-Aid Trainings, ambulance and medical emergency services, nursing and patient care, social services, In-house emergency calls, emergency aid, search and rescue dogs and youth work. Johanniter Austria, through financial support of the City of Vienna, facilitated the project implementation for the provision of health and nutrition services to flood affected people in Pakistan.

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Application of Funds and Planned Project Expenses(Dated: June 2011)Medical CareClosed:- Healthcare services through medical camps

Ongoing and planned: - Renovation of primary healthcare units (Renewing electrical and sanitary systems)- Provision of primary health care (treatments, medicine, vaccination, education

courses)- Deployment of the mobile medical teams to ensure primary healthcare throug-

hout rural areas.- Improvement of maternal and child health

1,398,041.16 3.394.197,444,792,238.60 Euro

Help for MalnourishedOngoing and planned:- Reducing the number of malnutrition cases- Setting up laboratories and stabilisation centers in hospitals

2,876,439.28 Euro330,791.20 Euro 2,545,648.08 Euro

Distribution of Relief GoodsClosed:- Supply of relief goods, such as tents, mats, blankets, kitchen and sanitary sets, water containers, chlorine tablets and mosquito nets for 100,000 people

1,170,417.33 Euro1,170,417.33 Euro

ReconstructionClosed:- Temporary shelter for 2,500 familiesPlanned:- Construction work on social institutions

926,600.68 Euro78,051.32 Euro 848,549.36 Euro

Disaster preparednessPlanned:- Training of trainers in first aid and disaster prepardness- Establishing of an specialized facility to offer nationwide courses on disaster

preparedness and first aid

1,272,824.04 Euro1,272,824.04 Euro

Orthopaedic carePlanned:- Support of people with disabilities with wheelchairs, prosthesis and orthotics

424,274.68 Euro424,274.68 Euro

Expenditures2,977,301.01 Euro

Long-term activities8,485,493.60 Euro

Total11,462,794.61 Euro

Total

Expenditure Long-term activities

Legend

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Johanniter-Unfall-Hilfe was founded in 1952 in Germany. It belongs to the Johanniter order, and is a recognized charitable organization. In accordance with its by-laws, a selection of its tasks includes first-aid training, first-aid and rescue services, as well as ambulance and civil protection services. Johanniter International Assistance focuses on providing emergency medical assistance after a disaster, restoring everyday civilian life in crisis regi-ons, establishing primary healthcare services, offering medical training and education, fighting infectious disea-ses and epidemics, and caring for persons with disabilities. International and national employees of Johanniter International Assistance implement and manage projects and programmes across country and regional offices located in different countries in Africa, America, and Asia.

Johanniter Team in PakistanQualified expatriates and local Johanniter staff are well equipped to provide emergency response in case of a disaster. The country office is based in Islamabad, an additional provincial office has been opened in Sindh, which will coordinate flood relief for the region. Johanniter’s country office staff is responsible for the super-vision and implementation of projects in Baluchistan, Punjab, and KP. Johanniter has established field offices at the district level to ensure local supervision, administration, and management. Today, Johanniter runs offices in regions most affected by the flood, which allows for quick emergency response in case of a natural disaster.

Johanniter Community

Country Ofice in Islamabad1st row from left: Khaula Suhail (Assistant Finance Ofiicer), Ayad Hadi Saleh (Pro-ject Coordinator Rehabilitation), Abdul Salam Awan (Senior Finance Ofiicer), Asim Shahzad (Senior Logistic and Procurement Ofiicer), Naseer Ahmed Kakar (Country Director), Erum Baloch (Program Manager), Ram Prasad Sadhein (Health Coodina-tor), Naveed Shehzad (Monitoring and Evaluation Officer), Shahid Afzal (IT Officer)2nd row from left: Muhammad Naeem Khan (Office Boy), Muhammad Aneeq (In-tern Procurement/Transport), Abdul Karim (Transport Incharge), Shoukat Ali (Dri-ver), Hasina Bano (Intern Admin/HR), Palwasha Khan (Program Officer), Tasleem Ayaz (Reporting & Documentation Officer), Bashir Ahmed Mughal (Cook), Rafaqat Ali (Driver), Qaiser Mulk (Driver), Imdad Ali (Procurement Officer [Field])

Provincial Office in Sukkur1st row from left: Waseem Malik Shahid (Assistant Admin/HR Officer), Farooq Azam Khattak (Assistant Logistics Officer), Abid Ali Mari (Monitoring Officer), Al-taf Ahmed (Civil Engineer), Barbara Neumann (Nutrition Coordinator), Bushra Ras-hid (Nutrition Manager), Hussain Shaikh (Assistant Finance Officer)2nd row from left: Muhammad Saleem (Civil Technician), Riaz Ali (Civil Technici-an), Khair Muhammad (Driver), Muhammad Rafique (Driver), Misri Laghari (Cook), Mr. Ubaidullah (Office Assistant), Shadad Khan (Driver), Khalid Kiyani (Transport Su-pervisor), Sadoro Khan (Driver)

ImprintPublished and produced byJohanniter-Unfall-Hilfe e.V.

Lützowstraße 94, 10785 Berlin

Tel.: 030 26997 0, Fax: 030 26997 444

info@johanniter-auslandshilfe.de, www.thejohanniter.de

Responsible for the contentsJoachim Gengenbach, Wolfram Rohleder, Dr. Arnold von Rümker

Grafic design and settings: Sandra Lorenz, Wolfgang Brenner

Printed by: adame Berlin, www.adame.de

Front-page photos: big picture: Birgit Betzelt, bottom from left:

Birgit Betzelt, Stefan Trappe/ADH, Birgit Betzelt, Stefan Trappe/

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