8/7/2019 Pahariyas

1/31

Pahariyas

History

The Pahariyas were a forest dwellers living off its endless bounties for ages. Their food, dwelling,

livelihood and intoxicants came from the forests around them and naturally their entire life was tied to

the landscape. Along came the British with their railroads and insatiable hunger for timber, cutting the

rich Sal forests down at an alarming speed. The Pahariyas sensing grave danger to their habitat

retaliated by shooting down the intruders from tree tops and bushes. Unable to confront the Pahariyas

with their conventional methods, the British employed their age old tact of pitting natives against one

another. This time they sought the help of erstwhile rebels, the Santhals from nearby Bengal to counter

the paharias offering them complete ownership of as much land as they can clear off the Pahariyas.

The Santhals entered pahariya territory with utmost zeal forcing them to take refuge in the highlands of

Godda near Sunder Pahadi. Hence the name Pahariyas and their old lands were rechristened Santhal

Parganas. Decades later the British left the country leaving the enmity between the plain dwelling

Santhals and hill based Pahariyas intact. For over a century the two tribes lived precariously perched at

the edge of conflict. In recent times however there havent been any conflicts, though the territorial

split has not been breached.

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

2/31

Present

The hills that the Pahariyas inhabit are very old like the Aravallis, not very high, very little top soil left in

them with miniscule nutrients. Due to rampant lumbering activities by outside people most of the big

trees have been cut down already. By the time the Pahariyas learned to cut and sell trees very little of it

was left. So in terms of natural resources the Pahariyas have had a raw deal. The hill tops dont have

many water sources other than in the rainy season which is fairly short. For all their basic needs they

carry water from the valleys below on foot.

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

3/31

Livelihood

Over the years they had used swidden farming to grow food crops from the hill slopes. In this method

they cut and burn vegetation from a patch of land to cultivate Maize, Barley and pulses like Cow Pea,

Arahar, Kurthi. The next year they go to another patch and so on and come back to the initial plot many

years later. This would give each patch of land enough time to recover their natural nutrients and thus

bear decent crops for their cyclical cultivators. Over the years the length of this cycle has come down

from 15 - 20 years to 5 years due to larger population striving to survive on the same area. This gives

little time for the soil to recover and hence the crops are becoming more erratic.

Their farming methods are quite rudimentary with very little or no fertilizers or pesticides used. They

farm in two kinds of plots, namely the Kuruva and the Jara. The Kuruva is the homestead where they

grow Kurthi, Arahar and other pulses. Sometimes they also grow maize or barley in this land as well. The

Jara lands are the swidden farming plots in the hill slopes where they grow Cow pea, maize and barley.

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

4/31

They grow only a single crop per year starting during the rains and harvesting by mid winter. To add to

their difficulties the hill slopes are infested with pigs, wild boars and monkeys who destroy and eat away

the crops if left unmonitored. So they have lookouts on treetops where they can keep an eye on the

crops, but this becomes difficult in the cold winter nights.

Apart from farming the Pahariyas depend a lot on farm products like Bamboo, Timber, Mangoes

and Mahua flowers. They collect these products and sell it in the local markets called Haats. They also

rear cattle, Pigs, Poultry and even goats which they see as assets that can be sold off in times of distress.

They do not milk the animals and are not used to consuming milk or milk products. In recent years some

of them have taken to having tea like the plainspeople.

Bamboo

Bamboo needs limited water and soil nutrients and grows aplenty in these hills. It is universally used in

house construction, fencing, look out points for guarding the fields and a lot more and hence have

flourishing markets in some of the village haats. In the months that they are not farming many

Pahariyas cut 3 to 4 long bamboos and take it to the nearby haat on foot or by cycle. This transport part

takes up to 3 days as the distance to be covered bearing the load is significant. At the end of the day

they keep their load at road sides and go home, come back the next day and resume the arduous walk.

For all this effort they make about Rs 150 to Rs 250 in a week.

Mahua leaves and Liquor

Mahua trees are very common in this region and it flowers in the month of March. These flowers are in

great demand as the local liquor which has a big role in Pahariya social life is brewed from it. Villagers

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

5/31

collect these flowers, dry them and use it for their own brewing or sell it to others. Even the seeds of

Mahua are used for extracting edible oil.

Most households brew Mahua liquor for own consumption and many of them also sell it either in the

village itself or in haatiyas. In a week a brewer on average sells fifteen bottles making Rs 600, but hisspending is around Rs 250.

Timber

A few Pahariyas have learnt some lumbering and basic carpentry. They work in groups of 3 or 4 in felling

trees and then sawing them into beams, planks and door frames. Mahua and Sakuan are the only trees

that are available these days as others like Sal have been felled to near extinction. Timber work is

relatively very lucrative and fetches around Rs 600 to Rs 1200 per week to the workers. Some Pahariyas

who do not have the skill sell full grown trees in their land to others who know for a much lower price.

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

6/31

Manual Labor

The implementation on MNREGA scheme is very erratic in the Pahariya villages. Most of the village

households seem to have one or two labor cards, but the actual number of days they get work is about

10 to 30 days at the most in a year. In many villages no one has worked in MNREGA for the whole year.

Apart from this villagers get work from the farms of fellow Pahariyas during the cultivation months. In

fact in the peak agriculture season, it is very difficult to get labor. The only thing that brings in labor is

the promise of meat in lieu of wages. So it is common practice for them to butcher a goat or a pig to get

labor for their crops. The prevailing rate is 1/3 Kg of meat or 1.5 Kg of rice or Rs 25 to 30 per Bela (half a

day).

Livestock

Most Pahariya households have one or two bulls or cows, a few goats, pigs and chicken. The livestock is

treated as sources of cash during emergencies as they can be sold off. Also they come in handy during

farming and during feasts in village or when relatives visit. But the herd growth is very slow as they are

not very aware off vaccination and other health related aspects. Frequent diseases often wipe out the

entire livestock of a family.

Haats

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

7/31

The Haats which happen in some of the prominent villages in each region or cluster of villages once a

week hold a special place in the lives of the Pahariyas. The haat villages are usually in the plains but

Pahariyas from all close by hills come for the haat as it is the only place where they can buy provisions

for the week and also sell some of their forest produce. They look forward to the haat all week and

many of them visit more than one haat a week and half the space of the market space will be selling

Mahua liquor or Toddy.

Social Norms and relations

The Paharias are to some extent individualistic for a forest dwelling tribe. They have a very laissez faire

attitude to life and mostly mind their own business. The sense of community is visible during festivals

held in honor of major crops like Maize, Bajra and Barabati. They collect money from all households and

celebrate together by dancing, singing and feasting. They also entertain visiting relatives by cooking

meat and serving liquor failing which is considered a social insult. In some villages it is common practice

for the entire to help someone in building a house, the host just has to provide for food and

refreshments.

The Paharia people have very good gender relations and the status of women is on par with that of

males. It is very acceptable for women to leave their husbands and remarry or move in with someone

else. Live in relationship is the common practice as marriage would mean a lot of expenses in feasting

and drinking for the whole village. Pregnancies outside wedlock is not as much a taboo compared to

mainstream societies in India. At best it will be let off with a fine in the village meet.

The Christian missionaries have been working in this area for close to two centuries in the plains

and in the last few decades in the hills as well. They have made significant impact on the Pahariyas both

socially and economically. Missionary schools are much sought after as government schools hardly

function even if they exist. The villages where the missionaries have a presence in general seem better

developed than others in terms of awareness, livelihood and access to education. In recent times some

Hindu organization under a guru has attracted a big following among Pahariyas who call themselves

Satsanghis. They do not eat meat or consume alcohol and are again more progressive and aware than

their peers which could be attributed to the fact that lesser alcoholism means more attention focused

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

8/31

on livelihood endeavors apart from better knowledge about the outside world due to their travel to

attend satsang activities elsewhere.

Primary School in Tamligodda: Not a day of classes have happened in living memory says a villager

The Pahariya life revolves entirely around their hills and their awareness of outside world is

shocking in many cases. Majority of them, especially women have never travelled to even Godda the

closest town. In some cases they migrate to Bengal for farm labor once their farming season in over.

The bane of Government Doles

In the last few years the number of government schemes doling out freebies to the Pahariyas have gone

up significantly and with that corruption and rent seeking behavior has sprung among them. If all the

schemes were to reach the community fully the Pahariyas can manage their entire life from birth to

death depending exclusively on the doles. Anganwadis are supposed to give kichdi and other nutrients

to infants and small kids till they go off to school. In government schools education is free along with

food and in higher classes they can join high schools with free boarding in nearby towns. They get

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

9/31

special gifts in cash and kind for marriage, free delivery and freebies for pregnant women, schemes that

provide money and material to build a house once they are married, free rations every month for every

family and even allowances for expenses when a person dies. On top of this they get farm loans for

banks with subsidies and almost entirely waived off.

All this however works only on paper with school buildings without teachers or students, non functional

Anganwadis, Cash allowances cornered by government officials in local administration with a small cut

for a few complicit Pahariyas who have learned to exploit the system cheating their own fellow tribals.

The PDS system works to some extent in most places and very well in a few places where NGOs and

local community have involved themselves in ensuring regular supplies.

The government doles here are universal and there is no discrimination between relatively well off andthe very poor families. This acts as a disincentive to take any initiative to improve their livelihood and

reduce their financial vulnerability. The danger of an entire community being fully dependant on

government schemes all their lives looms large as agriculture and forestry activities are sidelined and

any effort to improve their earning capabilities by development agencies meets high resistance. The

willingness to invest time and effort to engage in activities that will improve their long term earning

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

10/31

capabilities like planting trees, rearing livestock, building water harvesting structures and so on is

eroded.

The worst effect of the doles is that the Pahariyas are blissfully unaware of the fact that loans are meant

to be repaid, that these allowances are not forever and that the path to a better future lies in initiativesthat they can drive themselves. This makes it extremely difficult for any organization to provide financial

services to these people or to help set up micro enterprises. The gross dependence on government for

these doles prevent them from confronting dysfunctional public servants like teachers in village schools,

doctors in primary health centers and the block level administration as a community.

Livelihood Study

Objective: To get a better understanding of the livelihood sources of Pahariyas so that development

interventions can be better designed.

Methodology

The Pahariya villages in Sunder Pahari block was divided into three groups based on the level of

interventions carried out so far in this area by Pradan /Arohan. This was done through inputs from

Mr. Soumik Bannerjee. The division was not just based on geography but on levels of awareness of

people, perceived development and track record of work with Pradan / Arohan.

Group Name Description

Group 1 - Control These villages have had limited or no interventions from Arohan, their general

level of awareness is very low, alcoholism is rampant

Group 2 - Medium These villages have had significant Arohan/Pradan presence but accessibility is

limited

Group 3 - Mature These villages have significant Arohan/Pradan presence and accessibility is good

The study consists of a questionnaire (See Appendix 1) based survey which covers different sources of

income:

Farming Forestry Livestock Labor / Wage Income Government Grants

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

11/31

And different heads of expenditure:

Food Healthcare Social Expenses Miscellaneous

Apart from this it covers Personnel information, Economic indicators and some descriptive questions on

the outlook of Paharias on their livelihood and economic situation. The questionnaire was made in

English and then translated to Hindi and was administered with the help of interpreters who speak

Pahariya language. On an average it took 30 to 60 minutes per household to do the survey. In most

cases the male head of the family was interviewed and in a few cases the woman of the house was

interviewed. Most villages in these areas have multiple hamlets or Tolas and hence while choosinghouseholds a conscious effort was made to represent as many Tolas as possible.

The villages included in the study were:

Village name Group

Gosmara Control

Loladoni Control

Dumer Palam Control

Sarmi Control

Tamligoda Control

Telbhita Control

Bada Dangapada Mature

Dangapada Mature

Golkunda Mature

Koromba Mature

Pakrikuta Mature

Tarobarn Mature

Asripada Medium

Balami Medium

Chamdade Medium

Cheo MediumDorio Medium

Gadgama Medium

Gaghri Medium

Jolo Medium

Nathgoda Medium

Sidhapada Medium

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

12/31

Sampling

In all 53 households were surveyed

Group Samples

Control 19Medium 20

Mature 14

Survey in Dorio

Limitations of the Study

The villagers are mostly illiterate and do not keep track of income and expenses In many villages, especially in the control group the sample households have an upward income

bias as mostly the better off villagers are more willing to take the survey than the others

Some of the income sources like Lumbering, getting loans by bribing etc are illegal, hence thevillagers are sometimes reluctant to share the information

The economy is not completely monetized

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

13/31

Result

The average income for the different group of villages is given in table below

Group

Farming

Forestry

Liquor

Timber

Livestock

NREGS

Labor

Salary

Migration

Loans

Govern

ent

HouseGrant

Othersources

TotalIncome

Group1 3250 1108 0 0 625 1471 1753 1375 125 0 3583 1750 15041

Group2 2509 3017 4206 2156 244 1689 4010 4506 1778 4878 2778 0 31769

Group3 3042 1333 3000 6450 58 0 933 333 1400 0 6650 333 23533

Avg 2873 1990 2660 2767 300 1144 2486 2419 1198 2090 4114 595 24636

% 11.7 8.1 10.8 11.2 1.2 4.6 10.1 9.8 4.9 8.5 16.7 2.4 100.0

Average expenses for different Groups of villages under various heads is given below

Group

Farming

Livestock

Food

Toiletries

Health

Festivals

Liquor

Education

House

Misc

Expenses

Savings

Total

Expenses

Group1 2750 208 6633 955 2935 904 1888 0 250 1450 42 17831

Group2 3056 418 9622 1344 2488 1454 1967 703 3011 4422 3329 31458

Group3 1871 38 7983 1233 3972 1425 2317 308 3767 3950 458 25838Avg 2630 250 8300 1201 2410 1289 2044 389 2438 3438 1570 25959

% 10.1 1.0 32.0 4.6 9.3 5.0 7.9 1.5 9.4 13.2 6.0 100.0

3250

1108

0

0

625

14711753

1375

125

0

3583

1750

Farming income

Forestry income

Income from Liquor

Timber Income

Livestock income

NREGS

Labour Income

Salary

Migration Income

Loans from Government

Grants to build house

Control Group Income distribution

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

14/31

2750 208

6633

955

2750

9041888

0

250

1450

42Farming

Livestock

Food items

Toiletries

Health

Festivals

Liquor

Education

House

Misc

25093017

4206

2156

244

16894010

4506

1778

4878

2778

0Farming

Forestry

Liquor

Timber

Livestock

NREGS

Labour

Salary

Migration

Loan Government

3056

418

9622

134421321454

1967

703

3011

4422

3329

Farming

Livestock

Food items

Toiletries

Health

Festivals

Liquor

Education

House

Control Group Expense distribution

Medium Group Income distribution

Medium Group Expense distribution

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

15/31

Comments on income

Quite expectedly the income in the control area is significantly less than in the other two groups. But in

the case of Medium and Mature groups on the surface looks counter intuitive as the Mature area has

lesser income. But it is because of the subsidized loans from government which people do not pay backand a number of salary earning people were interviewed in that group than their fair share.

Farming

The cash income from farming is Rs 2900 per year. The income is higher in the Control region mostly

because they use larger quantities of seeds and some crops like Barabati grow better in the higher

3042 1333

3000

6450

580933

333

14000

6650

333

Farming

Forestry

Liquor

Timber

Livestock

NREGS

Labour

Salary

Migration

Loan Government

1871

38

7983

123324881425

2317

308

3767

3950

458 Farming

Livestock

Food items

Toiletries

Health

Festivals

Liquor

Education

House

Misc

Mature Group Income distribution

Mature Group Expense distribution

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

16/31

reaches than in the slightly lower areas. Apart from the cash income they also provide food grains,

pulses and oil seeds for consumption. Farming also provides labor income for most Pahariyas who work

in each others fields. This is critical for the more vulnerable members of the villages as they do not have

any other source of income and their own harvest is usually very scanty.

The PDS food grain distribution is 35 Kg of rice irrespective of family size and hence farming is more

important to bigger families. There are many cases where a family of 9 or 10 has just one PDS card.

Some of the better farmers (10 15 % of total) produce enough food to feed their families all year

round and with excess to sell for cash needs. But on the whole without PDS and other sources of income

the Pahariyas can put food on the table for 4 to 5 months in a year.

Timber

Roughly 25% of the households in the study area have a significant portion of their income coming from

timber. The felling of timber is more in villages that have more forest cover in close proximity. Most

places with easy access to roads have already been completely exploited by outsiders, but in remote

places the felling is done by the Pahariyas themselves. Income from timber is much higher per week

than any other source and hence people who take to it do not want to work on anything else.

Liquor

About 30% of the people surveyed reported that they sell Mahua Liquor at some point or the other and

for about 15% of the people it is the principle source of income providing on average Rs 9000 per year.

Government Grants

The two major government grants are the Indira Awaz Yojana grant for house building and the

subsidized Kisan Loan. The farmer loan amount is Rs 25000 in total out of which Rs 12000 is subsidy. The

scheme is such that the farmer will get Rs 13000 first and once the repay it they get Rs 12000 that they

do not have to repay. But invariably the Pahariyas take the first installment and thats the end of it. They

get only around Rs 7000 on average as the rest of it goes to the agent, bank staff and the sanctioning

officer. In fact most of the Pahariyas who have taken the loan are not aware that it needs to be repaid.

Comments on Expense

Food

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

17/31

This is the major expense for as expected accounting for 32% of the total for the whole sample and

about 40 % for the control villages. This is despite the fact that free PDS distribution of rice actually

works at the ground level more than 80% of the time.

Liquor

The expenses on liquor are significant part of their expenses, roughly 8 to 12 % of their total expense.

This percentage is much higher for the lowest earning section of the people who are also the worst off in

all indicators of development. In the control regions the spending on alcohol was under reported as

most of them tend to be drunk every day as observed during visits.

Farming

The major expense for farming is on laboras seeds are usually from previous years harvest. The

labor

expense is higher for Cow Pea cultivation as the forest needs to be cleared of shrubs before sowing the

seeds. Since it is a high value crop they borrow money from money lenders during the sowing season in

August. Usually this is the time when they face maximum financial constraints.

Housing and Miscellaneous

The expense on housing is coming out to be around 10 % because a large number of Pahariyas have

received monetary and in kind housing grants this year. In many cases they only spend a part of this

money on housing and use it for every day expenses.

The other major expenses include buying clothes and travelling to the Block office in Sunder Pahari. A

number of Pahariyas who have begun take up government contracts or have any other government

related work go to the block often to get their projects allotted. This small creamy section of Pahariyas

have benefitted the most from all the government schemes as the rest of the villagers are totally

dependent on them to get loans, to construct their houses and so on using their contacts in the Block

office. For example in Liladoni village 8 households got housing grants and all the 8 was constructed by

the same contractor from the village as obviously he was instrumental in getting the grants allotted in

the first place.

In the recent elections a number of these influential people have managed to get elected as village

Pradans and so on.

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

18/31

Observations

Among the sources of income of the Pahariyas Timber, subsidized Government loans and housing grants

are not very sustainable sources. So other more sustainable sources of income must be identified.

Lac cultivation

This is one option that is being tried out at a small scale here. The Pahariya hills have a large number of

Kusum trees that are being currently felled for fuel and timber. It is an ideal host to grow Lac which has a

good export market with better price level that even Tasar. The knowledge of Lac cultivation is not very

mature here especially since the market for it crashed in the 1960s after the advent of plastic music

records.

But it is ideally suited to the area as:

The effort required from the Pahariyas is minimal Investment is only around Rs 1500 for a farmer The market is very good with high prices (Rs 150 per Kg), especially Kusum based Lac There is large number of Kusum trees in the area

The problem is that the Lac yield is very volatile and has high chance of failure. But the expected yield

and the prices are high enough to be profitable even if only one in three crops is good. Also Pradan has

the experience of running interventions for Lac in Khunti and Gumla.

Livestock

Goat rearing and Pig rearing are activities that Pahariyas are traditionally aware of. But they do not do it

in a systematic manner and hence frequent diseases wipe out entire flocks in the village making it

unproductive. But an intervention to vaccinate these animals and provide vet nary treatment for sick

animals will certainly increase flock sizes and gives considerable income.

Goat rearing activity is already being covered under the SGSY project by Pradan.

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

19/31

Farming Loan

Swidden farming is an activity that every Paharia engages in every year actively for 3 4 months. But

yield is quite erratic due to dependencies on multiple factors like rain, plot, pests etc. To make matters

worse they take loans from Mahajans for seeds and labor and when crops fail their indebtednessincreases. The prevailing interest rate is 50% for the season of four to six months and on many occasions

a good crop in the following year is just enough to pay back the loan with interest.

Currently the SHGs give loans averaging around Rs 1200, but the expenses are on average three to five

thousand rupees.

The challenges are:

The loan recovery is still only around 80% even at this level. So recovering a bigger loan would need a

more intense effort. The reason that villagers keep going to the Mahajan is because he is flexible in

lending multiple small amounts as and when they need and he is willing to wait for the repayment next

year in case of crop failure.

The Pahariyas have no proclivity to save apart from the SHG collection. They should be encouraged to

encouraged to start saving in years of good crops.

Education

The level of education among Pahariyas is woefully inadequate. On paper there are primary schools in

almost every village, but at best they function only on days of national importance and some never do.

In terms of livelihood a Pahariya who has gone to school at least till 3rd class earns Rs 8500 more than

those who havent. Their ability to get access to government schemes meant for them is much better

and their quality of life also appeared distinctly better.

Education also improves the ability of the Pahariyas to appreciate development initiatives better and be

active part of it. The Christian mission schools in the area are run very well which indicates that if

provided adequate educational services the Pahariyas are very receptive. A watchdog approach to

ensure that government schools work is an option that is very difficult as the locals would be wary to

confront the local authorities on whom a lot of their doles depend on. The second alternative though

costly is to develop a parallel system of primary education in the hills.

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

20/31

Having even one educated and conscientious villager in each village improves the ability of

developmental organizations like Arohan to work with them a lot better than otherwise as seen from

the fact that SHGs have been dormant or inactive in many villages where there is not a single person

who would coordinate with the PRADAN or Arohan.

Access Roads and infrastructure

Quite expectedly the villages which are closer to the roads have on average better income as the people

can travel easily for education, work, selling their produce in Haats and for getting more attention from

government.

MNREGA implementation is very feeble and very few Pahariyas seem to get any work from the scheme.

In the context of Jharkhand government returning 66% of the fund allocated for MNREGA due to lack of

projects, this is a very sorry state of affairs. To whatever extent possible water conservation structures

can be created using the MNREGA funding and labor. The involvement of Pahariyas in designing the

projects is nonexistent. The golden opportunity of having elected local representatives should be made

use of to get the voice of the Pahariyas heard in the design of interventions.

External agency to monitor government projects

The extent of corruption and inefficiency is in the block is appalling in this block even though the

government spending is significant. One major role that an external agency can play is to independently

monitor the projects and raise red flags to the appropriate level when things are going wrong.

Current experience with activism

Many people from Pradan and currently Arohan have tried to raise the issue of corruption in to the

higher authorities and have involved the Pahariyas themselves to get the point across. But the results so

far have been disappointing due to the highly institutionalized and systematic nature of corruption. In

one case a Sahaiya who on advice from Arohan raised the issue of corruption she was threatened in a

locked room by officials from the health department and as a result she broke all associations with

Arohan. This is just a sample of the number of such experiences that development workers have faced in

this area.

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

21/31

Appendix 1

O;fDrxr tkudkjhUkke firk dk uke xkWao Vksyk

Ifjokj dh la- fk{kk dksbZ xzqi ls tqMk

[ksrhChtfdrukyxk

Qly Ckht dsfy, fdrukcpk;k

fdruk[kkus dsfy;s

Cskpkfdruk

nj Cknykfdruk

Cknys esaD;k feyk

eDdkCktjkcjcVhvjgjdqFkhZSlq=ksljlksa

eDdk Cktjk cjcVh vjgj dqFkhZ lq=ks ljlksa vU;

cht dk [kpZyscj dk [kpZdkSu lkeghuksa T;knk[kpZ fd;k

/kj dk vknehfdrus fnudke fd;k

Yks tkus esafdruk [kpZ

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

22/31

dkSu lkeghuksa esa cspkMidj.kdqnky]gWafl;kvkfn esa [kpZ

ou mriknuCkkl Ekgqvk

chtEkgqvkQwy

vke LkkyiRrkIysV

,d gIrs esa fdrukcspknj fdruk feykdksu lk efguk esaT;knk fcdzh gksrk gSavkSj fdlesa deEfgus esa fdrusvkneh vkSj fdrusfnu dke blesyxrk gS

ckWl ;k Qy Qqy ghcsprs gS ;k mldkeqY; c/kZu ds fy;sdqN djrs gSa;fn gkWa rks nj

fdruk feyrk gSVksVy fcdzhblls lky dk dqydekbZ

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

23/31

Tkykou ds fy;s ydM+h csprs gS D;k

dksu lk efgus esa csprs gS

,d gIrs esa fdrus csprs gSa vkSj fdl nj esank:,d efgusfdruscukrs gSa

fdruscsprs gSa

fdlnj esacsprs gS

blds fy;sfdrus fnu dkedjuk iM+rk gS

blesa VksVyfdruk iqathyxrk gS

egqoka

rkM+h

[ktqj rkM+h

ydM+hvke tkequ egqok alky dqlqe lkxou

fce

iVjk

pkS[kV

[kEHkk

isM+

dkVus vkSj cukusesa fdruk [kpZ

VksVy dekbZ

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

24/31

dksu lk efgus esa ydM+h T;knk csprs gSa

dksu lk efgus esa de

Ikkq/ku ls vkenuhLak[;k(lky ds

kq: esa)

fdruscsps

nj fdrusejs

fdrusiSnk gq,

ehV dsfy, fdrusekjs x,

[kpZ

(nokbZ

oSxsjg esa)

Pkjokgkesa [kpZ

eknk uj cPps+s

Xkk;cdjh

eqxhZikyu

lqvj

[kLlh

cdjh dk[Llhlqvj

dcqrj

fdrus tkuoj bl lky esa [kjhns

dkSu lk vkSj fdrus esafdrus Ikkq dks cnys esa fy;s

dkSu lk vkSj fdrus

cSy ls gy csp dj fdrus dek ysrs gSa

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

25/31

?kksM+k gS rks mlls fdruk dekbZ gksrk gS

osru vkSj etnqjhiwjs ifjokj ds fy;s

fdrus fnufdrus vkneh

fdl njesa

Lkexzh esaHkqxrku

dkSu lk efgus esaT;knk dke feyrk gS

ujsxk

[ksrh esaetnqjh

vU; etnqjh

osruHkksxh ;k ekuns; (lsfodk lkfg;k fk{kd ;k vU;) efgus esa osru

vU; Lojkstxkj tSls efL=h c

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

26/31

vU;vkaxuokM+h pkoyvkaxuokMh nkyvkaxuokMh gYnh -vkaxuokMh vU; -?kj cukus ds fy;s ljdkjh vuqnkuuxn esa lkexzh esa

Lisky vuqnkuuxn leku ;kstuk

kknhizloEk`R;qchekvU; vuqnkudtZ oSxsjg

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

27/31

[kpsZa - [kkus esaEkk=k dher fdrus ekg

nky

pkoy

phuh

rsy

tykou

lCth esa

Ekakl eNyh esaEklkyk gYnh ued oSxsjg

vU;

[kpsZa - LokLF;lkyHkj esa fdrus ckj

chekj gq,D;kchekjh

nokbZ esafdrus [kpZ

MkWDVjdh Qhl

vkus tkusesa [kpZ

lnL; 1

lnL; 2

lnL; 3

lnL; 4

lnL; 5

bykt esa vU; [kpZ

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

28/31

[kpsZa - lekftd vk;kstu,d lky esa fdrus ioZ euk;s x;s

vkSlr [kpZ izfr R;ksgkj esaifjokj esa eq[; vk;kstu dh lqfp &tUe eR;q kknh vkfn esa

,sls vk;kstuks esa fiNys lky sa fdrus [kpZ gq,

efgus esa fdrus ckj gfV;k tkrs gSa

,d gkV esa fdrus [kpZ gksrs gSa

gkV esa [kkus vkSj nk: ;k vU; esa fdrus [kpZ gksrs gSa aefgus esa nk: ihus esa fdrus [kpZ gksrs gSa

efgus esa [kSuh iku chM+h xqVdk vkfn esa [kpZ

vU; [kpsZai

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

29/31

esaekWckby [kpZ eghuk esa

Lkkcqu] rsy] dzhe vkfn esa[kpkZ eghuk esa

,dckjxh [kpsZegxs lkekuksa ij tSls eksckby] lksyj ySEi] Vh oh vkfn fiNys lky esa [kjhns

bu lkekuksa ij gqvk dqy [kpZ

iqjkus dtsZ pqdk, fdrus :cprefgyk eaMy esa ,d eghuk esa fd;k x;k vkSlr cpr

fiNys ,d okZ esa cSad esa fd;k x;k cpr

fiNys ,d okZ esa ikWLV vkWfQl esa fd;k x;k cpr

fiNys ,d okZ esa chek ij fd;k x;k [kpZ

tkuojksa dks [kjhnus esa fd;k x;k [kpZ

***************************************************************************************************************************

D;k vkids ikl lky esa dHkh dksb le; ,Slk Hkh vkrk gS tc vkids ikl viust:jh [kpksZa dks Hkh iwjk djus ds fy, iSls ugha gksrs gSa

;fn gkWa] rks dc lky esa dkSu eghuksa esa] fdruh ckj] vkSj D;ksa

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

30/31

D;k vkids mij vHkh fdlh dk dtkZ gS\ ;fn gkWa rks fdldk vkSj D;ksa\ dtZ dsmij fdruk lwn yxrk gS\

vkidh vkenuh ds fofHkUu lk/kuks esa ls fdlh lk/ku ls D;k fdlh rjg dk dksbvkenuh fiNys 5 ls 10 lky esa ?kVh gS\ ;fn gkWa rks fdl lk/ku ls vkSj D;ksa\

D;k fdlh rjg dk dksb [kpkZ fiNys 5 ls 10 lky esa cgqr T;knk c

8/7/2019 Pahariyas

31/31

gS