page 1 louis-benoit desroches ([email protected])[email protected] energy efficiency standards...
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Louis-Benoit Desroches([email protected])
Energy Efficiency Standards Group
Energy Analysis Department, LBNL
Appliance Standardsand
Advanced Technologies
APS Physics of Sustainable Energy IIMarch 6, 2011
http://ees.ead.lbl.gov/http://eetd.lbl.gov/r-ea.html
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Energy Demand in the U.S.Energy Demand in the U.S.
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Annual U.S. Primary Energy ConsumptionAnnual U.S. Primary Energy Consumption
Residential End Uses (22.2 quads/year total source energy)
Space Cooling, 2.414
Water Heating, 2.937Misc Loads, 2.687
Lighting, 2.298
Refrigeration, 1.454
TVs and Set Tops, 1.249
Clothes Washing and Drying, 1.035
PCs and related, 0.556
Wood, 0.468
Cooking, 0.603
Dishwashers, 0.3
Other, 0.275
Space Heating, 5.885
Commercial End Uses (18.95 quads/year total source energy)
Ventilation, 1.635
Space Cooling, 1.597
Misc Loads (Elec), 4.256
Lighting, 3.348
Refrigeration, 1.277
Misc Loads (Gas), 1.014
Water Heating, 0.797
PCs and related, 0.810
Office Equipment, 0.773
Cooking, 0.268
Other, 0.473
Space Heating, 2.516
Standards affect products using >80% of residential
and >60% of commercial buildings’ primary energy
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Residential Electric SavingsResidential Electric Savings
APS (2008). Energy Future: Think Efficiency
http://www.aps.org/energyefficiencyreport/report/aps-energyreport.pdf
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U.S. Standards ProgramU.S. Standards Program
• Establish Standards—New standards for a product are intended to achieve the
maximum efficiency that is technologically feasibleand economically justified, and to have significant energy savings.
—The Secretary of Energyweighs the benefits and burdens of standards in selecting the level of stringency.
• Open Process involving Stakeholders—The process of developing standards is intended to be
open, involving stakeholders as active participants and fostering consensus.
—Analysis includes engineering, LCC, NIA, MIA, utility impacts, environmental assessments, and RIA
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/
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Impacts Vary Depending upon Equipment Impacts Vary Depending upon Equipment Price, Energy Prices, and Usage BehaviorPrice, Energy Prices, and Usage Behavior
Example: Clothes washer standard reduces energy 22% in year 2004
• 90% of households have net savings; 10% have net costs
• Mean impact = $103 savings (6%)— Range of impacts is from $808
savings to $126 cost per household
— Average baseline LCC = $1633
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U.S. Appliance Standards Are Based on U.S. Appliance Standards Are Based on Engineering-Economic AnalysisEngineering-Economic Analysis
Statistical-EUTop-runner-Japan
DOE-US
300 600 900 liters
Targets can go beyond current models
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Six Final Rules in 2009
14 Products with standards prescribed by EISA 2007
Ranges and Ovens General Service Fluorescent Lamps
(GSFL) and Infrared (IRL) Lamps Commercial Package Boilers and Very
Large Commercial Package Air-conditioners & Heat Pumps
Refrigerated Beverage Vending Machines Commercial Clothes Washers
Five Final Rules in 2010
Water Heaters (Residential)(COMPLETED) Direct Heating Equipment (COMPLETED) Pool Heaters (COMPLETED) Small Electric Motors (COMPLETED) Refrigerators (pending)
Ten Final Rules in 2011
Microwave Ovens Residential Furnaces Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Clothes Dryers (Residential) Room Air Conditioners Central Air Conditioners and Heat
Pumps (Residential) Battery Chargers External Power Supplies (Class A) ER, BR, and Small Diameter
Incandescent Reflector Lamps Residential Clothes Washers
Ongoing Rules Furnace Fans DistributionTransformers MH Lamp Fixtures HID Lamps Residential Dishwashers and more…..
Rulemaking ActivitiesRulemaking Activities
2.81 quads
$2.0B (@ 7%)
164 MMT CO2
2.20 quads
$5.3B (@ 7%)
112 MMT CO2
Energy Research at DOE: Was It Worth It?National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council (2001)
• Primary Energy Savings = 9% of 2025 residential energy use
• Carbon Reductionsin 2025= 132 million metric tons CO2/year
Additional $48 billion in savings from energy efficiency standards for 9 residential products
NAS estimate of economic benefits of Energy Efficiency R&D assigns $30 billion in savings (including $23 billion to LBNL technologies)
DOE spent $7.3 billion on EE R&D, 1978-2000 cumulative
DOE spent ~$0.3 billion on energy efficiency standards, 1979-2010 cumulative
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Impacts from Existing StandardsImpacts from Existing Standards
Neubauer et al. (2009). Ka-BOOM! The Power of Appliance Standards. ASAP-7/ACEEE-A091
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Impacts from Upcoming StandardsImpacts from Upcoming Standards
Neubauer et al. (2009). Ka-BOOM! The Power of Appliance Standards. ASAP-7/ACEEE-A091
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Impacts from Existing and New StdsImpacts from Existing and New Stds
Neubauer et al. (2009). Ka-BOOM! The Power of Appliance Standards. ASAP-7/ACEEE-A091
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20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007
Ind
ex (
1972
=10
0)U.S. Average Energy Use per New Appliance
Index relative to 1972 = 100
Effective Dates of National Standards
Effective Dates of State Standards=
=
Gas Furnace-25%
Central air conditioner– 50%
Refrigerator-70%
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Refrigerators in the U.S.Refrigerators in the U.S.
Source: David Goldstein
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Appliance Price HistoriesAppliance Price Histories
Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
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Some examples of advanced technologies……
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RefrigeratorsRefrigerators
Source: Sun Frost
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Air ConditioningAir Conditioning
Source: Coolerado
Source: Daikin AC
Source: ECO-MAX
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Integrated SystemsIntegrated Systems
Baxter et al. (2008), Development of a Small Integrated Heat Pump for Net-Zero Energy Homes, 9th International IEA Heat Pump Conference .
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LightingLighting
Source: QD Vision
Source: Ceravision
Source: Philips
But don’t forget fluorescent lighting….
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Televisions and DisplaysTelevisions and Displays
Source: QD Vision
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TransformersTransformers
Sources: Warner Power, Hexaformer
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Clothes DryersClothes Dryers
Nipkow& Bush (2009), Promotion of Energy-Efficient Heat Pump Dryers, EEDAL ‘09.
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Clothes WashersClothes Washers
Source: Xeros Ltd.
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Network(ed) EquipmentNetwork(ed) Equipment
Source: IEEE P802.3az
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Conclusions• Energy efficiency has proven itself
— 30-year track record, technologically feasible, economically justified
— Standards and labels produced significant energy savings
— Economic benefits vastly exceed programmatic costs
• Affordable energy efficiency is a renewable resource— Additional potential has been identified
— Will replace each generation of appliances, equipment, lighting
— Many interesting advanced technologies on the horizon, which can deliver significant savings
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/
http://ees.ead.lbl.gov/