paddywacked

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What is Paddywack?

Chiefly derogatory. An Irishman. 1773 R. MORRIS Diary10 Nov. in Radical Adventurer(1971) 95 One fine

Paddy-whack, fit for the plough & about 35 years of age, with whom wedrank Chocolate at a fine Convent.1789 A. PASQUIN Poems II. 163 Like aJew or Bramin with Father O'Leary..Tis a wonderful mixture of whiskey and

sack, One half's Rubinelli, the restPaddy Whack.1795 J. MURDOCKTruimphs of Love III. 61 And, shir Dick, if you call me Paddy-Whack again,I'll make you sale the weight of an Irish fist upon your English pate.1811Lexicon Balatronicum at Whack, A paddywhack; a stout brawney Irishman.1856 THACKERAY Let. 15 Mar. (1946) III. 585 Only a malignant blunderingPaddywhack could write in this way.1886 N. & Q. 15 May 388 In my earlydays every Irishman was known as Paddywhack.1999 UNIXRev. (Nexis) 1

Oct. 9 Jock (another ethnic slur to the supersensitive?) might well haveused Paddy without offending his friend. But in other contexts, mick,paddy, paddywack, jock, and so on do need care.


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What is Liverpool EnglishAKA Scouse?

Sociological Issues

What people and groups came to Liverpool?

Where did they come from? What languages and dialects did they speak?

How the indigenous population responded to

them


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"The Irish

Frankenstein",

Punch, v(1843), p. 199


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What is Liverpool EnglishAKA Scouse?

Sociological Issues

What people and groups came to Liverpool?

Where did they come from? What languages and dialects did they speak?

How the indigenous population responded tothem

What types of social networks were involved

How strong where these groups sense of identity


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Source:

Neal(1998)


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What is Liverpool EnglishAKA Scouse PT II?

Linguistic structure issues

The Linguistic features of the languages and

dialects spoken by the in-comers. What happens when similar structural

features come into contact

What happens when different structuralfeatures come into contact


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Scouse philology

1. Knowles, G. 1973

2. Honeybone

3. K. Watson 2007

Sociolinguistics

1. Trudgill (1984; 1986; 1990)

2. Labov (1972 2006)

English Accents

Orton (1962)


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New Dialect Formation

Koineisation

Unmarking

Interdialect Development

(Le Page and Tabouret-Keller 1985; Siegel 1985;Trudgill 1986; Trudgill & Britain (forthcoming);Trudgill et al. 1998, 2000a, 2000b and 2003 interalia).


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ISOGLOSS

Ellis1887


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ISOGLOSS

Trudgill

1999


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BRIEF ENCOUNTER THE BEGINNING OF THE END SCENE..flv


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RP

The Queens English, BBC English, OxfordEnglish

Accents not a Dialect , RP speakers speak

STANDARD ENGLISH 2% of the population speak RP

Less in Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales

TEFL and phonemic transcriptions

Changed


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Places of articulation(passive & active):1. Exo-labial,

2. Endo-labial,3.Dental,4. Alveolar,5. Post-alveolar,6. Pre-palatal,7. Palatal,

8. Velar,9. Uvular,10. Pharyngeal,11. Glottal,12. Epiglottal,13.Radical,

14. Postero-dorsal,15. Antero-dorsal,16. Laminal,17. Apical,18. Sub-apical


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Vowels


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Consonants


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Perceptions of Scouse


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Scousehas influenced middle and workingclass speech throughout Merseyside, and isspreading beyond its former boundaries. It isspreading north to Southport, north-east toMaghull,Lydiate and Ormskirk, east to St Helens

and south-east beyond Halewood to Runcornand Widnes. Over the water it has ousted thetraditional dialect of Wirral, particularly on theMersey bank down to Ellesmere Port and

beyond. It is also having influence across Chesterand Wrexham into North Wales.

(Knowles, 1973: 14)


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The 19th Century and Liverpool

Indeed, Liverpool English is how it is todaylargely because of the major changes in thepopulation of the city in the nineteenthcentury. Without these changes in the city, theaccent would be very different.

K. Watson (2008)


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Liverpool

Year Population Source

1561 690 (in 138 cottages) McIntyre-Brown &Woodland (2001)

1663-1673 C1,000 Estimated from Lawton(1953:120-122)Taken from Knowles (1973:17)

1708 6,435

1773 34,407

1790 53,853


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19thC Liverpool

Source: Census returns, taken from Neal (1982: 2)1801 77, 653

1811 94,376

1821 118,972

1831 165,175

1841 286,656

1851 375,955

1861 443,938

1871 493,405

1881 552,508

1891 517,980

1901 684,958


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Ethnic Groups in 19thC. Liverpool

Year Population % Irish Born % Welsh Born % Scots Born

1841 286,656 17.3 ? ?

1851 375,955 22.3 4.9 3.6

1861 443,938 18.9 4.7 4.0

1871 493, 405 15.6 4.3 4.1

1881 552, 508 12.8 3.9 3.7

1891 517, 980 9.1 3.4 2.91901 684, 958 6.7 3.0 2.5

Sources: Munro & Sim (2001: 25); Neal (1988), Knowles (1973:22)


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19th Century Irish Migrants: Origins, &Social/Ethnic Status

The Famine immigration increased the size ofexisting Irish settlements in Victorian Br itain and created new ones. Despite the fact that many d idclimb up the social andincome ladders, itis flying in

the face of all the ev idence to deny that most remained in poor paid, unskilled jobs. The areas ofBritish towns in which most Cathol ics lived werecharacteristically the poorest parts of the town. Thiswas the case until the slum clearance programme of

the 1960s.In many areas, lo

cal pol

itic

s werecoloured by the presence of large numbers of Catholics.

Neal (1997: 76-77)


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Gob, (meaning mouth)

marked in the OEDas orig.obsc.,

but it has such strong parallels with Irish gob that a Celtic etymologycannot be entirely ruled out.

The word in Irish, for instance, is defined by Dnaill as:

1.(b) (Of mouth) gob a chur ort fin, to protrude ones lips, to

pout, to put on a severe expression; T gob gar, nimheach

uirthi, she has a sharp, a severe expression (about the mouth);

Bh a anilimbarr a ghoib (leis), he was out of breath, panting;

T s ar bharr a ghoib aige, he has it on the tip of his tongue.


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Gob

Orton & Wright

(1974: 266)


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Morphological and syntactical changes

Irish English Influence on the Morpho-Syntax of UrbanNorthern Englishes

(you (pl.)) vs. (yous(e);yiz;yees;yez).

Harris (1993: 139) In some dialects, particularly

those spoken in Ireland, as well as others with Irish

connections, we find the vernacular form youse

Hickey (forthcoming: 255) it is known that the formyouse is of Irish English origin (this form is not found in

historical forms of British English) so that its

occurrence in forms of southern hemisphere

English....points clearly to an Irish origin in these

varieties.


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Origins of Yous

Joyce (1910: 88):

The dropping of thou was a distinct lossto the English language: for now you has

to do double duty - for both singular andplural which sometimes leads to obscurity.The Irish try to avoid this obscurity byvarious devices.....Accepting the you as

singular, they have created new forms forthe plural such as yous, yez, yis, whichdo not sound pleasant to a correctspeaker, but are very clear in sense.


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Origins of yous in Irish English

Dolan (1999: 292): In Irish there is both a

singular and a plural second person

pronoun, as there used to be in English,

viz. t (you sg.) versus sibh (you pl.)


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Nurse/North Merger

It is the effect of uvular /r/ on a precedingvowel which has historically given rise toforms such as [bdz] birds, [wmz] wormsin Northumberland: the [] has not onlycoalesced with the vowel, making it uvularized,but has also caused it to be retracted from

centre to back. (Wells 1982: pp.369-370)


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Evidence of Nurse/North Merger inIrish English

Patterson (1860) represents the Belfast pronunciationofturpentine as torpentine (Harris (1985:209)).

William Dean Howellss An Imperative Duty (1891):

the word sir is represented as sorand first appears asforstin the speech of the Irish manservant.

Joyce (1910:78) notes that Woris very usual in thesouth [of Ireland] for were.

Macafee (1996): bird/bord, burn/born (vb.),church/chorch, dirt/dort,further/ford(h)er, turf/torf,urchin/orchin


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Places of articulation(passive & active):1. Exo-labial,

2. Endo-labial,3.Dental,4. Alveolar,5. Post-alveolar,6. Pre-palatal,7. Palatal,

8. Velar,9. Uvular,10. Pharyngeal,11. Glottal,12. Epiglottal,13.Radical,

14. Postero-dorsal,15. Antero-dorsal,16. Laminal,17. Apical,18. Sub-apical


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LE Phonemes: Vowels


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LE vowel: some generalisations

1. the high front vowel /i/ is pronounced as long andtense in any context; for instance, even in words likecity or pity;

2. the central open-mid vowel is fronted, so that wordssuch as her and hair have the same sound;

3. the open-mid back vowel is centralized, therefore,there is homophony between words such as luckandlook.


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Lenition

As well as these aspirated and preaspirated variants,there is an additional range of plosive realisationswhich are more or less unique to Liverpool. Most ofthese realisations can be described as processes ofLENITION a term frequently used to group together aseries of phonological weakenings which turnunderlying plosives into affricates and fricatives (seee.g. Lass 1984; Harris 1990, 1994; Honeybone 2002).

Indeed, plosive lenition is arguably one of the mostcharacteristic features of Liverpool English, and onewhich forms a major part of the varietys stereotype.


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An affricated/t/ (circled) inword-initial

position in thespeakersproduction ofthe word two.


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Rhotic

Rhotic consonants, or "R"-like sounds, are non-lateral liquid consonants.

LE lot of


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Voiceless uvular fricative

x

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