PAD190 PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION

LESSON 6

PUBLIC POLICY

INTRODUCTION

PUBLIC POLICY IS ONE OF THE IMPORTANCE INSTRUMENTS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION THAT APPLIED TO ACTIVITIES OF GOVERNMENTAL ADMINISTRATION, MANAGEMENT AND OPERATION. THE STUDY OF PUBLIC POLICY FOCUSES ON THE THEORY, PROCESS AND ITS APPLICATION ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PRACTICES.

THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS LESSONAfter attended this lecture student should be able to:-1.Define public policy.2.Describe the process of policy-making.3.Explain public policy making models.4.Understand the applications of public policy in Malaysian public administration.

WHAT IS PUBLIC POLICY?• Public policy can be generally defined as the

course of action or inaction taken by governmental entities (the decisions of government) with regard to a particular issue or set of issues.

• Public policy refers to a fixed plan and pattern of behaviour by a government toward an issue confronting it.

• a system of courses of action, regulatory measures, laws, and funding priorities concerning a given topic promulgated by a governmental entity or its representatives.

Public policy incorporates objectives and strategies that address a number of social

concerns and issues• EDUCATION POLICY – concern with education

service and its delivery• HEALTH POLICY – concern with health and

strategies to improve health services.• NEW ECONOMIC POLICY – concern with long

term and short term development plan and its implementation.

• NATIONAL BUDGET – concern with planning of national income and expenditure.

THE CONTENT OF PUBLIC POLICY

• ISSUE – the concern of the government• OBJECTIVE – aims or goals of the policy• STRATGIES – how to achieve the goals• PROGRAMMES – a particular activities that

going to be implemented• FINANCE – cost incurred of achieving the

objectives

NATIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY (NEP)

• ISSUE – POVERTY AND DIFFERENCE IN ECONOMIC STATUS RURAL VS URBAN

• OBJECTIVES – IMPROVING OPPORTUNITIES AND INCREASE INCOME

• STARTEGIES – ERADICATION OF POVERTY AMONG POOR PEOPLE, RESTRUCTURING MALAYSIAN SOCIETY

• PROGRAMMES - FELDA

TYPES OF PUBLIC POLICY

• REGULATORY POLICY – to monitor and control activities

• DISTRIBUTIVE POLICY – to subsidies or give aid to society eg: poverty policy

• REDISTRIBUTIVE POLICY – Restructuring economy and wealth among society

• SECURITY POLICY – maintaining peace and stability

WHO MAKES PUBLIC POLICY?

• The process of formulating public policy comprises political and non-political (NGO) groups, administrative, legal and parliamentary components.

• Every components have their own roles in ensuring their interests are fulfill.

• Federal public service institutions play a leading role in the formulation of public policies. These institutions include such as Central agencies, Ministries and department.

ACTORS IN PUBLIC POLICY MAKING

POLICY PROCESS

PUBLIC POLICY MAKING MODELS• Elite Model – policy making is the domination of

elite group• Incremental Model – New policy is an

advancement of current policy• Group Model – policy is a group initiatives

through bargaining process between policy makers and the group

• System Model – policy is the product of political system

• Rational Model – policy is the result of rational thinking

• Institutional Model -

ELITE MODEL (Thomas R. Dye

HEIRARCY OF POWER

HIERARCHY OF SOCIETY

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ELITE MODEL

• Elite is the dominant group.• Public are passive/apathetic.• Elite opinion become a novel value• Policy is an elite decision.• Policy is directed towards elite interest.• The survival of elite depend on public support.

INCREMENTAL MODEL (Charles E. Lindblom)

POLICY 2

POLICY 3

POLICY 4

POLICY 5 POLICY 6

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF INVREMENTAL MODEL

• Policy making is a continues process• Limitations and constraints• Familiarity policy• New policy is the advancement of current

policy.• Uncertainty in making the new policy• Incurred cost for establishing new policy• Reducing conflict

GROUPS MODEL (David Truman)

POLICY

PRESSURE GROUPS

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUP MODEL

• Policy making is the process of equilibrium among various groups.

• Group demand becomes the factor of determining the policy

• Policy decision depends on the group strength• Checking and balancing

SYSTEM MODEL (David Easton)

POLITICAL SYSTEM

DEMANDS POLICY DECISION

INP

UT

OU

TP

UT

PROCESS

SUPOPORTS

ENVIRONMENT

ENVIRONMENT

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SYSTEM MODEL

• Policy making is a political process• Policy is a transformation of input into output• Public demands and supports as an input of

making the policy decision• Policy as an influence of the environment• Final policy is the overall process of

transformation.

POLICY APPLICATIONS IN MALAYSIA

• Various policy have been established by the government to ensure the efficiency and effectiveness of public administration service delivery.

• The scope of public policy in Malaysia is very wide.• Policy making involves various actors.• Policy making is coordinated by EPU• Parliamentary process is the final step of policy

making.

1MALAYSIA

RAKYAT DIDAHULUKAN PENCAPAIAN DIUTAMAKAN

MALAYSIAN NEW POLICY

Internet Links

• http://www.escwa.un.org/information/publications/edit/upload/ssd-03-1.pdf

• http://azman97.tripod.com/policy.html

TUTORIAL 6

• Discuss the policy making models that applied in Malaysia.

• Discuss the example of public policy being applied in Malaysia.

THAT ALL FOR TODAYSEE YOU AGAIN NEXT LECTURE

LESSON 7

“PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION”

THANK YOU