package and practices for integrated pest management of mango

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Package and Practices for Integrated Pest Management of Mango (Mangifera indica)

B. M. Meena1, Anirudha Chattopadhyay2, S. C. Meena3* and S. S. Rathore4 1Research Scholar, Department of Entomology, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan

2Asstt. Prof., Department of Plant Pathology, C.P. College of Agriculture, S. D. Agricultural University, S. K. Nagar, Gujarat

3, 4 Research Scholars, Department of Plant Pathology, RCA, MPUAT, Udaipur, Rajasthan *Email of corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction Mango has been described as the “king of fruits”, known for its strong aroma, delicious taste, and high nutritive value, is a prominent horticultural crop of India. Mango is a tropical and subtropical fruit crop grown in India over an area of 2.5 million hectares with production of 18.02 million tonnes during 2012-13 (NCIPM). The perennial crop grown in diverse agro-climatic conditions face differential biotic and abiotic stress limiting the production and productivity of mango. But its productivity is comparatively lower than other countries like china. This may be due to certain limitations viz., traditional low density cultivation and poor plant population, growing of traditional low yielding varieties, poor nutrient, water, and climate change is expected to trigger the changes in diversity and abundance of arthropods and diseases and poor management practices, etc. There are nearly 1000 mango varieties in India. However, only about 20 varieties are grown commercially. Most of the Indian mango varieties have specific eco-geographical requirements for optimum growth and fruiting. Thus, grown in different ecological regions like Dashehari, Langra, Chausa, Bombay Green and Fazri in North India; Banganapalli, Totapuri, Neelum, Pairi, Suvarnarekha, Mulgoa, Kalapadi and Rumani in South India; Alphonso, Kesar, Mankurad, Fernandin’ and ‘Vanraj’ in Western India; Langra, Fazri; Chausa, Zardalu, Himsagar and Malda in Eastern India, etc. This huge

Popular Kheti Volume -2, Issue-3 (July-September), 2014

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Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a suitable approach for the management of pests and diseases of mango. There are number of insect-pests and diseases reported to cause havoc in mango orchard. Their occurrence and distribution is varying based on seasonal change and agro-climatic locations. Therefore, mango growers are adopting some generic approaches to solve pest problem and getting some considerable output. However, to achieve better yield, there is need to adopt some specific pest management practices which are mainly need based on prevalence of the pest and diseases in specific crop season. Therefore, taking this in consideration, a general Integrated Pest Management schedule was formulated based on the calendar of pest and disease profile of mango for managing pests and diseases of mango.

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genetic diversity was exploited for better crop improvement programme to produce various export quality cultivars. Although Mango (fresh fruits) and processed mango products are exported from India to different importing countries like United Arab Emirates, Bangladesh, United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, Nepal, USA, Oman, Singapore, etc and earned some foreign exchange also. But Indian exports are not significant in comparison to the other mango producing countries of the world. Its export is mainly hindered due to quarantine concerns. Fruit flies, stone weevil and pulp weevil infesting mango fruits in India are of quarantine concerns to many countries viz., Japan (fruit flies), USA (fruit flies & Stone weevil), etc. The excessive use of some hazardous pesticides to control these pests, there would be the chance to reduce acceptance of Indian Mango in world market. The heavy use of these chemical pesticides also has resulted in high degree of environmental pollution, reduction in natural enemies of insect pests and pollinators, high incidence of pests and diseases, resurgence of pests, occupational health hazard, social risk and low profitability with low benefit cost ratio, etc. Complete reliance only on organic to control pests is also impossible in large scale successfully. To mitigate these problems, there is a need of adoption of suitable integrated pest management practises by mango growers that will help in following ways: 1. Maximise production of healthy, good quality fruit 2. Minimise the use of the quantum of pesticides 3. Promoting non-chemical eco-friendly approaches 4. Reduce pesticide residues on fruit 5. Production of import quality fruits 6. Maximize the benefit/ cost ratio

Pest Status on Mango in India There are more than 175 species of insects, 17 species of mites and 26 species of nematodes to infest mango trees and about 45 per cent of which have been reported from India. Some of the major insect-pests and diseases are listed here:

A. List of Insect-Pests Of National Importance S. No. Key pests Features Seasonal distribution

1.

Mango hopper (Idioscopus clypealis, I. nitidulus and Amritodus atkinsoni )

Most destructive pests of all varieties of mango and widespread pest throughout the country, three most common and destructive species of hoppers. Nymphs and adults suck the sap of inflorescence causes withering, Shedding of flower buds and flowers and honey dew secrecation on lower leaves and development of sooty mould.

A low population of hoppers has been recorded in mango orchards throughout the year but it shoots up during February-April and June-August. Shade and high humidity conditions with moderately high temperature are favourable for their multiplication.

2.

Mango mealy bug (Drosicha mangiferae)

It is a polyphagous pest, besides mango, it also attacks about 62 other plants and widely distributed in the Indo-Gangetic plains. Due to pest attack drying of leaves and inflorescence.

Low temperature, pest is active from November to May.


Meena et al., 2014, Pop. Kheti, 2(3): 100-107

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3.

Fruit fly (Bactrocera sp.)

The genus Bactrocera includes about 500 species. It is widely distributed in India and south east Asia, direct and indirect economic losses (36-40%). In India, eight species of genus Bactrocera are identified among quarantine pests. Oriental fruit fly B. dorsalisis the most destructive of all fruit flies. Maggot of fruit fly bore into semi-ripen fruits with decayed spots, oozing of fluid and brownish rotten patches on fruits.

High temperature coupled with high humidity prevailing during May-July months.

4.

Stem borer (Batocera rufomaculata, B. rubus)

Both beetles are serious pests of mango in north-western parts of the India sub- continent. Grub bore into the sap wood and macking irregular tunnels and feeding the vascular tissues due to this wilting of branches or entire tree.

Moderate temperature and moderate humidity prevailing during September-October.

5.

Bark eating catterpiller (Inderbela sp.)

It also feeds on other fruit plants, old, shady and neglected orchards are more prone to attack by this pest. Larvae of this moth feed on the bark and weaken the tree.

This pest remains active during December- April.

6.

Mango scale (Aspiodiotus destructor)

This pest is found throughout India. Both nymphs and adults desap the leaves cause yellowing.

High temperature and high humidity during July-August enhances its infestation.

7. Mango stone weevil (Sternochetus mangiferae)

Important monophagous pest of mango, it is common pest in southern India. Varieties with high TSS and sugar such as Alphonso, Bangalo, Totapuri, Neelum, Banganpalli are more prone to attack by this pest.Grub makes zigzag tunnels in pulp and eats unripe tissue and bore into cotyledons.

High humidity in coastal areas enhances its infestation.

8. Mango Pulp Weevil (Sternochetus frigidus)

Exist in north-east India, looks similar to the mango seed weevil, attacks the flesh rather than the seed. No signs of the weevil on the outside of the fruit.

High humidity enhances its population. More activity during March-May.

9. Mango bud mite (Aceria Mangiferae)

Exit in north India, especially in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Punjab. Due to mite attack malformed leaves and buds giving bunchy top appearance.

The pest has three seasonal populations, the highest population is found in February, June and July months.

10. Mango gall Midges (Procystiphora sp.)

It is widely distributed throughout India. Maggots feed on flower buds, ovary, anthers and stalks of stamens.

Moderate to high temperature with low humidity prevailing during January-March are the ideal environmental conditions for the development and reproduction of mango Midge.



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11. Leaf webber (Orthaga sp.)

It is a common pest of mango throughout India. Caterpillars feed gregariously by the scraping the leaf surface and they soon get webbed together shoots and leaves and feed inside.

High temperature and high humidity during June-November is suitable for its development and reproduction.

12. Red ant (Oecophyllas maradina)

Found throughout India. Construct the nests by webbing together the leaves and influence the photosynthesis process of plants.

Active throughout the year.

B. List of Diseases of National Importance S. No. Diseases Symptoms Environmental factors

1.

Powdery mildew (Oidium mangiferae)

White superficial powdery growth of fungus on inflorescence, stalk, leaves and young fruits. Dropping of unfertilized infected flowers, marble size fruits)

Cool & cloudy weather, heavy morning mist and moderate humidity (70%) are highly favourable for disease development.

2.

Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)

Brown spots of various sizes scattered on leaf surface, blighted leaves, fruits- ruptured and shot hole’ symptom.

Optimum temperature of 25 ºC and favourable moisture conditions.

3.

Die-back (Lasiodiplodia theobromae)

Drying back of twigs from top downwards, particularly in older trees followed by drying of leaves, branches giving ‘fire scorch’ appearance

4.

Sooty Mould (Capnodium sp.)

Black velvety thin covering on the surface of the leaves, stem and fruits

High humidity and presence of sugary substances

5.

Bacterial canker (X. campestrispv. mangiferae-indicae )

Angular brown cankerous spot surrounded by chlorotic halo.

The disease spreads rapidly during rains and is severe during July-August, the atmospheric temperature 28-30ºC coupled with above 80% humidity are congenial for its multiplication.

6.

Mango Malformation (Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans)

UP, MP, AP, Bihar, Punjab, HP, Haryana, J&K, Gujarat, Maharastra, Vegetative and floral malformation.

Moisture and newly vegetative growth, Cool (10-15ºC) & humid weather during Dec-Jan. in north-west India

IPM Strategies on Mango There are some basic steps involved for the implementation of IPM on mango. These include evolving efficient methods of pest control through pest surveys and monitoring, development of suitable IPM modules and validation of IPM modules. Different steps of the module are: 1. Survey: The main aim is to observe the initial development of pest and diseases in endemic area and to warn the farmers for field scouting in that area having indication of pest and disease build up. 2. Monitoring/ Field Scouting: To assess the increasing/decreasing trend in pest and disease incidence in orchard at regular interval.



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3. IPM Module: Need based, area wise suitable IPM module should be generated depending on crop ecology and pest profiling of the specific area. 4. Validation: The IPM module generated in this way should be validated through field trails in various locations. 5. Implementation: After validation, the generated IPM module can implemented and recommended for mango growers. Calendar of IPM Activities to be Performed Throughout the Year based on Pest and Disease Profile

Months Target pest IPM strategy July Mealy bug,

Inflorescence midge, Stem borer, bark eating caterpillar, Mango Scale, Red rust

• Reduce the mealy bug population by removing weeds like Clerodendrum infortunatum and grasses by ploughing during June-July in the mango orchard.

• Remove and destroy midge affected flowers and tender shoots.

• Raking soil below the tree to destroy the pupae helps to manage the mango inflorescence midge.

• Deep ploughing of orchard to expose the egg after harvesting, remove and destroy dead and severely affected branches of the tree, remove alternate host, silk cotton and other hosts and grow tolerant mango varieties viz., Neelam, Humayudin helping us to reduce the infestation of mango stem borer. To prevent bark eating caterpillar and oviposition by adult beetles of mango stem borer swab Coal tar + Kerosene @ 1:2 or Carbaryl 50 WP 20 g / l (basal portion of the trunk - 3 feet height) after scraping the loose bark.

• If infestation of mango stem borer and bark eating caterpillar are severe then apply the copper oxychloride paste on the trunk of the tree or hook out the grub from the bore hole - apply monocrotophos 36 WSC 10 to 20 ml/ hole or apply carbofuran 3G 5 g per hole and plug with mud.

• For the management of mango scales pruning of infested branches and burning them. If infestation is severe spray with phosphomidon 40SL 2 ml/lit.

• Spraying of copper oxychloride (COC) @ 0.3% for timely picking of fruits

August Leaf webber, Red rust, Anthracnose

• Spraying of quinalphos @ 0.05%. • Webbed leaves should be removed and burnt wherever

possible for the management of mango leaf webber. • If infestation of leaf webber is severe, spray with

quinalphos 0.05% @ 2ml/lit. • Spraying of copper oxychloride (COC) for red rust and

anthracnose. • Proper drainage in nursery. • Sanitation and removal of weeds from orchard.



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October Eggs of mealy bug, Fruit fly, Die-back, Anthracnose, Phoma blight

• Flooding of orchards with water in October kills the eggs of mealy bug

• Pruning of infected and dried branches, 10 cm below the dried portion and pasting of copper oxy-chloride

• Spray of 0.3% copper oxy-chloride (g/L) after pruning. • Removal of diseased foliage / twigs infected with

anthracnose (twig blight stage) November Mealy bugs,

Die-back, Anthracnose, Phoma blight

• Deep ploughing of orchards for exposing eggs and pupae of insects.

• Release of Australian ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri @ 50/tree for the biological control of mealy bug.

• Spray of karanj based or neem based biodynamic preparation for eco-friendly management of mealy bugs.

• Removal of weeds in orchards which harbour insects and diseases.

• Spraying of copper oxychloride (3 g/L) for die back. December Mealy bug,

Hopper • Alkathene sheets (30 cm wide, 400 gauges thick) should

be put around the tree trunk at 0.5 to 1 meter above the ground level and fastened by twine with a grease barrier at the lower end to control mealy bug populations.

• Raking of soil around the tree trunk and mixing with Neem Cake.

• Removal of weeds and regular ploughing to clean orchard.

• For the reduction of hopper populations, avoid close planting, as the incidence very severe in overcrowded orchards, orchards must be kept clean by ploughing and removal of weeds. If infestations of hoppers are severe spray two rounds of acephate 75 SP@ 1g/lit. or Spray two rounds of imidacloprid 0.2ml/lit or phosphamidon 40SL 2 ml/lit of water, first spray at the time of panicle emergence and second spray two weeks after first spray.

January Inflorescence midge, Mealy bug, Powdery mildew

• If population of midge rises towards the economic injury, spray dimethoate 30 EC @ 2 ml/lit., methyl demeton 25 EC @ 1-2 ml/lit. or fenitrothion 50 EC 1-2ml/lit. of water.

• In case of heavy infestation of mealy bugs apply Profenofos 50 EC 1.5 ml/lit. or chlopyriphos 20EC 2.5 ml/lit. of water.

• Removal of weeds and infected young leaves for powdery mildew.

February Mango bud mite • Spray with dicofol 18.5 EC 2.5ml/lit or wettable sulphur 50WP 2 g /lit. for the control of mango bud mite.

March Powdery mildew • Spraying with sulphur @ 2 g/L April Powdery mildew • Second spraying of wettable sulphur @ 2 g/ L after fruit

setting



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May Fruit fly, sooty mould

• For the management of fruit fly, collect fallen infested fruits and dispose them by dumping in a pit, provide summer ploughing to expose the pupa and monitor the activity of flies with methyl eugenol sex lure traps. Bait spray - combing molasses or jaggery 10 g and dimethoate 30 EC 1 ml/lit. Hanging of methyl eugenol traps (0.1%) + malathion (0.1%) to trap the fruit flies.

June Fruit fly, Anthracnose, Stone weevil, Pulp weevil, Mango bud mite, Red ants

• Collection and destruction of fallen fruits will prevent the multiplication of both stone weevil and pulp weevil and fruit fly.

• Spray application of fenthion 100EC 1ml/lit. (First at marble stage of the fruit second at 15 days interval) and during non flowering season direct spray towards the base of the trunk.

• Spray with dicofol 18.5 EC 2.5ml/lit. for the management of bud mite.

• For the management of red ants nests should be removed and destroyed mechanically or by spraying any of the contact insecticides Monocrotophos 2ml/lit.

Post Harvest IPM Activities of Mango

A. Pre Harvest Practices 1. Pre harvest spray of Carbendazim (0.1%) or Penconazole (0.05) 15 days before

harvesting 2. Bagging of fruits (for controlling the post harvest diseases and bruises) with newspaper

or brown paper bags one month prior to harvest. 3. Harvested fruits ripe uniformly without any disease and fruit fly infestation. 4. Install male annihilation methyl eugenol trap @ 5 nos. /ha, before 45 days prior to

harvests. 5. Ensure traps are active till harvest by replacing lures. 6. Avoid delay in harvest and may be done before onset of rain. 7. Harvesting at proper maturity stage.

B. Post Harvest Practices 1. Hot water dip treatment to be given to harvested fruits in 0.025 percent Carbendazim in

hot water (52 ± 1ºC) for 5-10 minutes depending on the variety, size and maturity to control anthracnose, stem end rot and black rot.

2. Treat the fruits with hot water at 48-49ºC for one hour, where fruit fly is the target insect. 3. Vapour Heat Treatment (VHT): For exporting mangoes to Japan, vapour heat treatment is

required to control fruit fly. VHT is generally done at 46-49ºC for 20-30 minutes depending on variety.

4. Fruits are irradiated 0.25 KGY to 0.75 KGY to control fruit fly and stone weevil to export fruits to USA.

5. Uniform ripening. 6. Proper packaging /wrapping of fruits. 7. Cold storage (5% CO2 and 5% O2 at 13ºC temperature and 85-90% relative humidity) to

extend shelf life up to 4-5 weeks.



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Conclusion IPM module described in the present article is simple to apply irrespective of locality and socioeconomic status of the mango growers. It is suitable IPM package and practices for mango pests and diseases that can easily be adopted by any mango growers. Any need based modification or change in the strategic plan based on situation, location and pest profiling of any region, it can be modified accordingly by the farmers themselves. Always socio-economic condition of the growers should be kept in consideration before recommendation and implementation of this strategy. Area wide, community approach among mango growers should be promoted. This will help for its success in long run. Any Government subsidy if available should easily be accessible to farmers. The economic benefit of the recommended IPM schedule is to be quantified. Time to time assessment of implemented IPM module is also necessary for its betterment and improvement in long run.

References Anonymous. 2002. Integrated Pest Management Package for Mango. IPM Package No-34.

Department of Agriculture and Cooperation. Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage, Faridabad, 21pp.

Anonymous. 2013. National Horticulture Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, 4 pp.

Atwal AS and Dhaliwal GS. 2005. Agricultural pests of South Asia and their management, 310-317 pp.

Biswas BC and Kumar L. 2011. Revolution in mango production success stories of some farmers. Fertiliser Marketing News, New Delhi, 24pp.

David BV and Ramamurthy VV. 2012. Elements of Economic Entomology, 151-154 pp. NICRA. 2012. Manual for mango pest surveillance. National Centre for Integrated Pest

Management, New Delhi, ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Research Centre, Ranchi, Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, and Central Institute for Subtropical Agriculture, Lucknow, 39 pp.

Pinese B. 2006. Integrated pest management in Australian mangoes. DPI&F North Queensland Multan.

Reddy PP. 2010. Insect, mite and vertebrate pests and their management in horticulture Crops, 41-55 pp.

Renkang P and Keith C. 2005. A manual for conventional and organic mango growers in Australia. School of Science and Primary Industries. Charles Darwin University, Australia, 54pp.

Tanwar RK, Jeyakumar P and Monga D. 2007. Mealybugs and their management. Technical Bulletin 19, National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, 16pp.



package and practices for integrated pest management of mango

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