pa 395-energy policy gary flomenhoft governance. environmental movement 1960-1980 “pluralism in...
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PA 395-Energy PolicyGary Flomenhoft
GOVERNANCE
Environmental Movement 1960-1980
“Pluralism in Policy-Making”Bottom-up not top-downDeep seated changes in the use of natureBreadth of constituency
Methods: lobbying, litigation, media, electoral politics, civil disobedience
Issue networks, policy communities
Environmental laws
National Environmental laws
Global Environmental Efforts
Global Environmental Efforts
Speth’s 8-fold path
1) Stable or smaller world population
2) Free of mass poverty
3) Environmentally benign technologies
4) Environmentally honest prices
5) Sustainable consumption
6) Knowledge and Learning
7) Governance
8) Public attitudes and motivation
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
1970 Domestic Agenda
1980 Global Agenda
Understandable science
complex science
Highly visible impacts
remote or difficult to perceive
Current problem future problem
Us/here them/there
Acute chronic
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL
Majority Rules 100% consensus
Shared political culture: parties, committees, staffs, public input
Diplomats
Shared national interest Diverse interests
Congress decides, end of story unless veto.
Treaties must be ratified by national govts
Vast staff and policy briefings
Shortage of staff, lack of expertise by negotiators
Open to the public Closed discussions
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
UNEP, ECOSOC comm on Sust. Dev, convention bodies are among the weakest
FTC, FDA regulatory agency with broad powers
FDA, FTC regulatory agencies with broad powers
Command and control
International treaties
consensus
Montreal protocol
Targets without ratification on 2/3 vote
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Necessary conditions of governance
Peace and stability
Favorable economy, absence of crisis
Open democratic society, independant, effective media
High level and active NGOs
Presence of rule of law and culture of compliance wiht intl law
Human and institutional capacities in government to participate meaningfully
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Political fault lines
Environment vs. Economy
North vs. South
United States vs. the World
2002-Rio Two in Jo-berg 25 right-wing think-tanks: “The least important global environmental issue is potential global warming, and we hope that your negotiators at Jo-Berg can keep it off the table and out of the spotlight.”
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Conservation threatens:
Pro-market anti-government ideology
Major governmental response needed
Interference with the market
Rethinking utopian materialism pushing unlimited economic expansion
Denial: Lomborg, Simon, etc.
Origins of the environmental crisis?
Adam Smith
Rivalness and Excludability• Non-rival
– My use does not leave less for you to use
– Market sells for a price, discouraging use, but social cost of use = 0, therefore market should not supply
• Non-excludable– One person can’t keep another from
using the good– Consumer will not pay, market will
not supply
Must have a price to work in the free market!
Rival}
Non-rival}
Excludable Non-Excludable
Market Good: land, timber, fish once captured, farmed fish,
Potential market good(Tragedy of the “non-commons”)but inefficient: patented information,Pond
Pure Public Good:climate stability, ozone layer, clean air/water/land, Biodiversity, information, habitat, life support functions, etc.
Open Access Regime: (misnamed: Tragedy of the commons)Oceanic fisheries, timberetc. from unprotected forests, waste absorption capacity, roads (congestible)
“Maximization of Shareholder Value”
“Golden Rule of Publicly held companies:
Rational behavior:
Externalize costs
Influence politics to
Seek subsidies and favors
Marginal disutility
Cost of regulations-OMB report
Annual Cost: $37-43 billion
EPA conservative approach, Consistently overestimates costs, not considering least cost approach and technical innovation
Annual Benefits: $121-193
EPA consistently underestimates benefits
USING ACTUAL NOT THEORETICAL CASES BENEFITS OUTWEIGH COSTS 5:1
Full World or Empty World?
Source:
Ecological Economics Principles & Applications,
Farley and Daly
ESA Listings and GDP
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1973 1980 1990 2001
$10
$9
$8
$7
$6
$5
$4
$3
R2 = 98.4
Source: The Wildlife Society Technical Review 2003-1.
Grow out of poverty?Poverty rate vs. GDP per Capita (1996$)
$10,000
$15,000
$20,000
$25,000
$30,000
$35,000
1959196119631965196719691971197319751977197919811983198519871989199119931995199719992001
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
18%
20%
per capita GDP (1996$) poverty rate
Full World or Empty World?
film
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Difference in conditions of governance for International agreements
CFCs CO2
Absolute proof No conclusive proof
Small % of DuPont's business Huge $ impact on every sector of economy
Only affected a few companies Effects thousands of companies
Relatively small-scale change Huge scale of change
Easy alternatives Difficult alternatives
NASA support=minimal political risk NASA support not good enough
Under Reagan 1987 Montreal Protocol and Bush 1990 Clean Air Act
Ideologies hardened
Level of Perceived Threat?
Scale of people affected is greater
Scale of issue is greater
Lack of incentives
Lack of enforcement power
Governance issues Anatomy of Failure. Ch5
Why has international legislation worked at all?
Government Leadership
NGO pressureInternational “bridging” institutions:
Environmental groups and civil societyMulti-natl corps.??International scienceUNMultilateral development banksOther multi-lateral institutions
Good Governance. Ch9
World Business Council for Sustainable Dev.
FROG-first raise our growth
GEOpolity-intl env law
JAZZ-unscripted, volulntary initiatives, decentralized andd improvisational
Good conduct enforced by public opinion and consumer decisions.
Business sees advantage in doing right thing
Good Governance. Ch9
GEOpolity-intl env law-External
Transition to capable, accountable, and democratic governments
Development in poorer regions
Compacts between North and South
Good Governance. Ch9
GEOpolity-intl env law-InternalInternational principles (Rio Principles)Fundamental human rightsCommon concernCommon but differentiated responsibilitiesDuty not to cause environmental harmIntegrationPolluter paysPrecautionary principlePublic participationRight to development
Good Governance. Ch9
GEOpolity-intl env law-InternalDecision-making process improvements:1) Binding regulatory power2) Compel action through intl court3) WEO
1) International body for environmental ministers2) Promote Intl Law3) Watchdog, ombudsman, catalyst4) Global monitoring5) Develop consensus on goals, mobilize finanacing,
and launch campaigns6) Assess and report on natl& intl progress7) Coordinate& sponsor science
Good Governance. Ch9
GEOpolity-intl env law-InternalNorms for globalizationPublic access
Good Governance. Ch9
GEOpolity-intl env law-InternalMontreal protocol won because (Grundmann):
Defined the problem on their own termsEnforced the preautionary principleFocussing eventBetter network and hustle than oppositionNRDC expoited Hodel’s comment about “more
hats”Policy advisors from: NRDC, WRI, EPA, UNEP
Good Governance. Ch9
GEOpolity-intl env law-InternalSusskind:Formal recognition of NGOsAmnesty Intl for global environment
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-
Environmental groups
Consumer Groups
NGOs
Business
State & local Govt.
Foundations
Religious groups
investors
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-State & local level
Smart growth
Sustainable cities
Greenplans
State climate protection initiatives
State regulatory approaches (Renewable portfolio standards)
State green purchasing
Environmental building codes
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-
Product certification
US toxics release invenory
“Right to know”
Third-party auditing
Market creation
Boycotts/buycotts
internet
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-
WWF= $340 million
NC and CI protection
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-
NGOs:30,000 international
World Social Forum
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-Business and investors
Business GHG initiatives
Green power marketing group
Lumber stores selling FSA certified wood
Unilever-fish certification
Social investment
Sustainability Reports
Business strategic planning
Ecolabeling
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-How to encourage:
Information-internet access & connectivity
Govt disclosures
Improve Ecolabeling-life cycle product biographies
Corporate compliance with global reporting initiative
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-How to encourage:
Governments:
Change tax laws to encourage citizen activity in Jazz
Public-private partnerships
Green Purchasing
Media recognition
Foundations link isolated actors
Good Governance. Ch9
JAZZ-How to encourage
Personal:
Drive hybrid vehicles
Eat certified seafood
Become active in env. Cons. Causes
LCV voting guide
Escape enthrallment of utopian materialism
Consumer demand for green products
Good Governance. Ch9
Fusion of JAZZ an GEOpolity
Global issue networks
Voluntary partnerships:
Public-private and other partnerships for sustainable development
Example: HOT SPOTS-CIThink BIG even if you are small:The world might respond!
But piecemeal approach won’t work-need to address the global issues
Interest Groups and Social Movements
Interest Group: “Organized body of individuals who share some goals and who try to influence public policy.” -Berry
“Any group that, on the basis of one or more shared attitudes, makes certain claims upon other groups in society for the establishment, maintenance, or enhancement of other forms of behavior that are implied by the shared attitudes.”-Truman
“Advance the the common interests of groups of individuals.”-Olson
Organizations which seek incremental changes in laws, regulations, or judicial decision through institutional means. McAdam
Interest Groups and Social Movements
Social Movement: tactics, non-incremental
“A process in which people seek a better world by means of collective action which, with the proper mix of circumstances, can challenge the existing social order.”-Boggs
an attempt to change existing relations of authority between groups of people, or to change the fundamental values on which the social system is based.- Rochon
Those organized efforts, on the part of excluded groups, to promote or resist changes in the structure of society that involve recourse to non-institutionalized forms of political participation (c.d. and direct action).”-McAdam
Interest Groups and Social Movements
Choice of means:
Assess the Structural arrangements of the Political system to determine likelihood of access and policy success.
Structural arrangements of political process may determine choice of means.
1) Rational Actor Thesis: Mancur Olsen. Groups are most likely to form and to maintain themselves in direct proportion to their ability to offer selective benefits to their members. Salisbury: Entrepeneurs concerned with ensuring group maintenance (and their own employment through staff position) rather than impacting policy outcomes.
2) Holistic: Paehlke, Gottlieb, Fitzsimmons. Transformation of fragmented narrow, particularlistic lobbies into a broad-scale social movement that would change the nature of American politics.
3) Pluralist: Fragmented, piecemeal. Group membership motivated by idealogical appeals, concerns over public policy, and successful mobilization. Influencing policy dependent upon effective leadership, the emplyment of appropriate strategies, and forging of coalitions to alter the distribution of power within the political system.
Theories of Interest Groups: Ingram, Colnic, Mann
Theories of Environmental Change-Flo
Eco-illogical cycle