P1 - P2 - P3, M1 - M2 - M3, D1 - D2 -D3Tiarnan Sweeney

Unit 16: Film and Video Editing Techniques

Table of ContentsP1. Understanding the development and principles of editing4In-Camera Editing4Following the action6Multiple points of view6Shot Variation6Manipulation of diegetic time and space7Film8Video9Analogue9Digital9Equipment Used in Production10Storytelling12Engaging the viewer12Developing of Drama12Relationship to genre13Creating Motivation13Combining shots into sequences13Creating pace13Explanation of media terms14Seamless14Continuity14Motivated15Montage15Jump-cutting15Parallel editing/cross cutting16180o rule16Splicing16Transitions17Explanation of media terms19Checking materials for faults19Marking up a script19Labelling tapes20Storing tapes or film20Producing an edit decision list20Creating Bins20Clarifying the purpose of the work with a client21Preparing to edit21Importing clips21Bins22Timelines22Storage and folder management22Online and offline editing22Formats23Resolution23Editing technology24Software applications24Hardware25Non-Linear25Advantages25Disadvantages26Linear26Advantages26Disadvantages26High definition26Standard definition27Tapes27Hard disc27Exporting27Data Transfer Rates28Exporting productions28File types28MP328MP428MOV28AVI28FLV29Editing Process29Continuity29Motivated30Montage30Jump-Cutting30Parallel Editing31Transitions31Cut31Dissolve/Fade31Wipe32Editing Conventions32Cutaways32Cutting on Action33Juxtapositions33Pace33Rhythm34Use Sound to Create Impact34On Screen text34Audio Editing35

Name:  Tiarnan Sweeney

Please provide a written comment that deals with all the italicized tasks below. You don’t need to write about all of listed content but it essential that you write about a minimum of two of the sub headings for the learning outcomes.

Unit content

P1. UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRINCIPLES OF EDITING

 

P1.1 Development: in-camera editing; following the action; multiple points of view; shot variation; manipulation of diegetic time and space; film, video; analogue; digital.

 

Task 1. Provide a written report to explain your understanding of the above media terms, also provide written details about camera and audio equipment you use to record production work. P1 M1 D1

P1. Understanding the development and principles of editingIn-Camera Editing

In camera editing is when the project is planned out by shot lists and storyboards and then sequencing them. This is done as it takes away the editing stage in postproduction. This process takes a lot more planning when compared to other methods but the benefits are that the edit is already complete when the film is developed and this leads to the biggest advantage of in-camera editing, it makes editing n postproduction none vital although this can affect the overall look of the final cut. Overall this means that you shoot the film in chronologically order meaning you shoot it the way you want the final film to be editing together.

Examples of In-camera Editing can be seen with older films and with film makers such as Alfred Hitchcock in films such as the film rope.

Another film maker famous for using in-camera editing was Jean-Luc Gordard who used in-camera editing in his film breathless.

Following the action

Following the action is as the name suggests the camera follows the action. Meaning that the camera will follow anything that is deemed important to the plot. Instead of using fragmented shots to get the action across one continuous shot. This is normally done with equipment such as Steadicams and on a dolly. Other ways to get to get this shot can be with a tripod and tilting or panning the camera. An affective example of follow the action can be seen in the short film created by me and my group with a panning shot done whilst the camera was held.

Multiple points of view

Multiple points of views will give different views of the characters on screen. This is done if multiple characters are contributing to the story. Editing will need to be done to cut between one character and another. This gives the film makers a lot more freedom to show many different parts to a story.

Shot Variation

Shot variation is the different shots used in the film. There are many different types of shots that can be used. This shots can be used to help get points across, using theme to create a narrative piece. The different types of shots include.

· EWS (Extreme wide shot)

· VES (Very Wide shot)

· WS (Wide Shot)

· MS (Mid Shot)

· MCU (Medium Close Up)

· CU (Close Up)

· ECU (Extreme Close Up)

· Cut-In

· CA (Cut away)

· Two-shot

· OSS (Over-the-shoulder Shot)

· Noddy Shot

· POV (Point-of-view Shot)

· HA (High Angle)

· LA (Low Angle)

· WTR (Weather Shot)

Using these variety of shots can set a tone and give a different feel for each one. For example, if you wanted to get the point of feeling weak you just look to the LA (Low angle shot).

Manipulation of diegetic time and space

Manipulation of diegetic time and space is and editing technique that allows film makers to effect the time and space of the movie. This is done by adding or removing aspects of what was originally there. For example, this can be done by changing the colour filter/colour palette and this can be seen in the show arrow as when a flashback occurs the colour will change

This is a small change but allows the viewer o tell when the show is in the present or past. Another example that can also be found in arrow is flashback and flash-forwards. A flash back can be used to reveal important information and a flash-forward can be used to pass time quickly. They will normally indicate a flash back or forward with a fade to white. But when back in time many different affects can be used to keep the audience knowing that they are back in time. Something simple like it being in black and white or even slight changes. Manipulation of diegetic time and space can include things such as adding sound effects, syncing an actors mouth movements to different audio. One of the best examples of this can be seen with Sherlock as the time is distorted and you can see the mouth sync at work.

Film

Film is the traditional process of capturing a movie. It is made of celluloid material and it capturer’s it frame by frame. This meant that the original way in which films were edited was by cutting and gluing pieces of the film together. This was a long linear process and this was the process before analogue editing and digital editing. When the film was edited it would then be placed in a machine such as moviola or K.E.M.

Video

Before modern times films would be stored on tapes and the way the films would be edited is by editing the segments of film in a machine that mechanically puts these pieces together. This meant that any mistakes were permanent. The film would also have to be edited in a linear order.

Analogue

Analogue editing is a method of editing that was used before editing on computers became a thing. The way analogue was edited was by the film being cut down and pasted into an order. The film went through a machine such as moviola or K.E.M. The moviola was a machine that would reproduce the picture and sound of the film on a smaller scale. It was a linear process meaning that you cannot fix your mistakes and the edit must be done in order. With computers and digital editing this has become obsolete.

Digital

The modern method for editing will normally involve the film being recorded onto a SD card or digital tape and this makes it much more effective and faster. There are many different software’s used to edit such as Final cut pro, Adobe premiere, iMovie and windows movie maker.

Final Cut ProAdobe Premiere

Digital editing is non-linear which gives editors the freedom to go back and correct mistakes and edit at any point throughout the footage.

Equipment Used in Production

The cameras that were used through our productions are the JVC cameras and the Nikon D3100 DSLR

Cameras used:

JVC cameras

Nikon D3100 DSLR

A tripod was also used to help stabiles the camera:

The microphone used was a boom mic (a stand for the boom mic was also used) and a shotgun mic as both needed to be used for different situations:

Boom Mic

Shot gun mic

The equipment used for editing and recording the film were the apple mac computers, my own personal computer and also used an SD card:

P1.2 Purposes: storytelling, e.g. engaging the viewer, development of drama, relationship to genre, creating motivation; combining shots into sequences; creating pace.

 

Task 2. Describe how the above media terms are important to moving image productions. Give an account of you are intending to employ editing techniques and processes to tell your story? P1 M1 D1

Storytelling

Storytelling is the way in which the film makers will convey the story thorough event’s such as words, images and video. It uses various methods in order to get the story across and tell an interesting narrative.

Examples of storytelling are:

· Engaging the viewer: engaging the viewer means using different filmmaking methods in order to gain the attention of the viewer. This is done to get the viewer interested in the story. If the film is successful it will be able to tell its story and have the user hooked.

· Developing of Drama: The developing of drama is how the film will develop its story and plots throughout the run time. The drama in a film can be increased and decreased based on the plot points and if any twists are put into the film. This is all executed through a variety of shots and cuts.

· Relationship to genre: Relationship to genre is what the genre of the film is and how that genre affects the outcome of the film. For example different techniques and styles are used with different genres abd a film will try to fit that genres styles. This can be seen in every film as horror and comedy are too very different film genres and you would find it very difficult to get the style right for both of them. This is because a horror movie is trying to scare you while a comedy is trying to make you laugh, because of this the editing techniques will change when it comes to the audience perceptions of the story.

· Creating Motivation: Creating motivation is when the film makers want to create a reason for the character doing something. Such as batman becoming batman because of his parent’s death at the hands of a mugger. This pushes him to fight against all crime. This can also be done in a smaller scale such as in a horror movie one character hears a noise and to check it out. This shows that motivation can be small or big but the characters must have motivation.

· Combining shots into sequences: Combining shots into sequences is the main process of combining the clips together to create the movie. This makes it the key part and one of the most important parts of editing. This is done to make sure that there is flow through the film and this puts all pressure on the editing as the quality of editing will determine how good the final product is. It has to make sure that it fits the tone, pace and general flow of the product.

· Creating pace: Creating pace is the process of using the pace of the film to ensure that the film is not too rushed or too slow. Pace is created through editing by deciding what cuts to make, adding music or sound effects. What shot is shown and there are many other types of editing techniques that all attribute to the pace of the film. Editors can create fast or slow pace, fast pace will be used more in action movies especially around the action scenes. Slow pace movies will generally used with romance or dramas. But they can be changed in-between movies such as having a conversation in an action movie this will not be fast pace. An example of a good fast pace movie is equilibrium the movie as it has very fast pace action.

P1.3 Conventions and techniques: seamless; continuity; motivated; montage; jump-cutting; parallel editing; 180o rule; splicing; transitions, e.g. cut, dissolve, fade, wipe; cutaways; point of view shot; shot-reverse-shot; providing and withholding information; editing rhythm; crosscutting; cutting to soundtrack.

 

Task 3. Provide a written report to explain what the above editing conventions and techniques mean and give an account of the editing techniques you plan to use in your production. P1 M1 D1

Explanation of media terms

Seamless - Seamless editing is making the edit smooth. This is the main goal of the editor and the main point of seamless editing is that it doesn’t draw attention to itself. It’s a way of editing that goes unnoticed by the audience. This is done to ensure that the audience’s immersion is not broken because this could distract them from the film. Examples of seamless editing is when you have one action being carried over to another shot without your knowing that they are two different shots. An example of this could be with a man taking a drink in one shot then finishing it in another.

Continuity – The continuity of a film is making sure that things stay in the same scene to ensure a smooth transition to the next scene. If this is not done it can break the immersion of the audience. Although there have been times in which continuity was broken purposely in films such as the shinning, this was done to give the audience a scared feeling. But overall continuity needs to be kept. An example of bad continuity can be with someone wearing one pair of jean in one shot but in the next they have a different pair.

Motivated – Motivated edit is an edit that cuts to a completely new scene and a good motivated edit will not break continuity and is not out of place. Normally there will be a cue for the cut such as a reaction or a piece of dialogue or even a musically cue. This makes motivated edits necessary for a narrative film.

Montage – A montage is a fast effect way of getting information or a long space of time done quickly. It is an editing technique that takes many shots and puts them together, this is generally done to music. A montage will lack structure purposefully to get all the information across in a short space of time. Montages can also be a cheap form of character development. But its main purpose is to get across a lot of information fast. An example of a montage can be seen in rocky with the training montage

Jump-cutting – Jump-cutting is a cut that is quick and “jumps” to the next shot quickly. A jump-cut is not nearly as smooth or seamless as other cuts but it can give the film a sense of urgency. The jump-cut will be recorded with the exact same camera setup but it varies slightly. An example of jump-cutting can be seen in the film my group created call Familiar Roads.

Parallel editing/cross cutting – Parallel editing/cross cutting is the process of cutting together two pieces of footage that take place at the same time or if the footage has a relation to each other but they take place at different locations.

Example of parallel editing

180o rule – the 180o rule is a simple rule that states once a scene takes place there is an imaginary 180o line that cannot be crossed or this will lead to the audience being confused. Besides confusing the audience the camera crew and equipment might be seen if you cross the line. In the diagram below you can see the lien that cannot be crossed.

As can be seen the line cannot be crossed because it would be extremely confusing for audiences

Splicing - Splicing is when two pieces of footage are joined together it was the first way films were edited. At first this was done manually and then it was done by a machine.

Transitions – Transitions are the way shots are joined together. When one shot ends a transition is put in then another shot will take place. It’s the way bridges one shot to another. There are different types of transitions such as:

· Cut – an instant change between the shots. This is a very commonly used transition because of this.

· Dissolve – A gradual fade between the two clips.

· Fade – Fade out and in are the common ones used although there can be fade to black which will fade the clip to black before cutting to the next shot. This can also be done with white. It will start fading to black and every darker as the fade goes on gradually.

· Wipe - A wipe is a transition were one scene replaces the other but having it move across the screen to reveal the new scene. The wipe can be used in many different ways and the transition can be in many different shapes, such as star whip, heart wipe or iris wipe. We did not use any wipes during or film as we found that they would be too out of place. An example of this can be found with star wars.

· Cutaways – A cutaway is a shot that will only last a few seconds and they are used to break up lengthy solo clips giving the viewers something more too look at instead of boring them with the same old. Cutaways are generally something else that is taking place in the same scene. Cutaways are very good at creating a mood for example if a FBI agent was investigating a murder and they cut to the body this would build tension and horror in the scene.

· Point of view – A point of view shot is a shot that give the audience the perspective of a character this can be done for many reasons such as creating tension in a horror movie or to make the audience sympathies more with the character by seeing thing through their eyes.

Example of POV in film hardcore henry.

· Shot-reverse shot – This is a back and forth shot that is generally used with conversations. This is generally used as an over the shoulder shot that will jump back a forth between two charters. For example another type of shot-reverse shot can be seen with wolf of Wall Street.

· Providing and withholding information – providing information and withholding information is a narrative tool that can be used for dramatic stakes. This is done by withholding key information and maybe not revealing it until the right time. This is normally used in mysteries or if the film maker is looking to make a twist.

· Editing Rhythm – Editing rhythm is the relationship between shots. This is set in place to help control the pace of the film. It will have things such as equal length shots to maintain the flow and keep the overall pace the same. Although if the rhythm is crazy this can come of in the film and add to the movie if that’s the theme you’re going for.

· Cutting to sound track – Cutting to sound track is editing the film with the music being the priority. The music will influence the pace and tone of the scene is a bigger way than before and the tempo will be kept in mind when editing.

Task 3. Provide a written report to explain what the above editing conventions and techniques mean and give an account

 

P2. BE ABLE TO PREPARE MOVING IMAGE MATERIAL FOR EDITING

 

P2.1 Preparation techniques: checking material for faults; marking up a script; labelling tapes; storing tapes or film; producing an edit decision list; creating bins; clarifying the purpose of the work with a client

Explanation of media terms

Checking materials for faults – Checking materials for faults simply means that you should always check the footage before using it in the editing process. You do this by watching the full video before moving on to the edit, and this is don’t to make sure that there are no major issues found in the video for example while creating the short movie familiar roads we found dead pixels before we started editing, however we managed to cover the dead pixels instead of having to re-do the footage.

Marking up a script – Marking up a script is the process of leaving notes and useful information in the script for the editors, this makes their jobs a lot easier and helps them fully understand your vision for your movie. This can also help with the flow of the story. An example can be seen below.

Labelling tapes – is an organisational tool for the editing process, it makes the editing process easier because a label is put on each tape in an order that allows the editor to see where it belongs in each scene, this help prevent confusion. However, if the film has a lot of footage it can be time consuming.

Storing tapes or film – If tapes or film are not stored correctly this can lead to damage and because some directors today still like to use film it must be stored properly to ensure that the footage is not lost. The way they should be stored is by having them in a room away from sunlight in a vertical position. The room must also be at room temperature.

Producing an edit decision list – An edit decision list is a list that will give the client the final says on the product by showing the shots in order for the final film. This helps make the editing process a lot more manageable and organised.

Creating Bins – Bins can also be called folders and they are designed to store the footage from a day’s work and giving it off to the editor. This way the director can leave notes and it makes the overall process a lot easier and more organised. For example, in adobe premiere a new Bin can be created by going to “file” and clicking “new” then clicking on “Bin”.

Clarifying the purpose of the work with a client – This is one of the most important parts of the creation process as it is extremely important that the client understands the project and gets a good understanding off the director’s vision. For example, if you are working for someone else you must make sure to run everything through them to ensure that they get their desired film, this means everything from the filming to the editing process. But overall the editor will have the major job of ensuring the clients satisfaction. This is because the editor can make changes towards making the final product as close to the client’s needs as possible.

P2.2 Preparing to edit: importing clips; bins; timelines; storage and folder management; online and offline editing; formats; resolution

 

Task 5. Provide screen shots of the editing techniques used. Command – Shift – 4 and select the relevant material on screen.

Screen shots of clips, bins, timeline, etc.

Preparing to edit

Importing clips – the first thing that needs to be done before editing is the importing of the clips. So any clips you plan on using should be imported into the editing software. This will normally be done by clicking the “File” then “Import” buttons on the software. For example, in adobe premiere you do just that.

Bins – these are how you store your footage and they are used to organised the process.

Timelines – A timeline is the area where the clips are cut together. A clip will be dragged and dropped into the timeline this will show the visual and audio elements of the process. An example for adobe premiere can be seen below.

Storage and folder management – Managing storage is an important part of the editing process if the editor wishes to stay organized. This is done by storing the projects on document folders. It can also be important to create extra copies of the stored projects to ensure that if one is corrupted the other will be there. Below is an example of a stored project.

Online and offline editing – Offline editing takes place before online editing and it involves the raw footage being copied and edited leaving the original footage unaffected. Online editing then happens at the final stages of editing and involves the original media be assembled for the online editing stage.

Formats – Formats are the way in which the data is formed and there are many different ways in which the data can be formed/arranged. Examples of these formats can be found while exporting for example:

Adobe Premiere Adobe Photoshop

Resolution – The resolution of the film equals to the quality of the image and resolutions can be adjusted to suit the needs. It can be changed from 240p all the way up to 1080p. 240p and 480p are both concerted standard definition while 720p and 1080p are concerted high definition. The resolution can be changed in the export settings:

P3. BE ABLE TO EDIT MOVING IMAGE MATERIAL

 

 

P3.1 Editing technology: software applications; hardware, e.g. non-linear, linear; high definition; standard definition; tapes; hard disc; data transfer rates; exporting productions; file types, e.g. mov, avi, flv; compression

Task 6. Describe what editing techniques you used to produce the work and provide a list of all editing equipment employed in production process.

Editing technologySoftware applications

There are many different software's that can be used during the editing process but before this project I only had experience with windows movie maker. I had no other experience beside simple videos. When I started this project I had used final cut pro but after seeing the limitations of final cut pro I decided to move on to Adobe Premiere Pro as I found this software to be much more versatile and it gave me more tools to advance my knowledge of editing. I believe that overall Adobe Premiere Pro is one of if not the best editing software I could use.

There are other types of software that can be used for editing for example when it comes to editing audio “audacity” can be used. Other video editing software’s include:

· Sony Vegas

· iMovie

· Windows Movie Maker

Hardware

During the start of the project I used the Apple’s Desktop Mac Computer in the editing process of the film, but after a while I resorted to only using my own personal computer as I felt it gave more time and freedom to edit the way I wanted. My own personal computer is a custom made PC with 8gb of RAM and an Intel i7 processor so I was confident in my computers ability to run any software needed. Overall my computer allowed me to edit at a faster rate and allowed me to produce my finished project at a higher standard than that if I used the computers provided to us. Other hardware used was my personal Samsung 1tb portable hard drive and I also used my Philips earphones.

Common editing terms

Non-Linear

Non-linear editing is an editing process that allows you to access any frame no matter the sequence. This method of editing has its advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages

· It gives you the freedom to access any clip at any time.

· You are able to return to the original take at anytime.

· Its more flexible and allows you to change your mind.

· Makes it possible to edit in both SD and HD.

Disadvantages

· The cost of the set-up is the biggest down side.

· The storage space needed.

Linear

Linear editing is a process in which you edit the sequence in an pre-determined order, having it ordered from start to finish. linear editing is only ever used when I come to video tape as it is cannot be physically cut into pieces to be spliced together to create a new order. This method of editing has its advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages

· It is simple and inexpensive.

· Sometimes but rarely is it better.

· It is said to help with knowledge base of editing.

Disadvantages

· Not possible to insert or delete scenes.

· Clips must be of the exact same length if you want to overdub them.

High definition

High definition or HD say it is commonly known had become the standard viewing in recent years. It comes in multiple different resolutions such as:

· 720p (1280x720)

· 1080p/1080i (1920x1080)

· 4k (4,096x2,160)

720p and 1080p are the two standard HD resolutions although 4k is being used more and more in recent years and is said to take over from 720p and 1080p. When something is shot in HD it gives a much higher def and clearer image when compared to that of SD (Standard definition) and overall it gives the viewer a better and more immersive viewing experience.

Standard definition

Standard definition is a lower form of HD and is not used for most viewing experiences in recent years as the technology to create HD videos has become so accessible that common people can do it now. Standard Def can range anything from 144p to 480p.

Tapes

Tapes are magnetic tapes that store video and audio but tapes are not used as much because it has been replaced by digital.

Hard disc

A hard disc allows a user to store films and editing projects/software onto a disc that saves all the data given to it. They are generally built into the computer and will function as the main storage for the computer. But portable ones can be bought and this allows users to transport what they need.

Exporting

Exporting is the process of making the edited project into the film and this process can take time to finish depending on the export settings. Each software has a different way of exporting but Adobe Premiere Pro has the export option in its file tab.

You will then be given the export settings which you can edit to find the right fit for you.

Data Transfer Rates

This is the rate of which your data will be transferred or how much data can be transferred in how short a time. The transfer speed is normally measured in megabits or megabytes per a second.

Exporting productions

When exporting any project most software’s will give you an option to ether export the master file onto a location you choose or they will give you the option to share the video directly to websites such as YouTube or Facebook.

File types

There are many different file types that can be used to view films.

MP3

MP3 file type is one of the standard music film types as it is a format in which audio can be stored and it is much smaller than other sound based formats.

MP4

An MP4 while similar to an MP3 file can be used to show video as well as only producing sound. It is one of the most common file types as it works with almost every system.

MOV

MOV is another video file format that is used. It is often used to store video formats and is commonly used with films. It was created by apple.

AVI

AVI is another video file format. It stands for Audio Video Interface and it was created by Microsoft.

FLV

FLV or otherwise known as Flash video is file format used to deliver video over the Internet using Adobe Flash Player version 6 and newer and it was created by Adobe.

P3.2 Editing process: use appropriate techniques, e.g. seamless, continuity, motivated, montage, jump-cutting, parallel editing; use appropriate transitions, e.g. cut, dissolve, fade, wipe; use appropriate conventions, e.g. cutaways, cutting on action, creating juxtapositions, intercutting; pace effectively; convey information effectively; use sound to create impact; synchronise sound and vision; mix soundtracks; overlap sound; offline edit; online edit

Task 7. Describe editing techniques used and provide screen shots of editing techniques employed

Editing Process

During the creation of the project I employed many different techniques to help get or narrative across. We had used a black and white filter to give a noire feel throughout the film, but we left in bright red colours to emphasize important moments in our man characters’ life, such as the red flowers when the father meets his future wife and when he is giving an opportunity from his relative. We also left the whiskey bottle colour in to help draw attention to his decline into depression. We also employed the use of a voice over to help deal with the limitations of the audio quality. There were different techniques we had to consider when making the film such as:

Continuity

Continuity is maintaining actions or objects through different scenes in a film or over the course of multiple films. An example of this can be seen during the desk scene, we had to make sure that even when we moved the camera we kept the desk the same or it would look out of place. Continuity is a big part of drawing in an audience and ensuring that they are immersed in the film.

Gun in same place

Motivated

Motivated editing is a way to help suspend the audiences disbelief when it comes to films. Overall it is picking the best shot for the best scene to help the audience feel like they aren't just a camera in a room and we tried to do this through the production of our project. We used angles that didn't seem out of place to help draw in the audience.

Feels natural

Montage

A montage is a collection of clips that pushes the story forward in a short space of time and allows the audience to view many different actions taking place in a short period of time. We used a montage during the half way point of our film to show the main characters fall into a life of crime slowly building his way up.

Jump-Cutting

Jump-Cutting is a cinematic technique were the camera jumps from one part of a scene to another. It can give a effect of jumping forward in time, but it can also be used if the film makers wish to have a fast pace scene with the camera jumping from one angle to another. We mainly used jump cuts during our action scenes and during the montage scenes. This helped give us the tone we wanted.

Parallel Editing

Parallel editing is a technique that shows two or more scenes happening at once but in different locations. This can be a powerful tool to build suspense and sometimes it can be used to trick the audience into thinking that two scenes are happening at once. We did not use this technique during the creation of our film as we felt it would not fit into any of the scenes.

Example of parallel editing

Transitions

There are different transitions that can be employed to help immerse the audience into the film these include:

Cut

A cut transition is abrupt. Good use of a cut transition should not break the suspension of disbelief. Cuts are mainly used to transition between camera angles. We used cut transitions throughout our film when switching between different camera angles and when we wanted to draw attention to certain objects such as the drinking of the whiskey during the second desk scene.

Dissolve/Fade

A dissolve transition is the gradual transition from one image to another and it is also known as fade with transitions such as fade to black. We mainly used dissolve and fades to show the main character’s life changing or we used it to show the similarities between the different character's in the film.

Before and during fade

Wipe

A wipe is a transition were one scene replaces the other but having it move across the screen to reveal the new scene. The wipe can be used in many different ways and the transition can be in many different shapes, such as star whip, heart wipe or iris wipe. We did not use any wipes during or film as we found that they would be too out of place.

A wipe found in star wars

Editing Conventions Cutaways

Cutaways are mainly used to cutaway from something to show a related scene or object in the area of the main scene. This is generally done to make things more interesting and adding to the urgency of the scene, such as cutting away to a gun just out of reach of the good guy. We used cutaways during the creation of our film to show the main character drinking from a glass of whiskey.

Cutaway to whiskey

Cutting on Action

Cutting on action is a process that shows one action being preformed then cutting to another shot of it also being preformed. It can have one action be started in one shot then be completed in another one. We used this during the creation of our film when we started to show whiskey being poured into a glass the cut to a close up of the whiskey being poured.

Example of cutting on action found in our film

Juxtapositions

Juxtaposition in film is having to opposites besides each other this can be seen all the time in film with something as simple as having the main bad guy sitting across the table from the main good guy. But it can stem much further than that it can be used to show opposite ideas, ideologies, showing civilization and the wild. We did not use any Juxtaposition in our film as we had no real opposites in or film too show of the technique.

Found in Hannibal TV show. two complete opposites sitting across from each other. One overly empathetic while the other lacks empathy.

Pace

Pacing is a major part of film as with bad pacing can ruin any good film. It is important that you keep good pace through the film to ensure that the audiences suspension of disbelief is not broken. I feel we kept a good pace in our film as we only had five minutes and we had to get a man's film across in that short a time. Pace can be split into two main types rapid which give the idea of fast intensity and excitement and Slower pacing is more relaxed and thoughtful.

Rhythm

Rhythm is where the film is to keep the pace up and match what's going on around it. such as having slow cuts to keep the pace slow or having fast cuts to keep the pace lively and aggressive.

Use Sound to Create Impact

Sound is one of the most important parts of a film as it allows the audience to get drawn into the film and the use of sound to create an impact can be seen with a fight scene having the punches have weight to them to make it more believable or have the background music sync up to the fight having a drum beat every time a punch happens. Sounds are the main way to get an emotive response to video. In our film we used sound effects such as gun shots and we used a noire backing during the first half of the movie to get a sense of having no way out and dread. But if you are creating a film you must ensure that the sound and vision are in sync to ensure that the user is not drawn out of the filming experience.

P3.3 Post-production tools: on screen text; image editing; audio editing Assessment and grading criteria.

 

Task 8. What credit and title techniques, audio techniques and music clips did you use?

On Screen text – On screen text is a way to convey information to the viewer. It is done in the editing process by putting text on footage. For example in adobe premiere you click “Title” then you click “New Title” then you will have a range of options for text or credits:

After you select one of the options a new window will appear and you can input text onto the footage.

Image editing – image editing is editing the footage or image to give a different feel for example adding colour correction, filters or even changing it to black and white. With adobe Premiere you can use the 3-way color corrector to edit the colors in the film.

Audio Editing – When it comes to audio editing you can split the audio from the clip to allow you to edit it further.

You can also increase and decrease the audio of different audio clips. For example if you wanted music in the background of a talking scene you would increase the talking clip and decrease the music clip. And from this keying can be used to increase and decrease the audio automatically in adobe premiere you can use the ultra-key to increase and decrease the audio throughout the video.

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