owlteacher.com american history unit 11 immigration & urban life (1870 – 1915)
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American History
Unit 11
Immigration & Urban Life (1870 – 1915)
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The Gilded Age• Suggests that there was
a thin, glittering layer of prosperity that covered the poverty and corruption that existed in much of society.
• _________________________________________________________.
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• In the late 1800’s businesses operated __________ much government regulation.
• This is known as laissez-faire economics. • Laissez-faire means “______________” in
French.• Even though people liked laissez-faire
economics in general, they ____________ government involvement when it ______________________________ them.
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For example,
• ______________________________________________________________________________.
• A subsidy is a payment made by the government to encourage the development of certain important
industries, such as railroads.
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The Spoils System• Under the Spoils System, candidates
who were running for political office would _______________________________.
• The Spoils System
also gave supporters
access to ____________________ and
_______________________________.
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• During the Gilded Age, the Republicans and Democrats had about the ________________ of __________________________.
• To keep party members loyal, candidates ________ supporters and tried to avoid ____________ issues.
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The Republicans
• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• They favored the gold standard, high tariffs, and the enforcement of blue laws, regulations that prohibited certain activities people considered immoral.
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The Democrats
• Appealed to the _____________ groups such as northern urban immigrants, laborers, southern
planters, and
__________________________.
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Reforming the Spoils System
• President
_______________________________________
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• Elected in 1877
• Hayes began to reform the civil service, the government’s non elected workers, by appointing ______________ political independents instead of giving positions to _____________________________.
• He did not have the support of ______________________________________________________________.
• Hayes did not seek a second term.
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• Before the 1880 presidential election the Republican party was split into three groups:
–________________ defended the spoils system
–____________________ hoped to reform the system.
–____________________ opposed the spoils system.
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• Garfield wanted to ___________ the system.
• His running-mate
was Chester
Arthur, a Stalwart.
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• On July 2, 1881 Garfield was assassinated by a __________ who wanted _____________________.
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Arthur reforms the Civil Service
• After the assassination, President Arthur was able to get congressional support for the Pendleton Civil Service Act.
• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
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Regulating Railroads
• _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• One practice that caused problems was railroads offering rebates or partial refunds to favored customers.
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• _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• But since railroads cross state borders, it was argued that only the federal government could regulate them.
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• In 1887, Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act and set up the nation’s first federal regulatory board, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC).
• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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The Immigrant Experience
• Immigrants came to the United States to escape:
1. Crop failures2. ______________________________3. Rising taxes4. ______________________________5. Religious persecution6. Political persecution
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• In the 1880’s in Russia many Jewish people fled a wave of progroms.–Progrom – Violent massacres of Jews.
• Steam-powered ships could cross the __________________ in two or three weeks.
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• ________________________________________________________________________________________________________.–Steerage – a large open area beneath
the ship’s deck.
• Between 1865 and 1890 about 10 million immigrants arrived.
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• Most immigrants came from ________________________________.
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In the 1890’s
• Most new immigrants came from central, southern, and eastern Europe and the Middle East.
• More than 70 percent of all immigrants came through _____________________ which was called the “Golden Door.”
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Immigrants From Europe
• In 1892, the federal government required all new immigrants to undergo a _______________________________.
• Immigrants with contagious diseases, such as tuberculosis, faced _______________________________.– Quarantine – a time of isolation to prevent the spread of
diseases.
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• Urban neighborhoods dominated by one ethnic or racial group of immigrants were called ghettos.
• Some ghettos formed because immigrants felt ____________________ _______________________________________________________________.
• Other ghettos formed from restrictive covenants, when homeowners agreed not to sell real estate to certain groups.
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• Still other ghettos formed when ethnic groups isolated themselves because of threats of violence, mostly from whites.
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Immigrants from Asia• Most immigrants who entered the United
States through the _____________ were from ______________________.
• Chinese and Japanese formed the largest groups.
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• In the mid-1800s, American railroad companies recruited about a quarter of a million __________________________.
• Under pressure from labor unions, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882.
• ______________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• It was not repealed until 1943.
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• In 1906, the San Francisco school board ruled that all Chinese, Japanese, and Korean students should attend separate schools.
• The Japanese government condemned the policy.
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The Gentlemen’s Agreement
• President Theodore Roosevelt made a compromise with the Japanese government.
• It was called the Gentlemen’s Agreement because _______________.
• It called for San Francisco to end its policy and for Japan to stop issuing passports to laborers.
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Immigrants from Mexico
• Employers hired Mexican laborers to work on _________________________.
• They also helped construct railroads in the _____________________________.
• When the United States entered World War I in 1917, demand for workers _________________________ sharply.
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• _____________ were a “pull” factor that drew Mexican workers to the United States.
• ____________ was a “push” factor that encouraged them to leave Mexico.
• The 1910 Mexican Revolution and the civil war that came after that killed about 10% of Mexico’s population.
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• When the Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 limited immigration from Europe and Asia, ________________________ Mexican immigration.
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How did Cities Grow?
• Before the Civil War, cities were small. Most people ____________ wherever they needed to go.
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• The introduction of the _________________ allowed people to move out of the cities to the suburbs, or residential communities surrounding the cities.
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• Later in the 1880’s, motorized transportation made commuting even faster.
• The first elevated trains opened in 1868 in New York and the first subway trains appeared in Boston in 1897.
• ________________________________________________________________. The first skyscraper in Chicago was ten stories tall.
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Urban Living Conditions
• Many middle-class residents who could afford to move to the suburbs, did so.
• They left behind empty buildings and owners converted the buildings into _______________________________________________________________________________________________.
• Speculators also built ______________.
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• Tenement – low-cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as the owner could pack in.
• A group of dirty, run-down tenements could transform an area into a slum.
• Because of ______________________, and _____________, the old residential neighborhoods of cities gradually ________________________________.
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• ________________________________________________________________________.
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The Dumbbell Tenement
• So named because ____________________________________
• Usually seven or eight stories high
• Shallow, sunless, ill-smelling airs shafts providing minimal ventilation
• ____________________________________
• They shared a malodorous toilet in the hall
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• _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
• The wealthiest left the city altogether and headed for the semi-rural suburbs.
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• ________ was a constant danger in cities.• A small fire could quickly consume a
neighborhood because of the way tenement buildings were closely packed together.
• ____________________________________________________________________
• Before it was over, 18,000 buildings had burned, leaving about 250 people dead and 10,000 people homeless.
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• Scientists believed that _____________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• They pushed for reforms to improve air flow in the buildings and for natural light to be ______________ in the tenements.
• In 1879, laws were changed in New York so that every tenement building required an _____________________________.
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• Scientists also linked diseases like cholera and typhoid to ___________ ____________________________, which tenement residents drew from a common pipe or pump in the yard.
• City water companies later introduced _________________________________________________________.
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The Results of City Growth
• Rapidly growing cities were difficult to _______________________________.
• Increased _________________________ gave city governments more power and competition for control grew more intense.
• Different groups represented the interests of different classes.
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• The political machine, born from these clashing interests, was an _______________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
• Political machines worked through the exchange of favors.
• Many people who wanted favors would pay money, graft, to the political machine.
• Graft – a major source of income for the machines.
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Helping the Needy
The Charity Organization Movement
Kept detailed files on people who received their help.
Decided who was worthy of help. Wanted immigrants to _____________,
middle-class standards.
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The Social Gospel Movement
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
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The Settlement Movement
Moved into poor communities Their settlement houses served as
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
Hull House, a model settlement house in Chicago, offered cultural events, classes, childcare, employment assistance, and health-care clinics.
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The Development of Sociology
• Philosopher Auguste Comte coined the term sociology to __________________________ ____________________________________ in society.
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• Sociology is a social science.
• A sociologist collects data on societies and measures the data against theories of human behavior.
• In the late 19th century, many sociologists studied the effects of ______________________________________________________________________________________.
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Controlling Immigration and Behavior
• Many Americans linked the the problems of the cities to the new _______________________________.
• By controlling immigrants they hoped to ___________ what they believed was a past of _______________________________.
• Groups were formed to pursue this goal.
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• Some wanted to keep immigrants out of the United States.
• Others wanted to ______ their behavior.• Many people were Nativists, who believed
in nativism, or favoring ________________________________ _______________________________.
• In the 1850’s, the Know-Nothing Party had gained many followers by vowing to restrict immigration.
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• The rise of immigrants to positions of power in the cities during the late 1800’s provoked a new wave of anti-foreign bias.
• Several groups, such as the American Protective Association, tried to make it ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.
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Prohibition• The temperance movement, an
organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption saw a revival in the late 1800’s.
• Three major groups led the movement and supported ____________, a ban on the _____________________________ _______________________________.
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• These groups believed that ________________ led to personal tragedies, and they also saw a link among saloons, immigrants, and political bosses.
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Purity Crusaders
• As cities grew, drugs, gambling, prostitution, and other forms of vice (immoral or corrupt behavior) became _____________________.
• Many residents fought to rid their communities of these activities.