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Hedges Library Propaganda

“Propaganda is any systematic attempt to influence opinion on a wide scale primarily by symbolic means. It is a form of communication that seeks to promote or discourage attitudes as a means of advancing or injuring an organization, an individual, or a cause. Propaganda proceeds by deliberate plan for calculated effects. It usually addresses a mass audience through mass media, or special audiences and media that provide access to mass opinion. The manipulation of symbols—words and pictures and other signs and images—is the

essence of propaganda. The word "propaganda" entered modern usage early in the 17th century when the Roman Catholic Church established the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. Although the overwhelming bulk of contemporary propaganda is now secular, it is still most readily understood in terms of the promotion of faith.” Giddens, Jackson A. "Propaganda." Encyclopedia Americana. Grolier Online, 2016. Web. 20 Sept. 2016. "Propaganda." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 2 June 2014. Web. 9 Feb. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda>.

Select Databases

CQ Researcher

CQ Researcher explores a single "hot" issue in the news in depth each week. Topics range from social and teen issues to environment, health, education and science and technology. Available also in print in the bound periodical collection.

Encyclopedia Americana

A standard in school, academic, and public libraries, the Encyclopedia Americana is easy to search online. This database helps middle- to upper-grade students find a wealth of information to assist with homework and research projects.

Encyclopædia Britannica School

Edition

Encyclopædia Britannica Online School Edition provides access to three databases: -- Encyclopædia Britannica for high school students and up, -- Comptons by Britannica for middle school students and up and -- Britannica Elementary for elementary students and up.

Facts On File World News Digest

World News Digest brings together the archival record of domestic and international news, unrivaled for its depth, breadth, and accuracy, covers all major political, social, and economic events since November 1940. World News Digest is updated twice weekly and includes a searchable hourly newsfeed.

Issues & Controversies

Issues and Controversies helps researchers understand today’s crucial issues by exploring hot topics in politics, government, business, education, and popular culture.

ProQuest Central K12

ProQuest Central K12 offers a comprehensive publication collection that meets a wide range of research demands. From general reference to advanced subject matter, ProQuest has more than 2,000 periodicals and newspapers. Simply ProQuest and look for articles dealing “ancient civilizations” and Mesopotamia.

ProQuest Historical Newspapers

ProQuest Historical Newspapers delivers the complete run of The New York Times -- 1851-2001, The Wall St. Journal -- 1889-1996, The Washington Post -- 1877-1997, The Christian Science Monitor -- 1908-2000 and the Los Angeles Times -- 1881-1990. ProQuest Historical Newspapers™ is the definitive newspaper digital archive offering full-text and full-image articles. More current articles may found in ProQuest Central K12.

ProQuest History Study Center

History Study Center provides current and backfile journal articles, rare books, newspaper articles, video clips, parliamentary papers, criminal trial records, radio and television news, maps, images, student guides and a bookshelf of respected reference titles. In addition, the history Web Gateway provides links to thousands of reliable and informative Web sites. History Study Center provides over 40,000 documents and articles organized under 515 widely-studied topics, with over 50 reference works, 3,000 images and links to 2,000 Web sites.

Propaganda

Intelligence agencies in the United States

Warfare, 1918-

Britain during the Second World War, 1939-1945

Eastern Europe, 1945-1991

The Cold War

America during the First World War, 1914-1918

America during the Second World War, 1941-1945

An introduction to the history of the First World War, 1914-1918

An introduction to the history of the Second World War, 1939-1945

World Book Encyclopedia

World Book Web online is an expanded version of World Book’s print encyclopedias. Without the space constraints of the printed page, World Book has added more pictures, sound clips and more up-to-date information online.

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World History: The Modern Era - ABC-CLIO

World History: The Modern Era (covering history from the Renaissance to today) is the latest update of the reference standard of electronic history reference materials for high school and high-level middle school coursework.

Remote Access to Hedges Library Online Databases

You may also access the library page from the Baylor School homepage: (http://www.baylorschool.org/) Mouse over ACADEMICS and click on the library link located at the right side of that drop down menu. Once there, select “Online Resources” from the options from the menu on the left side of the page.

Once there, at the top of the center column, click on Remote access information. You will be prompted for your current First Class account username and password. Once there, click the link “Remote access” again and a pdf file with database information will open. Select desired database and follow directions.

Vetted General Internet Sites Propaganda URL: http://changingminds.org/techniques/propaganda/propaganda.htm Often associated with dictators and wars, propaganda is actually used by all governments and marketers. It seeks to control what people believe or perceive, their ideology. Propaganda seeks to persuade or manipulate, but hides that intention. If people realize they are being manipulated, they will rebel. Explore propaganda techniques like the bandwagon, card-stacking, name-calling, plain folks, and glittering generalities. Dictators gain control of the media, military, and education. Investigate the role of information management and the polarization of good and evil.

Propaganda in the Classroom URL: http://www.classroomtools.com/prop.htm Bill Chapman's Classroom Tools Web site defines propaganda as: Information (words, images, sounds, etc.) used to manipulate people's behavior or beliefs. Regardless of whether the message is true or false, it is always manipulative. The purpose of propaganda is to convince someone to do something. This is a mini-lesson on propaganda. You will find resources for several articles demonstrating this strategy. Read these writings to understand this approach of psychological manipulation.

War, Propaganda and the Media URL: http://www.globalissues.org/article/157/war-propaganda-and-the-media This Web site discusses war, propaganda, and the media. Wars are fought on a battleground, but people at home experience conflict in their minds by means of propaganda. The good guys and the bad guys can often both be guilty of misleading their people with distortions, exaggerations, subjectivity, inaccuracy and even fabrications, in order to receive support and a sense of legitimacy.

Power to the People -- Early Soviet Propaganda Posters URL: http://www.imj.org.il/eng/exhibitions/2004/russian/posters.html Information from a past exhibit of early Soviet propaganda posters provides some history about this particular type of art. Learn about the changes and suffering of the people of Russia as they experienced the First World War and then the Civil War. Find out about the ROSTA posters which were used by the Bolsheviks as a propaganda machine. See how the ROSTA windows were produced by various artists and writers and learn about the different themes that were used. Several examples are shown.

Propaganda URL: http://www.propagandacritic.com/ Propaganda can be used to carry out positive messages, such as the importance of recycling to keep the country clean. Propaganda is also used to win elections. But propaganda can be as blatant as a swastika or as subtle as a joke. Its persuasive techniques are regularly applied by politicians, advertisers, journalists, radio

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personalities, and others who are interested in influencing human behavior. This introduction will explain how propaganda is used and why. Additional descriptions of common propaganda techniques are provided here for your understanding.

Advertising and Propaganda URL: http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/awhhtml/awpnp6/ad_prop.html

American Women is a Web site dedicated to the study of Women in history. In this Prints and Photographs section, you can view photos of advertising techniques. We all know that the packaging of goods influences whether or not we are tempted to purchase an item. Colorful posters and magazine ads advise the consumer on items they need. At this Web site you can examine many photographs of labels and posters used for advertising.

Propaganda--Virtual Lesson URL: http://www.learntoquestion.com/resources/lessons/propaganda/index.html

Propaganda is everywhere. How do you recognize it? Here is a virtual lesson on the subject of propaganda. It looks at the way that art, film, and language is often distorted to sell objects and ideas. Read the Introduction for an excellent description of propaganda. You will find a brief history of propaganda, including Nazi propaganda posters from World War II. This is an exceptional resource.

Propaganda Techniques: False Connections URL: http://www.propagandacritic.com/articles/ct.fc.transfer.html

Testimonials are statements and endorsements made by celebrities and famous people. If we like the celebrity, we are less likely to question his or her opinion. Unfortunately, the common exploitation of these testimonials involves unqualified celebrities. Many of these individuals do not know what is best for our country. Most people like to think this type of propaganda does not influence them. Read this article and decide for yourself.

Print Collection 18: Early Soviet Posters URL: http://www.library.upenn.edu/collections/rbm/print/printcoll18.html

A public information campaign was used by the Bolsheviks to carry out their plan of social transformation during the Russian Revolution. Because the majority of the population was illiterate, posters were used to deliver their messages. Learn about Soviet propaganda posters at the Penn Libraries web site. See how propaganda artists portrayed those who were considered to be the enemies of the people and find out how good was represented. This site includes information about but not images of posters.

Posters From the Empire Marketing Board URL: http://www.manchestergalleries.org/the-collections/revealing-histories/propaganda-pride-and-prejudice-posters-from-the-empire-marketing-board/

Difficult questions about the legacy of the British Empire are raised by historic images. Examine the collection of posters created in the 1920s and 1930s to promote trade and understanding between Empire countries. The Manchester Art Gallery web site explains that the images created then would be considered offensive today. Click to view any or all of the 215 posters in the collection. You will see basic details about each poster and have the ability to enlarge each one.

ChangingMinds.org URL: http://changingminds.org/

Five main areas of ChangingMinds.org allow you to learn all about the various ways that people can change other people's minds. You can search through each of the five areas on your own or you can use the table of contents to navigate your way through information on disciplines, techniques, principles, explanations, and even theories. The site also has guest articles, blogs, book reviews, analysis, and links to related information.

War, Propaganda and the Media URL: http://aculturalcollision.wordpress.com/2012/09/30/global-issue-war-propaganda-and-the-media/

This Web site discusses war, propaganda, and the media. Wars are fought on a battleground, but people at home experience conflict in their minds by means of propaganda. The good guys and the

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bad guys can often both be guilty of misleading their people with distortions, exaggerations, subjectivity, inaccuracy and even fabrications, in order to receive support and a sense of legitimacy.

Windows on the War: Soviet TASS Posters at Home and Abroad, 1941-1945 URL: http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/exhibitions/TASS/index

Large scale posters produced by the Soviet government with help from the TASS News Agency were used during World War II to help reassure and rouse the Soviet citizens. Learn how Soviet artists managed to produce a new and different poster almost every day during the war. Click on the overview for notes on how the posters were found and look at the exhibition themes for a list and description of themes found on these posters. Learn about the artists and writers and see examples of these posters.

40s Propaganda Posters: Soviet Morale Boosters URL: http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/29/arts/design/world-war-ii-soviet-tass-posters-at-chicago-art-institute.html?pagewanted=print During World War II a new propaganda poster was produced by the Soviet government almost every day. This article discusses Soviet war posters and how they were used to keep up the public morale. Discover why not much of the propaganda survived and find out about an exhibit that featured some of the remaining ones. The article describes several of the images found on the posters and the process in which the posters went through from design to printing. An image of one of the posters is shared.

The Russian Revolution Through the Prism of Propaganda URL: http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/mmh/russian_revolution/default.cfm

The Russian Revolution and the formation of the Soviet Union is considered one of the most important events of the 20th century. This historical period can be explored through the propaganda posters that were created during that time. Discover how the Bolsheviks relied on visual media to communicate their message of revolution to the masses. As you view samples of these posters, you can see the English translation by placing your mouse over the words. Find out how the posters were used to spread the word of revolution abroad and to defend the revolution at home.

Visualizing the Future URL: http://chineseposters.net/themes/future.php

Traditionally, Chinese culture has used the arts to encourage conformist behavior in society. This continued when the Communist Party took control in the form of propaganda posters, which strengthened the messages published and broadcast in the news. The political party controlled what art was available, and the posters were used in homes and public places to show the ideas of Socialism. In the 1980s, heroic poses, utopian images, and stereotyped figures were replaced by design techniques used in Western advertising. Posters are still widely used to provide information about health issues.

Party Slogans URL: http://sacu.org/slogans.html

Chinese propaganda posters featured familiar slogans. These slogans were short and concise, since Chinese writing expresses words or ideas with a single symbol. They were similar to the proverbs, which had long been a part of Chinese culture. Slogans were used to teach political imperatives and encourage agricultural communes and collective efforts. Intellectuals, artists, and scientists were attacked or sent to remote areas. Later reformers used slogans to encourage modernization in science, industry, agriculture, and defense. In more recent years, slogans and posters advocate population control and provide health information.

Chinese Posters URL: http://www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/chairman/chnintro.php

When the Communist Party took power in China, it used poster propaganda to boost social support of the new collectivism in agriculture and industry. Traditional Chinese art and colors combined with idyllic scenes and political messages. The Cultural Revolution included hundreds of thousands of posters featuring Mao, crushed adversaries, and volunteer soldiers. The posters were created by

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artists in collectives and followed strict rules concerning design and ideas. Later, the work of folk artists in transformed into glorifying life in agricultural communes. Poster production declined and control over art loosened in the 1970s.

The Chairman Smiles URL: http://www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/chairman/

This is a selection of 145 political posters, famous masterpieces as well as equally beautiful but unknown examples drawn from the collection of the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam. Posters are from the Soviet Union, Cuba, and China. The collection can be accessed through lists, by country. By clicking on the small images in the lists, larger images and background data are displayed.

Chinaposters: The Cultural Revolution URL: http://chinaposters.org/front/front

From 1963 to 1983 China was isolated from the outside world, as Mao Zedong's regime rejected foreign influences and many Chinese traditions. The Cultural Revolution brought new ideas about the future of China and the use of technology. Hard work, fearlessness, and striving for the ideals were encouraged by propaganda posters. Modernization, industrialization, and automation were glorified. Modernization of the military and education were also emphasized. Examine the drawings and visual messages conveyed in Chinese political posters.

Propaganda: Indoctrinating Youth URL: http://www.ushmm.org/propaganda/exhibit.html#/themes/indoctrinating-youth/

At the age of ten, German boys and girls joined Hitler's youth organizations, designed to turn them into National Socialists. These organizations were mandatory for those between the ages of ten and seventeen. Investigate the special propaganda message aimed at youth through schools and extracurricular activities. About 97 percent of public school teachers joined the Nazi Party. Teachers who were politically unreliable were purged from the profession. The Hitler Youth prepared boys for the armed forces and girls for serving the war effort.

Propaganda in the Propaganda State URL: http://www.pbs.org/redfiles/prop/inv/prop_inv_ins.htm

Propaganda was a powerful tool for the Bolshevik party stirring up factory workers in Russia with pamphlets, slogans, songs, and speeches. Lenin used newspapers written abroad to spread party doctrine; revolutionists printed illegal newspapers outside the country and smuggled them in. Communism’s slogan was ‘Workers of the World Unite!’ and came into power in a primarily backward peasant country. Marx’s plan was to take power in an advanced Capitalist country. The Bolsheviks used brightly colored simple images to get their ideas across; they created new myths, rituals and icons for Soviet Communism: old was bad, new was good.

How Brainwashing Works URL: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/inside-the-mind/human-brain/brainwashing.htm/printable

American POWs in the Korean War pledged allegiance to communism, confessed to using germ warfare, and a few even refused to return to the United States after the war. The secret to their compliance with their captors was called brainwashing. Also known as thought reform or persuasion, changing others' opinions or beliefs happens in daily life. Propaganda takes it to a new level, but brainwashing breaks the target's will and identity. Brainwashing is accomplished by torture, threats, isolation, or depriving a person of basic needs. A new belief system is introduced.

Psychological Operations/Warfare URL: http://www.psywarrior.com/psyhist.html

Adding bananas to a bowl of fruit in leaflets about the United States given to Iraqis helps the Iraqi people trust the United States because bananas are considered a delicacy. A psychological war is a war of the mind. What your victim hears and reads is more important than how the message is delivered. It is a very effective non-lethal weapon. This war is only as effective as its commander. You

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must know your enemy very well: his beliefs, his fears, his dreams. Using logic, fear, or desire, you can turn your enemy's mind from or toward something.

The Secret World of Psy-Ops URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7464430.stm

Psy-ops, or psychological operations, have always been a part of war. Ghenghis Khan used misinformation and rumors to weaken his enemies. Military propaganda was dropped from airplanes or spread with radio broadcasts during World War I and II. Whether aimed at enemy soldiers or civilians, the goal of psy-ops is to get the audience to think a certain way. For the enemy, it may destroy morale. For civilians, it may win support. Psy-ops also play a role in interrogations.

Propaganda: A Weapon of War URL: http://digital.nls.uk/propaganda/index.html

Between 1939 and 1945 wartime behavior was greatly influenced by propaganda that included the printed word, leaflets, radio broadcasts, cinema, and posters. You can access the National Library of Scotlandâs collection of propaganda materials that provides examples of British propaganda from World War II. You will learn about white propaganda, black propaganda, and propaganda director, Ritchie Calder. As you take in this information you will also have the opportunity to view actual examples of propaganda from the libraryâs digital collection.

Giving credit where credit to due: If you don’t give credit when you use other’s thoughts and information that is plagiarism. At Baylor: Plagiarism >> Violation of Honor Code >> Honor Council >> If found guilty >> Final Warning and penalties >> Guilty of 2nd offense >> Possible dismissal from Baylor >>> Not good

The Core Elements of MLA You will not need to use all elements for every citation.

Author. (Last Name, First Name MI.) Title of Source. (Title of Book/Book Chapter/Article/Webpage) Title of Container, (Book/Encyclopedia/Periodical/Website) Other Contributors, (directed by/edited by/translated by) Version, (Edition) Number, (Volume, Issue, Season) Publisher, (Name of Publisher) Publication Date, (Day Month Year/Month Year/Year) Location. (Page Numbers/DOI/Web Address/Physical Location) *Title of Container #2, (Name of Library Database/Online Video Service) *Location #2. (Web Address of Library Database/Online Video Service) Date accessed. (Day Month Year web site retrieved)

Understanding Containers When the source being documented forms a part of a larger whole, then the larger whole can be thought of as a container. The title of the container is italicized, followed by a comma, since the information that comes next describes the container. A source may have two containers such as a magazine article found in a database. The article is found in the original journal and in the database. A given resource might have both a primary and a secondary container, depending on how that resource is house and accessed. For example, a magazine article is a source. The magazine in which that article is found is the primary container. The database in which the journal is found is the secondary container. If a database is the producer and publisher of original content, then the database functions as the primary (and only) container, but most of the time databases are secondary containers.

Remember – the following sample citations are single-spaced to conserve space -- your entire paper including the “Works Cited” page should be double-spaced Times

New Roman 12 point font.

*Add information

about additional containers as

needed to fully document your

source.

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Below is the general format for any citation -- whether it be print or digital. If the information is present, include it. If the information is missing, omit that component:

Author. Title. Title of container (self-contained if book), other contributors (translators or editors), version (edition), number (vol. and/or no.), publisher, publication date, location (pages, paragraphs URL or DOI). 2nd container’s title, other contributors, version, number, publisher, publication date, location, date of access (if applicable).

BOOKS AND EBOOKS

Elements of the citation for a book with one author: Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Publisher, year.

Example for a book with one author: Hitt, James E. It Never Rains after Three O’Clock: A History of the Baylor School, 1893-1968. Baylor

Press, 1971.

Example of two author book - MLA p. 21: Doris, Michael, and Louise Erdrich. The Crown of Columbus. HarperCollins, 1999. .

Example of 2-3 authors or editors: Posamentier, Alfred S., Daniel Jaye, and Stephen Krulik. Exemplary Practices for Secondary Math

Teachers. Assn. for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2007. KEY: author title of source publisher publication date

Elements of the citation for a specialized reference book or chapter/section in an anthology: Author Last name, Author First name. “Section Used.” Title of Reference Book or Anthology, edited by

Name of editor(s), edition, vol. number, name of publisher, year of publication, p (or pp.) page numbers.

Example of a citation for a specialized reference book or chapter/section in an anthology: Simmons, Edwin H. “The Spanish-American War.” Dictionary of American History, edited by Stanley I.

Kutler, 3rd. edition, vol. 7, Thomson, 2003, pp. 485-7. KEY: author title of source (article) title of container 1 (collection) other contributors (editor)* edition number publisher publication date

location (page numbers)

Note: If the article appears on a single page, use “p.” only and the page number. If the article is multiple pages, use “pp.” and the page range.

GENERAL WEB PAGES Womack, Todd. Spanish-American War in Georgia, Wiregrass Historical Society, 12 Aug.

2005, www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/spanish-american-war-georgia. Accessed 20 Sept. 2016.

KEY: author title of container 1 (website) publisher (or sponsor of site), publication date location (url) Accessed day month year.

Womack, Todd. “Training Camps.” Spanish-American War in Georgia, Wiregrass Historical Society, 12 Aug. 2005, www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/spanish-american-war-georgia.Accessed 20 Sept. 2016.

KEY: author title of article or section title of website publisher (or sponsor of site), publication date location (url) Accessed day month year.

Note: If only using a portion or section of the webpage, place quotes around the title.

Example of journal articles accessed from online databases: Example of article from the ProQuest Central database: Winner, Cherie. “Groundwater: Our Hidden Endangered Resource.” Current Health 2, vol. 22, no. 5,

Jan. 1996,p.28. ProQuest Central, search.proquest.com/docview/211684894/45B4A7BC9 A954059PQ/1? accountid=8515. Accessed 20 September 2016.

KEY: author title of source (article) title of container 1 (periodical) volume and issue number publication date location (pg. numbers) title of container 2 (database) location (url) Accessed day month year

Example of article from the CQ Researcher database: Billitteri, Thomas. "Preventing Bullying." CQ Researcher,10 Dec. 2010, pp. 73-96. CQ Researcher,

library.cqpress.com/cqresearcher/cqresrre2010121000. Accessed 20 Sept. 2016.

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KEY: author title of source (article) title of container 1 (periodical) publication date location (pg. numbers) title of container 2 (database) location (url) Accessed day month year

Example of article from the Issues and Controversies database (SOURCE WITH NO AUTHOR IN A CONTAINER):

"Capping Executive Pay." Issues and Controversies, Infobase Learning, 24 Apr. 2009, icof.infobaselearning.com/recordurl.aspx?ID=1821. Accessed 20 Sept. 2016.

KEY: title of source title of container 1 (website) publisher publication date location (url) Accessed day month year.

Note: The publisher’s name, InfoBase Learning, is significantly different from the name of the database, Issues and Controversies. Therefore, the publisher’s name is listed.

Example of article from the JSTOR database: Carlstrom, Oscar E. “The Spanish-American War.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, vol.

16, no. 1/2, Apr. - Jul. 1923, pp. 104-110., JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40187096. Accessed 20 Sept. 2016.

KEY: author title of source (article) title of container 1 (periodical) volume and issue number publication date location (pg. numbers) title of container 2 (database) location (url) Accessed day month year

COMMON WEB BASED CITATIONS Citing an Email: Batt, Jack. “Spirit Week Research.” Received by Carl Owens, 19 September 2016. KEY: author use subject line as title recipient of email date of email Note: When you cite an email in your list of works cited, use the subject of the message as the title. The title should be capitalized and in quotation marks.

Citing a Tweet: @baylorschool. “Baylor Boys Region Golf Champs; Bates is Girls' Medalist.” Twitter, 20 Sept. 2016,

9:17 a.m., www.baylorschool.org/news/detail.aspx?pageaction=ViewSinglePublic&LinkID=17666& ModuleID=55.

KEY: author title of Tweet title of service day month year, time location (url)

Note: The full text of the tweet should be your title -- enclose the text in quotation marks.

Citing a Video from Classroom Video on Demand: “The Spanish-American War Begins.” The Spanish-American War: A Conflict in Progress. Café Productions,

1998. Classroom Video on Demand, cvod.infobase.com/PortalPlaylists.aspx?wID=95299&xtid=8335 &loid=35966. Accessed 20 Sept. 2016.

KEY: title of the segment title of source publisher publication date (release date) title of container (website) location (url) accessed day month year

Citing a Video from YouTube: Anderson, Chris. TED’s Secret to Great Public Speaking. TED Talks, 16 Apr. 2016. YouTube,

www.youtube.com/watch ?v=-FOCpMAww28. Accessed 20 Sept. 2016. KEY: author title of source publisher publication date (release date) title of container (website) location (url) accessed day month year

BE AWARE THAT SOME DATABASE VENDORS DO A BETTER JOB OF PROPERLY CITING ARTICLES THAN OTHERS.

ABC-CLIO does a relatively good job of citing articles -- but states -- “Although every effort has been made to adhere to MLA rules, minor discrepancies may occur.”

IN-TEXT CITATION EXAMPLES Citations are used to tell a reader which source is being quoted. The citation should match information in the Works Cited page. Generally, you’ll use the author’s last name and the page number (if the source cited has page numbers). NOTE: Periods should always follow the parenthetical citation. They should NEVER go within the quotation. Only exclamation points (!) and question marks (?) should be included in the quote.

Regular Citation (Books and Journal Articles): According to Naomi Baron, reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (194).

Or Reading is “just half of literacy. The other half is writing” (Baron 194).

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Works Cited Example Baron, Naomi S. “Redefining Reading: The Impact of Digital Communication Media.” PMLA, vol. 128,

no. 1, Jan. 2013, pp. 193-200.

REMEMBER: Given the author’s last name, your readers can find the complete publication information for the source in the alphabetically arranged list of works cited that follows the text of your paper.

Annotated Works Cited Guidelines What is an Annotated Works Cited or Annotated Bibliography? An annotated works cited or bibliography is a essentially a listing of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about 100 - 150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited -- in short -- you are asked to comment on and/or explain why each source cited is useful. First, you locate the information (books, periodicals, and documents) that may contain useful information and ideas on your topic and briefly examine/review those works that provide a variety of perspectives on your topic. Second, you cite the book, article, or document using the MLA style. Third, write a concise annotation that summarizes the central theme and scope of the book or article. This annotation should answer three main questions:

WHO -- who wrote it; why is that person an authority or provide background of the author; or the group that sponsored it.

WHAT -- what did it say; did it provide information or mis-information; compare or contrast this work with another you have cited -- does it agree or disagree.

WHY -- explain why you think it is a good addition to your research. Also, comment on the intended audience -- who was the intended audience and most importantly why was it written.

Example for an article available from the ProQuest Direct database Van Biema, David. “Missionaries Under Cover.” Time, vol. 161, no.26, 30 June 2003, pp. 36-45. ProQuest

Central K-12, search.proquest.com/docview/212826207/7DB9FC3A7F594E30PQ/1?accountid=8515.

Accessed 29 August 2016.

The article discusses the “current evangelical wave” and presents a variety of methods and attitudes

dealing with the work of this new brand of missionaries. It illustrates how both believers in Judaism and Islam

are possible targets to these new evangelists. Also, it provides a general understanding of this missionary

movement and of the goals and dangers expected in achieving those goals. The article also presents a historical

background to this current missionary wave and to past efforts elsewhere.

David Van Biema is a staff writer for Time magazine. This article is just one of many covering primarily

topics dealing with the Middle East and/or religion. This article is the “cover story” for this issue of Time

magazine and is written for the general public.

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