o①vietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20

7/29/2019 oVietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20

1/19

2013/3/17

1

Sustainableecosocietyby

No.1

problemsofcleanenergyproduction

March,2013

Toyohisa Fujita,

EnergyandEnvironmentalcourse,

GraduateschoolofEngineering,RACE

TheUniversityofTokyo,Japan

[email protected]

Topics

1.TohokuEarthquakeinJapanandmoreimportanceofcleanenergy2.Worldenergyratio,futurepowersourceandcost

3.Renewableenergy:meritanddemerit

Windenergy Solarenergy Geothermalenergy Biomassenergy ave a energy ys eman o erenergy4.Importanceofchangetoenergycarrierofrenewableenergy

5.Smartgrid

6.Someenergysavingtechniques (from ourlaboratoryresearches)ExsituCarbonCaptureStorage(CCS)techniques Reducethefueltouseintheinternalcombustionengine Metalbasedferrofluid (magneticfluid)forenergyconversiondevicesusing

sunlight

Naturalgashydrate(NGH)productionandtransportationsystemforsmallamountofmethane

Importanceofmetalresourcesforenergyproductionandsavetheenergy7.Sustainableecosociety

Resourcesrecycling plussmartcity

TheTohoku

Earthquake

1.TohokuEarthquakeinJapanandmoreimportanceofcleanenergy

March11,

2011Hypocentral region

500kmfromnorthtosouth

19,000 Death,missing

400,000Destroyedbuilding

Damageoftown

Example:Gasfacility

nuclearpowerplantinJapanMostofplantsareunderinspection.Only i NuclearPower

Plantisoperating.September2012

Destroyedbytsunami

2368MWOperation


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2

Japanesepowersourceratios

Natural

gas

Nuclear

power

2011

NaturalgasutilizationincreasedafterTohokuearthquakeandtsunami.

2.Worldenergyratio,futurepowersourceandcost

Regional primaryenergyconsumptionintheworld

68GJ

Asia and PacificAfricaMiddle eastFormerSovietbloc

1kWh=3.6MJ=0.232L

106TOE=106x42GJ=42PJ Energy

consumption

Extremely

ilequ

iva

len

t)=

106x4

1. Russia

Europe

SouthandCentralAmerica

NorthAmerica

ShareofOECD(%)

increaseinAsia

Million

TOE;

tonof

(BP,Statisticalreviewofworldenergy2010)

Year

Sourceofenergyratiointheprimary

energyconsumptionintheworld

6x4

1.8

68GJ

Combustiblerenewableenergy

no

foilequiv

alen

t)=

10 , , .

Hydraulic

Nuclear

LNG

Petroleum

Coal

eanenergy n

Increase

Increase

Million

TOE;

t

Year

(IEA,EnergyBalance2010,Energywhitepaper2011,Japan)

Renewable

Powersourceratiosofseveralcountries

in2010 Renewableenergyislessthan20%

Naturalgas

Petroleumoil

Coal

Nuclear power

energy

Japan

USA

Europe

Korea

China

Germany

France

Ita

ly

Ukra

ine

Slova

kia

(IEAElectricityinformation,2010)


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3

Energyutilization percapitainsome

courtiersandworld

J/person

(Inst.ofEnergyEconomics,Japan)

USAKoreaFranceGermanyJapanUKWorldChina

len

t)/p

erson=

41

.868G

OECDcountriesarelarge.

TOE;

tono

foilequ

iv

Year

(indexnumber:Japan=1)

Primaryenergyper GDP(grossdomesticproduct)of

somecourtiers in2008

n K y 7 a a E

Japa U

German

Franc

EU2

US

Austra

li

Kore

Worl

Canad U

A

Tha

ilan

Sau

diAra

bi

Chin

Indi

Indonesia

Russ

ia

(IEA[EnergyBalancesofOECDCountries2010Edition],[EnergyBalancedofNon

OECDCountries2010Edition]) Energywhitepaper2011,Japan

Italy

Japan

Germany

UK

FranceS

$/MWh

)

Comparison

of electricity

rates in

some

countriesfor

Industrial

Korea

h)

(in ustria

and

household

Household

Germany

Italy

(US

$/M

OECD/IEA,IEA,EnergypricesandTaxes, Year

UK

France

USA

Korea

Outlookforthefutureregional primary

energyconsumptionintheworld

Outlookforthefuturevariousenergy

ratiointheprimaryenergy

consumptionintheworld

t) nt)

1.4times

Africa Biomass

Other

Renewable

1.4times

TOE;

tonofo

ilequ

iva

le

nTOE;

tonof

oilequ

iva

l

China

India

OtherAsia

Russia

Naturalgas

Coal

Water

Nuclear

(IEA/WorldEnergyOutlook2009,Agencyfornaturalresourcesandenergy,Japan)

0.1

billion

0.1

billio

1990 2007 2015 2030 1990 2007 2015 2030

OECD

USA Petroleum


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Comparisonbetweennowadaysandfuture

generatedpowersourceratiointheworld3%

Renewableenergy

Waterpower

Nuclearpower

Naturalgas

5timesincrease

Petroleumoil

Coal

(IEA,WorldEnergyOutlook,2010)

Decrease

9000

8000

6000

Windoffshore

Windonshore

RenewableelectricitypotentialsinmajorOECD

regionsin2030 (IEA,2011)

1

4000

2000

TWh Wave&tidal

Solarheat

Solar photovoltaic

Waterpower

2

3

5

0

OECD

North

America

OECD

Europe

OECD

Pacific

5

Biomass 4

=

/kWh

)

Comparisonofpowergeneratingcostofpower

sourcesbetween2008and2030

ratingcost

(x

0.0

125US

$

Policy,

Additional,

Riskcosts

CO2 cost

0.1US$

2030 2030 2030 2030

NuclearCoal LNG Petroleum

power power power power

(a) (b)

Powergene

(a:IEA,WorldEnergyOutlook,2009, b:NationalpolicyunitinJapan2009)

FeedinTariffs)Germany2000

Subjects

Pricesetting

EffectofFITinGermany

Photovoltaicpower

generation

LowInvestmentintention decreaseOptimumpricesettingis

important.

Japan2012,Julystarted.Geothermal


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5

PotentialtouserenewableenergyinJapan(MinistryoftheEnvironment,2010)

Photovoltaicpowergenerationandwindfarmincrease

byFIT utilizationBy2020

PhotovoltaicpowerInstalledcapacity Maximum

potential

FIT FIT+

technological

Unit:GW (4000TWhperyearin2009,Japan)

28GWCapacityFactor12 29.4TWh peryear

Lowcostisimportantbytechnologicalinnovation

Windpowergeneration5GW CapacityFactor20 8.8TWh peryear

Photovoltaic

powergeneration

150MW 0 0.272

OnShoreWind

farm

280 24 140 270

OffshoreWind

farm

1600 0 3 140

generation

FIT+technologicalinnovation

64.434.5TWh

735 ofTotalelectricpowergenerationperyearinJapan

powerplant

(lessthan30MW)

. .

Geothermal

powergeneration

(withHotSpring

Power)

14 1.1 4.8 5.2

3.Renewableenergy:meritanddemerit

3.1WindenergyElectricalpowercapacitychangeofwindelectricityintheworld

Windenergy

Proportionalto

cubedofwind

velocityandswept

area.

UnstablesupplyelectricityGridsysteminEurope,

owever,nosysteminJapan

lowfrequencynoise causehealth

hazard

BirdstrikeFailtolandscape

Electricalpowerplantcapacitychange

ofwindelectricityineachcountry

(Globalwindstatistic2010, GlobalWindEnergyCouncil)

Windenergyutilization:3.3timesincrease comparingwith5yearsintheworld.

Japanonly2.2times.

Windturbinegeneratormainly2MWinJapan3to4MWintheworld

200m 2MWgenerator

Electrical

generator

Ball

bearing

Gear

Principalaxis

80m

2to3MW windturbinegenerator

Utilizationofseveral1001Rareearthmagnet

Importanceofrareearthmetal

Utilization (Nd,Dy)

(fromT.Minowa)


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OffshorewindpowersystemExample

Denmark,Holland,Germany:7000ofwindturbine(32GW)

constructionplan

Japan:IbarakiprefectureKamisu 7ofwindturbine(14MW)

Merit

Goodwindconditions

Easyestablishmentofbigscalewindturbine

Noeffectofnoiseandbirdstrike

Demerit

ExpensiveconstructioncostLargecostofelectrictransporttothecoast

Durabilityofwindturbineandmaintenancecostforoffshore

Fishingrightsproblem

Offshorewindpowergeneration

Kamisu

3.2Solarenergy PhotovoltaicpowergenerationJapan megawattorderofphotovoltaicpowerplantconstruction

About30placesby20200.3 ofgrossgenerationMerit

n m eInstallationavailableinanyplaceEasymaintenanceandlongoperatinglife

Demerit

UnstablepowergenerationLowenergydensityExpensivepowergenerationcost

Improvement

High photocarriergenerationefficiency technology of PV by ultra slim typeReduce the cost by PV production on a large scale

9

8

Photovoltaiccellproductionchangein

severalcountries

7

6

54

3Power,

GW

Korea USA Taiwan Germany Japan China

1

0

(RenewableEnergyPolicyNetworkforthe21st Century,2011)


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Others

USA

Photovoltaicpowergeneration changeinseveralcountries

Spain

Germany

byFIT

Japan

Photovoltaiccellqualityandcooling

system(byT.TomitaTheU.ofTokyo)

Coolingbynomechanicalpump

Cooling bytransportationoftheheatoutsideusingliquidboilingPossibility ofutilizationinsunbeltanddesertarea

lternativeCFCs

RoadmapofsolarcellbatterySinglecrystal SiCISCuInGaSeCdTeOrganicsystem,Quantumdottype

powergeneratingcost(x0.0125US$=/kWh)

uantum dot 40%

CIS 75/kWh(18%) 50(22%)

Organic 75/kwh(10%) 50(15%)

thinfilmsiliconsolarcell 75/kWh(14%) 45(18%)

METICoolEarthplan,2008)

Residentialuse

Industrialuse

Foreigncountries

LargescalePVsystem

Midscale

LargescalePVsystem

S ng ecrysta S 75 W 15 50 22

Combinationofphotovoltaicpower

generationandsolarpowergenerationOperatingtime

FlatpanelPV4hoursThermal6hours

hours

Sunlight

engineeringefficiency 43%

=PVcell23%

+Thermal20%

Electricity250W,

Thermal200W 100,000=US$1,250


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Solarpowertower Sicilia islandinItalymoltensalt:24houroperatingfrom2010

4typesofsolarpowergeneration

Generator

Turbine Focusing

heat

storagetank

condenser

Heat

collection

Troughtype

Andasol,Spain

DESERTECFoun at onSolarpowergenerationintheSaharaDesert

Itdependsontheplace.(notsuitabletoJapan)

Generator

Turbine

mirror

focusing

mirror

condenser

condenser

Heat

collection

Fresnel

type

Tower

Generator

Turbine

Heliostat(NEDO:Renewableenergytechnology)

reheatcombustor

Type

(solar

Chimney)

Parabolicdish

Solarpowergenerationintheworld

Sun

belt

Excellent Good Fair Poor

3.3GeothermalenergyElectricalpowerplantcapacityintheworld

(byH.Muraoka,Japanrenewableenergyfoundation,Web1)

Worldgeothermalpowerplantisincreasing.Japaneseplantisconstantforthe

restrictionofnationalparklaw,however,thenewplantconstructionhasstatednow.

Active

Nation VolcanoElectricalpower

capacity

Activevolcanonumberofseveralcountries

(No.)

USA 160 3,000

Indonesia 146 2,779

Japan 119 2,347

Philippines 47 600

Mexico 39 600

(GW)

30.0

27.823.5

6.0

6.0

1

23

4

5Iceland 33 580

NewZealand 20 365

Italy 13 327

5.8

3.7

3.3

(byH.Muraoka,Japanrenewableenergyfoundation,Web1)

geot erma power

plant inJapan

0.535GW

6

7

8


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9

Geothermalenergypowergenerationamount ofthe

maingeothermalresourcescountriesintheworld

paci

tyMWe

2,435

lpowerp

lan

tinsta

lle

dca

15,516

MWe

in

2025

e

In20139,500

MWe

in2025

USA

Philipp

ines

Indonesia

Mexico

Ita

ly

New

Zea

lan

d

Ice

lan

d

Japan

ElSa

lva

dor

Kenya

Costa

Rica

Nicaragua

Geo

therma

(Bertani(2010)andIEAGeothermalEnergyAnnualReport2009(2010)

1 4 2 5 8 7 6 3

Roadmapvisionofgeothermalpower

productionbyregion(TWh/y)

Wh

/yShareofglobal

rma

lpowerpro

duct

ion

,

(%)

OECDNorthAmerica

OECDEurope

OECDPacific

Other

IndiaandChina

DevelopingAsia

(IEA 2011, Technologyroadmapongeothermalheat andpower)

Geothermalenergyreaches3.5%ofallelectricitygenerationin2050.

Geo

the

Year

AfricaandMiddle

East

Subjectsofgeothermalenergyutilization

Itisdifficulttogetthepermissiontoconstructthegeothermalpowerplant.

deregulation innationalpark a esa ong me years os ar econs ruc on

ofgeothermalpowerplantafterinvestigationbyboring.

Thereisariskofnoexpectedhydrothermalwater.

LowcostofelectricpowersellingcomparinggeothermalpowergenerationItisnecessarytoreduce the borin cost. Im ortance of innovativeboringmethoddevelopment.

Developmentofscaleremovaltechnology

200to300Hotwaterandsteam40to200 Binarycyclepower generation

Utilizationofpentane(36boilingpoint)

Geothermalheatpumputilizationsystem

Consumedelectricpowerisonethirdcomparingelectricity

changestotheheat.Energyefficiencyislarge.

8

10

1214

16

ature

,

0

2

4

6

0 50 100

Distance from the surface of land

Tempe

(Akitaprefectureinwinter)(FromFujitalab.)


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10

Greenhouseusingheat

pumpsystemofearth

thermalenergy (AkitaPrefecture)

Heatconvectionpipe

usingtemperaturesensitivemagneticfluid

Permanent

thefree

convectioninthe

pipe.

Flowrate

12mm/s3.4Biomassenergy

CarbonNeutral

Solid fuel of wood ellet

Ethanolfromwoodybiomass

Japan:ExistenceofLowdensityandwidearea

Itisdifficulttomakelargeandintensivetreatment.Localproductionforlocalconsumptionisimportant.

CalorificvalueandlargeamountofmoistureLimitof,

efficiency

Priortodistrictheating andhotwaterutilization

Cogenerationsystemisimportant.


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Japanesebiomassabundanceandutilizationrate

Mt

Woodchi derivedfromconstruction

Noedibleinfarmproducts

Timberoffcuts

.471

.40

.8

iomassamount,

Sewagesludge

Blackliquor

Usedpaper

Foodwastes

Sawmillremindermaterial

7.9

7

3.6

1.9

0.4

30

(Annual ReportonFood,AgricultureandRural Areasin Japan, MAFF(Ministry agriculture,forestry and fisheries, 2009)

B0 20 40 60 80 100

Livestockexcrement8.7

Utilizatin (%)

noused(%)

Large

Utilizationofbiomassin2002,2009and2020Biomassabundanceandutilizationratefrom2002to2020

Utilization

NousedComposting construction

material&

composting

Energy

Material&

energy

Feed&

composting

Livestockexcrement, Sewagesludge,Blackliquor,Usedpaper,Foodwastes

Pper &

energy

Paper&

FeedComposting

&feedPaperCompostin

g&feed

(A.Sakoda,TheU.ofTokyo)

Sawmillreminder,Woodchipderived,Noediblein,Edible, Timber

material. fromconstruction.farmproducts.farmproducts.offcuts.

RPF sample40mm20mm 8mm

Refusederivedpaperand

plasticsfuelsafe (RefusePaperCalorificvalue 6,000kcal25MJ)kg gradesimilartocoal

8,000kcalMJ)kg gradesimilartocoke

RDF(Refusederivedfuel)4500200kcalMJ kgPossibilityofexplosionbymethanegasduringstock

RPFquality

JapaneseIndustrialStandards JIS Z7311:2010 :Fujitaetal.werediscussed.

Grade

Number

Calorificvalue

Moisture

Ash

TotalCl

>

o①vietnam lecture 1, 2013.3-20

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