overview of the ieee 802.22 working group activities and

Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards

EEE 802

Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Working Group

Activities and the IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR)

Standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks

Point of Contact

Dr. Apurva N. Mody,

Chair, IEEE 802.22 Working Group

Chairman, WhiteSpace Alliance®

www.ieee802.org/22

www.WhiteSpaceAlliance.org

[email protected],

+1-404-819-0314

This presentation was compiled by the Participants of the IEEE 802.22

Working Group as well as the Participants of the WhiteSpace Alliance.

http://www.ieee802.org/22

http://www.whitespacealliance.org/

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


EEE 802

Disclaimer…

“At lectures, symposia, seminars, or educational

courses, an individual presenting information on

IEEE standards shall make it clear that his or her

views should be considered the personal views of

that individual rather than the formal position,

explanation, or interpretation of the IEEE.”

http://standards.ieee.org/ipr/disclaimers.html

This presentation was compiled by the Participants of the IEEE 802.22

Working Group as well as the Participants of the WhiteSpace Alliance.

http://standards.ieee.org/ipr/disclaimers.html


EEE 802

802.22

WRAN

Courtesy, Paul Nikolich,

Chair, IEEE 802

IEEE Standards Association Hierarchy

802.15

WPAN

802.11

WLAN

• IEEE is world’ s

largest professional

organization with a

mission of

Advancing

Technology for the

Humanity.

• IEEE SA has more

than 350 standards

working groups

Wi-FAR™ Wi-Fi™ ZigBee™


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 WG on Cognitive Radio Based Spectrum Sharing and Wireless Regional Area Networks

IEEE 802.22 Standard – Wireless

Regional Area Networks:

Cognitive Radio based Access in

TV White Spaces

802.22.1 – Std for

Enhanced

Interference

Protection using

beaconing

802.22.2 – Std for

Recommended

Practice for

Deployment of

802.22 Systems

802.22a –

Enhanced

Management

Information Base

and Management

Plane Procedures

802.22b

Enhancement

for Broadband

Services and

Monitoring

Applications

IEEE 802.22 WG is

the recipient of

the IEEE SA

Emerging

Technology Award

802.22.1a –

Advanced

Beaconing

IEEE SA awards

ceremony

P802.22.3 -

Spectrum

Characterization

and Occupancy

Sensing (SCOS)

Task Group

IEEE 802.22 Standard for

Operation in Bands that

Allow Spectrum Sharing

Standard Completed

Work Ongoing

Work about to Begin

ISO Approved


EEE 802

IEEE Std. 802.22-2011 Published Standard Title and Scope

Title: IEEE Standard for Information Technology— Telecommunications and

information exchange between systems - Specific requirements -

Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) - Part 22: Cognitive Wireless

RAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)

Specifications: Policies and Procedures for Operation in the TV Bands

Scope: This standard specifies the air interface, including the cognitive

medium access control layer (MAC) and physical layer (PHY), of point-to-

multipoint wireless regional area networks comprised of a professional

fixed base station with fixed and portable user terminals operating in the

VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz to 862 MHz.

The IEEE Std. 802.22-2011 was approved by the ISO/

JTC1 / SC6. This new standard will be referred to as the

ISO/IEC/IEEE Std. 8802-22:2015 - Press Release

http://standards.ieee.org/news/2015/ieee_802.22.html


EEE 802

P802.22b Amendment: Enhancements for Broadband Services and Monitoring Applications

Scope: This standard specifies alternate Physical Layer (PHY) and

necessary Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) enhancements to IEEE

std. 802.22-2011 for operation in Very High Frequency (VHF)/ Ultra High

Frequency (UHF) TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz and 862 MHz to

support enhanced broadband services and monitoring applications. The

standard supports aggregate data rates greater than the maximum data

rate supported by the IEEE Std. 802.22-2011. This standard defines new

classes of 802.22 devices to address these applications and supports

more than 512 devices in a network. This standard also specifies

techniques to enhance communications among the devices and makes

necessary amendments to the cognitive, security & parameters and

connection management clauses. This amendment supports mechanisms

to enable coexistence with other 802 systems in the same band

P802.22b Amendment in its Final Stages of Approval

within the IEEE. Planning to Forward this Standard to

ISO for Consideration through the PSDO Process


EEE 802

IEEE Std. 802.22a-2014 Amendment: Management and Control Plane Interfaces and Procedures and enhancement to the

Management Information Base (MIB)

Scope: This amendment defines a new clause for Management and

Control Plane Interfaces and Procedures to the existing IEEE Std 802.22-

2011 for operation in VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz and

862 MHz. The Management Information Base (MIB) structure

enhancements include changes to comply with the ASN.1 format and

support for the new clause. Modifications to the existing clause on

Primitives for Cognitive Radio Capabilities to align it with the content in the

MIB clause and the new clause are also defined.

The IEEE Std. 802.22a-2014 Approved by the IEEE in

2014. Planning to Forward this Standard to ISO for

Consideration through the PSDO Process


EEE 802

IEEE Std. 802.22.1-2010 and the Advanced Beaconing (Revision)

Title: IEEE Standard for Information Technology--Telecommunications and

information exchange between systems--Local and metropolitan area

networks--Specific requirements Part 22.1: Standard to Enable Spectrum Sharing

using Advanced Beaconing

Scope: This standard specifies methods for spectrum sharing using advanced

beaconing. The beacon specifies a format that facilitates its detection at low Signal

to Noise Ratios. It contains information about a system that requires interference

protection and is willing to share the spectrum with other systems. The Standard

defines Physical Layer (PHY) and Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) for

advanced beacon operation in High Frequency (HF), Very High Frequency (VHF),

Ultra High Frequency (UHF) (3MHz to 862 MHz) and the S-Band (2 GHz – 4 GHz).

Enhanced security features, spectrum management, self- organizing network and

relay capabilities are included in the beacon specification. The beacon supports

spectrum sharing with licensed wireless microphones, radars, fixed and

transportable space to earth receiver stations and other services. This standard

supports mechanisms to enable coexistence


EEE 802

IEEE Std. 802.22.2-2012 – Recommended Practice for Installation and Deployment of 802.22 Systems

Title: IEEE Standard for Information Technology— Telecommunications and

information exchange between systems - Specific requirements -

Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) - Part 22.2: Recommended

Practice for the Installation and Deployment of IEEE 802.22 Systems

Scope: This document recommends best engineering practices for the

installation and deployment of IEEE 802.22

systems to help assure that such systems are correctly installed and

deployed.


EEE 802

IEEE P802.22.3 – (New) - Spectrum Characterization and Occupancy Sensing (SCOS) Task Group

Title: IEEE Standard for Information Technology— Telecommunications

and information exchange between systems - Specific requirements -

Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) - Part 22.3: Standard for

Spectrum Characterization and Occupancy Sensing

Scope: This Standard defines a Spectrum Characterization and

Occupancy Sensing (SCOS) System. It specifies measurement

parameters and device behaviors. It includes protocols for reporting

measurement information that enable coalescing the results from multiple

such devices. The standard leverages interfaces and primitives that are

derived from IEEE Std. 802.22-2011, and uses any on-line transport

mechanism available to achieve the control and management of the

system. Interfaces and primitives are provided for conveying value added

sensing information to various spectrum sharing database services. This

standard specifies a device operating in the bands below 1 GHz and a

second device operating from 2.7 GHz to 3.7 GHz.


EEE 802

Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Working Group

Activities and the IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR)

Standard for Wireless Regional Area Networks


EEE 802

Providing cost-effective RURAL broadband is a

significant opportunity

• Today, 70% of the people in the world (5.1 Billion people)

do not have access to high speed (> 1Mbps) internet.

More than half the population in the world live in rural

areas with hardly any access to broadband.

• It is expensive to lay fiber / cable in rural and remote areas

with low population density. Wireless is the only solution.

Backhaul / backbone internet access for rural areas is very

expensive (50% of the cost)

• Traditional wireless carriers have focused on urban areas with

high populations density (faster Return on Investment) using

licensed spectrum

• This has created a DIGITAL DIVIDE / OPPORTUNITY


EEE 802

The Connectivity Challenge

“The Digital Divide

continues to be the

Development

Divide” Irina Bokova,

Director General -

UNESCO

“The Marketplace

has not solved this

digital divide

between 2000-2015,

and it likely won’t

solve it between

2015-2030 without a

new approach”

LDCs = Least Developed Countries (48 countries)


EEE 802

The Reality of the Affordability & Reach Challenge

Billions of People on

Earth

Average Annual Income

(pa)

Affordable monthly

communications spend

1st Billion $29,206 $205

2nd Billion $12,722 $53

3rd Billion $5,540 $23

4th Billion $2,987 $12

5th Billion $1,771 $7

6th Billion $1,065 $4.4

7th Billion $540 $2.25

(Source: Richard Thanki, University of Southampton, from UN & ITU Data)


EEE 802

Spectrum is currently underutilized

Spectrum utilization ~6.5% Spectrum allocation ~100%

TV Whitepaces (TVWS) is the first step – Spectrum

Sharing in Other Bands is next

Unused spectrum exists from … time to time, & location to location


EEE 802

TV Band WhiteSpaces: Can help Alleviate Digital Divide

Legend

Available TV channels

None

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10 and +

Source: Gerald Chouinard, CRC and Industry Canada

Southern Ontario and Quebec, Canada

Many Channels

Available in

Rural Areas

Urban Areas

• VHF / UHF bands traditionally have highly

favorable propagation characteristics.

Penetrating through foliage and structures,

they reach far and wide

• Rural areas and developing countries

have significant un-used TV Band

Channels also known as the White

Spaces.

TV Channel Availability for Broadband


EEE 802

TV WhiteSpace Availability in the United States

Peter Flynn, Texas Instruments,

White Space - Potentials and

Realities

Today, more than 30 TV Channels (180 MHz) are Available in

Rural United States which may be used for Broadband

Internet Access. This un-used or under-utilized spectrum is

called the WhiteSpace.

http://www.ti.com/lit/wp/spry227/spry227.pdf








EEE 802

UHF Band-IV (470-590MHz) Utilization in India

Band Characteristics

At any place at least 12 out of 15 channels are always available

3

2 15 channels of 8MHz each

4 Better propagation characteristics than existing unlicensed band

1 Primary user: Doordarshan 373 transmitters overall

5 Potential for providing affordable rural broadband

* Using protection/pollution viewpoint [Mishra-Sahai’09]

IIT-Bombay analysis reveals that at least 100MHz unused in UHF Band-IV from 470 MHz – 585 MHz

19 Overview off the IEEE 802.22 Working Group Activities and Standards

The Magic of TV White Space

It has 3 to 5 times broader coverage and range of microwave

Fewer access points = greatly reduced cost

This opens up a vast clean spectrum at no cost


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) Applications

Rural Broadband

and Backhaul

BEFORE

Now


EEE 802

TVWS Regulations in Various Countries


EEE 802

Availability of TVWS

TV broadcast area

TV White Space

The calculation of radio propagation is based on the FCC regulation.

TV data in Japan is taken from a data book.

Many TV Channels are available in Rural Areas. IEEE 802.22 is

Designed for Rural Areas and Developing Countries


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 Applications

Triple play

Environment

monitoring

Critical infrastructure

monitoring

Border protection

Emergency broadband

infrastructure

Cellular offload


EEE 802

C. W. Pyo, Use Cases for IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR(TM)) Smart Grid and Critical Infrastructure Monitoring

Remote

medical service

IEEE 802.22 Applications

Archipelago

and marine

broadband

service.

Servicing oil

rigs

• TVDB = (TV Database)

• LC- CPE = Low Complexity CPE


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 Enables Cognitive Machine to Machine Communications

IEEE 802.22 is applicable to Smart Grid

Applications


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) Summary

• First IEEE Standard for operation in Television Whitespaces

• First IEEE Standard that is specifically designed for rural and regional area

broadband access aimed at removing the digital divide

• First IEEE Standard that has all the Cognitive Radio features

• IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) provides Broadband Wireless Access to Regional,

Rural and Remote Areas Under Line of Sight (LoS) and Non Line of Sight

(NLoS) Conditions using Cognitive Radio Technology (without causing

harmful interference to the incumbents).

• Cognitive Radio technology added to a simple and optimized OFDMA

waveform (similar to the OFDMA technology used in other broadband

standards

• Meets all the regulatory requirements such as protection of incumbents,

access to the database, accurate geo-location, control of the EIRP etc.

• Large regional area foot print can allow placement of the Base Station closer

to the area with cheaper internet backhaul / backbone.


EEE 802

Overview of the IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) Standard

• Core Technology - Cognitive radio technology

used to co-exist with and protect the primary

users (incumbents).

• Representation – Commercial industry,

Broadcasters, DoD, Regulators, and Academia

• Membership – 30 on an average (over 5 years)

• CONOPS - VHF and UHF band operation

allows long range propagation and cell radius of

10 – 30 km, exceptionally extensible to 100 km

in favorable conditions with only 4 Watts of

Transmit Power.

• PHY - Optimized for long signal propagation

distances and highly frequency selective fading

channels (multipath with large excess delays).

• MAC – Provides compensation for long round

trip delays to provide service to up to 100 km.

• Unique features introduced for Cognitive Radio

based operation: database access, spectrum

sensing, spectrum management, incumbent

protection, coexistence, geo-location and

security

• Portability – IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR(TM)) allows portability (nomadic use). In case the rules do change, IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR(TM)) PHY is designed to support mobility of up to 114 km/h (no hand-off is included in the current version).

PHY optimized to

tolerate long

channel response

and frequency

selective fading

MAC provides

compensation for

long round trip

delays

Cognitive radio based un-

licensed usage, ideally

suited for rural broadband

wireless access


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 CONOPS

• Operation in the VHF / UHF Un-used or Under-utilized Spectrum also known as the WhiteSpaces.

• Network Topology – Point-to-Multipoint (PMP) or Point to Point (PtP) for Middle Mile and Backhaul.

• Max EIRP and Cell Radius – Fixed BS and Fixed Subscribers using 4W EIRP, Cell Radius 10 – 30 km,

exceptionally extensible to 100 km under favorable conditions. 802.22 protocol has been Optimized for

long signal propagation distances. (Higher power BS allowed in countries outside the USA)

• Portable Subscribers Supported.

• Tx / Rx antenna – BS uses sectorized or omni-directional antenna. At the subscriber Tx /Rx antenna is

directional with 14 dB of front-to-back lobe suppression,

• Sensing antenna requires horizontal and vertical polarization sensitivities to sense TV and microphone

signals, and omni-directional pattern.

• Geo-location - GPS based geo-location is mandatory, and high resolution terrestrial geo-location

(triangulation) is embedded in the standard

Sensing and GPS Antennas

Directional Tx / Rx Antenna at the Subscriber

Omni-directional Tx / Rx Antenna at the Base Station

Broadband Internet Connectivity

using TV WhiteSpaces


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 Cognitive Node: Reference Architecture (Clause 5)

IEEE 802.22 Provides Three

Mechanisms for Incumbent

Protection

• Sensing

• Database Access

• Specially Designed Beacon

Security Sub-layers are

introduced to protect non-

cognitive as well as cognitive

functions

Cognitive Plane is used to

control the Cognitive Radio

Operation. Security

Sublayer 2 is introduced for

protection against Cognitive

Threats


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 – Cognitive Radio Capability (Clause 10)

Spectrum Manager

Policies

Incumbent Database

Service

Incumbent Database

Spectrum Sensing RF sensing performance

0.1%

1.0%

10.0%

100.0%

-26 -24 -22 -20 -18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2

SNR (dB)

Pro

ba

bil

ity

of

mis

de

tec

tio

n (

Pm

d)

Energy - 1dB Pfa=10% 5 ms

Energy - 0.5dB Pfa=10% 5 ms

Energy - 0dB Pfa=10% 5ms

Thomson-Segment Pfa=10% 4 ms

I2R Pfa=0.1% 4ms

I2R Pfa= 1% 4ms

I2R Pfa=10% 4 ms

Qualcomm Field Pfa=10% 24 ms

Qualcom Field Pfa=1% 24 ms

Thomson Field Pfa=10% 24 ms

Thomson Field Pfa=1% 24ms

Channel Set Management Subscriber Station

Registration and Tracking

Self Co-existence

time

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 3 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3

Super-frame N (16 Frames) Super-frame N+1 (16 Frames)

… … …

Coexistence Beacon WindowsData Frames

TV Channel

X

Geo-location


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 – PHY Features (Clause 9)

PHY capacity Mbit/s bit/(s*Hz) PHY performance: SNR (dB)

Mod. Rate CP= 1/8 Mod. Rate SNR

QPSK

1/2 3.74 0.624

QPSK

1/2 4.3

2/3 4.99 0.832 2/3 6.1

3/4 5.62 0.936 3/4 7.1

5/6 6.24 1.04 5/6 8.1

16QAM

1/2 7.49 1.248

16QAM

1/2 10.2

2/3 9.98 1.664 2/3 12.4

3/4 11.23 1.872 3/4 13.5

5/6 12.48 2.08 5/6 14.8

64QAM

1/2 11.23 1.872

64QAM

1/2 15.6

2/3 14.98 2.496 2/3 18.3

3/4 16.85 2.808 3/4 19.7

5/6 18.72 3.12 5/6 20.9 Note: includes phase noise: -80dBc/Hz at 1 kHz

and 10 kHz and -105 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz

• PHY Transport - 802.22 uses Orthogonal

Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) as

transport mechanism. Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) is used in

the Upstream

• Modulation - QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM

supported

• Coding – Convolutional Code is mandatory.

Either Turbo, LDPC or Shortened Block Turbo

Code can be used for advanced coding.

• Pilot Pattern - Each OFDM / OFDMA symbol is

divided into sub-channels of 28 subcarriers of

which 4 are pilots. Pilot carriers are inserted

once every 7 sub-carriers. Pilots cycle through

all 7 sub-carriers over 7 symbol duration. No

frequency domain interpolation is required

because of low Doppler spread in TV bands.

• Net Spectral Efficiency - 0.624 bits/s/Hz – 3.12

bits/s/Hz

• Spectral Mask - IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR(TM))

PHY flexible to meet Spectral Mask

requirements in various countries

Data Rates in NLOS Conditions


EEE 802

• Long distance communication in the VHF/ UHF Band needs to deal with

severe multipath and delay spread conditions

• Frequency selective with large excessive delay

– Excessive delay (measurements in US, Germany, France*)

• Longest delay: >60 μsec

• 85% test location with delay spread ~35 μsec

– Low frequency (54~862 MHz)

– Long range (up to 100 km)

– Slow fading

• Small Doppler spread

• (up to a few Hz)

TV Channel Modeling – IEEE 802.22 Supports Large Multi-Path Delay Absorption for Long Distance

Communications (Clauses 7 and 9)

* WRAN Channel Modeling,

IEEE802.22-05/0055r7, Aug 05

Information provided by TV

Broadcasters

Profile C

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

Excess delay (usec)

Re

lati

ve

att

en

ua

tio

n (

dB

)


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 – Frame Structure (Clause 7)

• Time Division Duplex (TDD) frame structure Super-frame: 160 ms, Frame: 10 ms

• OFDM/ OFDMA Transport

• QPSK up to 64 QAM modulation supported

• Convolutional codes and other advanced codes supported

• Throughput: 22-29 Mbps per TV channel WITH NO MIMO. MIMO and channel bonding increase the throughput

• Spectral Efficiency: 0.624 – 3.12 bits / sec / Hz

• Distance: 10 km minimum. Upto 30 km and even 100 kms

• MAC supports Cognitive Radio features

• Self-coexistence Window (SCW): BS commands subscribers to send out CBPs for 802.22

Co-existence Beacon Protocol (CBP) burst used for 802.22 self co-existence

and terrestrial geo-location


EEE 802

Concept of IEEE 802.22 Frame Operation (Clause 7)

The propagation time for

CPEs beyond 30km will

be accommodated by

scheduling of late

upstream bursts

BS

CPE

T=0

T=10ms

Neighbor Cell CPE

Neighbor BS

Down Stream BurstsUp Stream Bursts

SCW

Home Cell Coverage

Neighbor Cell Coverage

Long distance From BS

Short distance From BS

Frame N

CPE

Contention

for all CBP

transmitters

The allocation of burst

could be based on

distance of CPE from BS

in order to compensate the

propagation delay under

overlapping cells

IEEE 802.22 systems are

designed to accommodate

propagation delays and

channel delay spreads of

up to 100 km.


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 – Geo-location (Clause 10)

Satellite-based geo-location • Requires GPS antenna at each terminal

• NMEA 0183 data string used to report to BS

Terrestrially-based geo-location: • Normal BS-CPE ranging process: provides

coarse ranging to an accuracy of 147.8 ns

(44.3 m)

• Extended ranging process: augments the

accuracy of the ranging process to 1 ns (0.3 m)

by a more accurate scheme using the complex

channel impulse response

• Off-line geo-location calculation: All the

information acquired at the CPEs is transmitted

to the BS which can delegate the calculation of

the CPE geo-location to a server.

List of echo amplitudes and delaysrelative to the terminal 2 sampling time

IDFT

Time

QI

Time

Cyclic prefix

Convolution with thechannel impulse response

Time

QI

QI

2048 samples

QI

QI

QI

Complex

correlation

OFDM carrier setdistorted by channel

Frequency

...

QI

Frequency domain response of aDirac pulse distorted by channel

Frequency

...

Carrier phase reversal

based on the PN-sequence

IDFT

Channel impulse responserelative to the sampling time

QI

QI

QI

QI

τ 1

QI

τ 1

τ 2τ 3

Amplitude1 Delay

1

Amplitude2 Delay

2

Amplitude3 Delay3

Amplitude4 Delay4

etc...

Y

Y/X

2048 carriers BPSKmodulated by PN-sequence

2048 time domain samples

2048 carriers

2048 carriers

2048 I&Q samples at sampling

period (i.e., every 180 degrees)

High resolution bandlimited impulse response

(e.g., every 1 degree)

QI

2048 x 180 I&Q samples

at every degreeQIDFT

Signal transmittedto terminal 2

Signal sent back to terminal 1

Frequency

...X

PN-sequence

Signal receivedby the user terminal

OFDM carrier set

Resolution= sampling period / 180

-

1

0

1

Precise time sample

Imaginary

Real

-1

0

1

I

Q

Sampling times

Imaginary

Real

Channel impulse response

relative to the sampling time

Signal Processing Flow for the Terrestrial Geo-location


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 – Self Co-existence (Clause 7)

time

Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 3 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 1 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3

Super-frame N (16 Frames) Super-frame N+1 (16 Frames)

… … …

Coexistence Beacon WindowsData Frames

TV Channel

X

Spectrum Etiquette (Enough channels available)

On Demand Frame Contention

(Two or more cells need to co-exist on the same channel)

Number x – represents operating channel

Number y – represents backup channel

Number z (double underline) – represents candidate channel

Primary user

appears

Requires that information on

operating, backup and candidate

channels of each cell is shared

amongst WRAN cells: exchanged

by CBP bursts.

Self-coexistence

window (SCW) does not

have to be allocated at

each frame.


EEE 802

Security Sub-layer 1

Architecture for Data / Control

and Management Plane

• Provides traditional security –

PHY / MAC Layer Security

IEEE 802.22 Security Sub-layer Architecture (Clause 8)

Security Sub-layer 2 Architecture

for Cognitive Functions


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 Chipset and Device Makers

• Saankhya Labs, an Indian Fabless

Semiconductor company

– Providing IC/Modules for building next

generation 802.22 (Wi-FAR) networks

• Carlson Wireless, an internationally

recognized Device Manufacturer of the

WhiteSpace Radios

• Hitachi / NICT TVWS field experiments

using IEEE 802.22 and IEEE 802.11af.

• Successful downstream and upstream

data transmission at 12.7 km distance

between IEEE 802.22-based base

station and customer premises

equipment, at a speed of 5.2 Mbps and

4.5Mbps, respectively: Link

http://www.nict.go.jp/en/press/2014/01/23-1.html


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) Products being Released

• IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR) Spec compliant

Base Station

• Highlights

– Non-Line of Sight connectivity

– Point-to-Point & Point to Multi-point topology

– Wireless Back-Haul for long-range P2P links

– TDD (Time Division Duplex) or FDD

(Frequency Division Duplex) modes

– Encryption and authentication

• Features – Long range upto 20 Km

– Frequency band: 300MHz to 700 MHz

– Configurable bandwidth: 1 to 8MHz

– Modulation Scheme:: OFDMA with coding support from BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM & 64-QAM with configurable code rate

– Max link rate: 30Mbps per 8-MHz channel

– Receiver sensitivity: -98dBm for QPSK

– RF Power: Upto 30dBm conducted power

– Adjacent & alternate channel blocker immunity

– Integrated PoE


EEE 802

P802.22b Amendment: Enhancements for Broadband Services and

Monitoring Applications


EEE 802

P802.22b Amendment: Enhancements for Broadband Services and Monitoring Applications

Scope: This standard specifies alternate Physical Layer (PHY) and

necessary Medium Access Control Layer (MAC) enhancements to IEEE

std. 802.22-2011 for operation in Very High Frequency (VHF)/ Ultra High

Frequency (UHF) TV broadcast bands between 54 MHz and 862 MHz to

support enhanced broadband services and monitoring applications. The

standard supports aggregate data rates greater than the maximum data

rate supported by the IEEE Std. 802.22-2011. This standard defines new

classes of 802.22 devices to address these applications and supports

more than 512 devices in a network. This standard also specifies

techniques to enhance communications among the devices and makes

necessary amendments to the cognitive, security & parameters and

connection management clauses. This amendment supports mechanisms

to enable coexistence with other 802 systems in the same band


EEE 802

IEEE P802.22b Usage Cases

Category Usage Cases Properties

A) Smart Grid

& Monitoring

A1) Regional Area Smart

Grid/Metering • Low capacity/complexity CPEs

• Very large number of monitoring

CPEs

• Fixed and Potable CPEs

• Real time monitoring

• Low duty cycle

• High reliability and security

• Large coverage area

• Infrastructure connection

A2) Agriculture/Farm House

Monitoring

A3) Critical Infrastructure/Hazard

Monitoring

A4) Environment Monitoring

A5) Homeland Security/Monitoring

A6) Smart Traffic Management and

Communication

B) Broadband

Service

Extension

B1) Temporary Broadband

Infrastructure

(e.g., emergency broadband

infrastructure)

• Fixed and Portable CPEs

• Higher capacity CPEs than

Category A)

• High QoS, reliability and security

• Higher data rate than Category

A)

• Easy network setup

• Infrastructure and Ad hoc

connection

B2) Remote Medical Service

B3) Archipelago/Marine Broadband

Service

C) Combined

Service

C1) Combined Smart Grid, Monitoring

and Broadband Service • Category A) and B)


EEE 802

Smart Grid, Monitoring and Broadband Services on P802.22b

Usage

Regional Area Smart

Grid/Metering by Low

Capacity/Complexity CPEs

(LC-CPEs) such as smart

meters

Properties

1) Low capability/

complexity CPE (LC-

CPE)

2) Large number of fixed

LC-CPEs

3) Low duty cycle, high

reliability and security

4) CPEs may provide an

infrastructure backhaul

for LC-CPEs as well as

perform monitoring

Topology

Fixed Infrastructure mode Fixed Point-to-Multipoints

Communications


EEE 802

P802.22b Amendment Considerations

• P802.22b standard

– considers to support low energy consumption and low complexity

CPEs

– considers to support ad hoc connection (such as peer-to-peer

connection, multi-hop connection) among portable CPEs for

emergency broadband infrastructure

– considers to support very large number of CPEs with low energy and

complexity for monitoring a regional area

– considers to support high reliability and QoS for critical applications

such as medical service, hazard monitoring, etc

– considers to support real time monitoring system with low latency.

– considers CPEs with multiple operation modes [eg. low and high

capabilities]

– considers supporting interface with various sensors

– considers supporting higher data rate by channel aggregation.


EEE 802

P802.22b - System Overview

PHY Layer

PHY Modes PHY Operation Mode

1

PHY Operation Mode

2

Channel bandwidth 6, 7, or 8 MHz

Payload Modulation QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, 256-QAM, MD-

TCM

Multiple Access OFDMA

FFT Size 2048 1024

Data Rate Up to 513 Mbps Up to 404.39Mbps

MIMO 2 x 2 and 4 x 4

MAC Layer

Communications Direct connection and Relay connection

Supported devices Up to 8192 CPEs

Device categories Advanced BS (A-BS), Advance CPE (A-

CPE), Subscribe CPE (S-CPE)

Multi-channel

operations

Select unused TV bands from WSDB


EEE 802

802.22b Relay-Frame Format

Relay Frame

Access

Zone

An access zone is

operated for A-BS and all

other CPEs directly.

Relay Zone A communication zone

between any A-CPE and

an S-CPE or A-BS. A

relay zone is

operated as one of the

following two relay zones

- centralized relay zone

(CRZ) and distributed

relay zone

(DRZ).

802.22b Relay enhances connection reliability, reduces the network

management overhead, and could extend the service coverage of A-

WRAN.


EEE 802

P802.22b - Multi-channel Operation

The multi-channel operation can improve the individual A-CPEs

throughput

1. by decreasing the total number of associated A-CPEs per operating

channel, or

2. by increasing the number of operating channels assigned to the

associated A- CPEs


EEE 802

IEEE 802.22 Revision will Incorporate Various Amendments and Specify More Generic System for the

Bands that Allow Spectrum Sharing

IEEE 802.22 Revision Project has been Approved. It will Start in Q1 of 2015

Title: IEEE Standard for Information technology-- Local and metropolitan area

networks-- Specific requirements-- Part 22: Cognitive Radio Wireless Regional Area

Networks (WRAN) Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)

specifications: Policies and procedures for operation in the Bands that Allow

Spectrum Sharing where the Communications Devices may Opportunistically

Operate in the Spectrum of the Primary Service

Scope: This standard specifies the air interface, including the cognitive radio

medium access control layer (MAC) and physical layer (PHY), of point-to-multipoint

and backhaul wireless regional area networks comprised of a professional fixed

base station with fixed and portable user terminals. The standard specifies operation

in the bands that allow spectrum sharing where the communications devices may

opportunistically operate in the spectrum of the primary service, such as 1300 MHz

to 1750 MHz, 2700 MHz to 3700 MHz and the VHF/UHF TV broadcast bands

between 54 MHz to 862 MHz.


EEE 802

Conclusions • IEEE 802.22 Working Group has created Cognitive Radio and Spectrum Sharing

Technologies that are applicable to Television Band White Spaces as well as

Other (e. g. Radar) Bands

• IEEE 802.22 defines the First IEEE Cognitive Radio Standard for operation in

Television Whitespaces

• IEEE 802.22 is the First IEEE Standard that is specifically designed for rural and

regional area broadband access aimed at removing the digital divide

• IEEE 802.22 (Wi-FAR™) provides Broadband Wireless Access to Regional, Rural

and Remote Areas Under Line of Sight (LoS) and Non Line of Sight (NLoS)

conditions without causing harmful interference to the incumbents.

• Other IEEE 802.22 supporting technologies such as the IEEE 802.22.1 Advanced

Beaconing and new IEEE 802.22.3 Spectrum Characterization and Occupancy

Sensing (SCOS) Study Group will create enabling technologies for spectrum

sharing.


EEE 802

References

• IEEE 802.22 Working Group Website – www.ieee802.org/22

• Apurva Mody, Gerald Chouinard, “Overview of the IEEE 802.22 Standard on Wireless Regional Area Networks (WRAN) and Core Technologies” http://www.ieee802.org/22/Technology/22-10-0073-03-0000-802-22-overview-and-core-technologies.pdf

• WhiteSpace Alliance: www.WhiteSpaceAlliance.org

• Get Completed IEEE 802.22 Standards Here: http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.22.html

http://www.ieee802.org/22

http://www.ieee802.org/22/Technology/22-10-0073-03-0000-802-22-overview-and-core-technologies.pdf






















http://www.whitespacealliance.org/

http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.22.html

http://standards.ieee.org/about/get/802/802.22.html

overview of the ieee 802.22 working group activities and

Documents