Overview of SAC ActivitiesOverview of SAC Activities Thank you to the hard work of the ATD staff and the Thank you to the hard work of the ATD staff and the

outside community.outside community.

Received large amounts of information and we are still Received large amounts of information and we are still digesting this input. There will be errors and omissions, digesting this input. There will be errors and omissions, but this effort is ongoing.but this effort is ongoing.

Encouraged by the increased level of communication Encouraged by the increased level of communication between divisional scientists.between divisional scientists.

Apologize in advance for a relatively dry presentation. It Apologize in advance for a relatively dry presentation. It does not focus on science or engineering, but on does not focus on science or engineering, but on planning.planning.

SAC Process to DateSAC Process to Date Input from RTF science group and instrument leads began in late November Input from RTF science group and instrument leads began in late November

2003.2003.

SAC met in January and defined six research themesSAC met in January and defined six research themes

Leads named in six scientific areas, input collected from the division, NCAR, Leads named in six scientific areas, input collected from the division, NCAR, and the broader communityand the broader community

SAC retreat took place on 23 January 2004SAC retreat took place on 23 January 2004 Additional research themes discussedAdditional research themes discussed Cross-cutting measurement needs identifiedCross-cutting measurement needs identified

Since the retreat, input has been received on research themes, Since the retreat, input has been received on research themes, measurement needs, role of ATD in meeting these measurement needs, measurement needs, role of ATD in meeting these measurement needs, impacts on division, and role of strategic partnerships impacts on division, and role of strategic partnerships

Discussion today begins with the original research themes (Biogeo Discussion today begins with the original research themes (Biogeo Sciences, Chemistry, Climate, Geophysical Turbulence, Weather, Water Sciences, Chemistry, Climate, Geophysical Turbulence, Weather, Water Cycle) – we attempted to fit the other areas identified into these themesCycle) – we attempted to fit the other areas identified into these themes

1 - What are the local, regional, and continental-scale exchanges of carbon, nitrogen, and reactive species? What are their relationships to underlying ecosystem parameters and processes? How are they responding to environmental, climatic, atmospheric-chemistry, and land-use perturbations?

2 - How can we measure terrestrial exchange of CO2 and other greenhouse gases on the time and space scales required to support domestic carbon management efforts and international climate treaties?

3 - How do coupling between carbon, nitrogen, iron, and sulfur cycling and associated non-linear feedbacks affect climate, air quality, and ecosystem function on local to global scales?

4 – What is the influence of mineral aerosols on other biogeochemical cycles? How are they transported from the continents and how are these processes changing?

Biogeosciences -- priority scientific topicsLead: Britt Stephens

Biogeosciences -- observations

Airborne:Instrumentation for fast-response, precise, and accurate measurements of CO2, CO, H2O, O3, O2/N2, CO2 isotopes, radon, and photochemically active species.

A flask system or systems for collection of discrete, dried, unfractionated samples for laboratory analyses of these and other gases or isotopes.

Instrumentation for eddy flux measurements of CO2, CO, O3, and H2O.

Disjunct eddy accumulator to enable flux measurements of a wide range of compounds.

Remote sensing instrumentation, including hyperspectral imaging, CO2 LIDAR, microwave soil moisture, and accurate surface IR temperature imaging.

Ground based:Tower based eddy flux measurements for CO2, H2O, and energy.

Medium arrays of towers (10-20) and instruments for concentration of CO2 and other species.

Large (100-1000) arrays of intelligent sensors for high variability environmental parameters.

Advanced tethered balloon instrumentation for multi-species boundary layer profiles.

Enclosure techniques for measuring soil and plant exchange of CO2 and reactive species.

Strategic Partnerships: Many BGS measurements require a high level of specific expertise. New mechanisms may be necessary to allow for and encourage support of community instrumentation by non-ATD scientists and technicians. Examples could include instrumentation for reactive nitrogen species supported by ACD and HIAPER MREFC developments supported by a university.

Long-term monitoring: Many BGS questions can only be addressed by measurements in all seasons or for multiple years. This will require relatively autonomous instrumentation and a capacity to support regular annual cycle length campaigns. In the case of longer deployments, technology transfer from ATD to universities may be the preferred means of support.

Advanced calibration: Many BGS measurements require high levels of precision and accuracy that can only be achieved through rigorous calibration procedures, including for example the maintenance and propagation of calibration scales based on suites of high-pressure gas cylinders.

Training: The BGS community has relatively less experience utilizing ATD facilities and less infrastructure for advanced instrument development and airborne science. NCAR should partner with universities and agencies to entrain BGS students and postdocs into earth system observing technique development, and provide internship and summer opportunities and curricular material.

Biogeosciences – ATD role and impact

1. UT/LS HOx Radical, Radical Precursors, and Ozone Chemistry: - Numerous questions related to Ozone and radical production/destruction - Unknown sources of stratospheric water 2. Highly Reactive VOCs Over Forest Canopies (large global effects): - Unknown sources of reactive VOCs - Unknown reactions that produce and destroy ozone and hydrogen radicals - Unknown nighttime reactions3. Marine Boundary Layer Chemistry & Fluxes: - Sparse database on marine fluxes, fluxes for most trace gases & global influence - Poor understanding of halogen-aerosol chemistry 4. Aerosol Chemistry - Cloud-active aerosol particles (CCN, IN, Giant Nuclei) - Identification & Characterization of Aerosols - Radiative Properties 5. Emission of Pollution, Air Quality & Health Effects - lack of gas & aerosol data near cities - Poor understanding of transport and chemical transformations - Poor understanding of health effects - identifying terrorist events around major metropolitan centers

Priority Scientific Topics: ChemistryAlan Fried -- lead

1. UT/LS HOx Radical Chemistry on HIAPER: - Formaldehyde, methanol, CO, H2O, O3, H2O/HDO, in situ aerosol sampler

2. Highly Reactive VOCs Over Forest Canopies - Formaldehyde, methanol, CO, H2O, O3, CO2 isotopes

3. Marine Boundary Layer Chemistry & Fluxes - Formaldehyde, methanol, CO, H2O, O3, CO2 Isotopes, in situ & remote Doppler LIDAR aerosol measurements, PH

4. Chemistry on Aerosols: - CCN, IN, CN, HTDMA, vertical velocities

5. Emission of Pollution, Air Quality & Health Effects - Formaldehyde, methanol, CO, H2O, O3, CO2, isotopes

Observational Needs

Role of ATD1. UT/LS HOx Radical Chemistry on HIAPER: - Develop next generation HIAPER instruments for formaldehyde, methanol, CO, H2O, O3, H2O/HDO, in situ aerosol samplers - Partnership in setting up inlet testing and validation facility - Lead effort to develop open path instruments on HIAPER

2. Highly Reactive VOCs Over Forest Canopies - Potentially lead such studies

3. Marine Boundary Layer Chemistry & Fluxes: -Partnership in such studies (in situ & remote, Doppler LIDAR, aerosol measurements, PH)

4. Chemistry on Aerosols: - Develop instruments to measure CCN, IN, CN, HTDMA - Lead effort to develop a network of CCN counters -Lead effort to develop compact eye-safe Doppler LIDAR

5. Emission of Pollution, Air Quality & Health Effects - Participate in field studies (MIRAGE) - Deploy aerosol LIDAR for plume mapping and flight plan guidance - Deploy eye-safe LIDAR in major metropolitan centers to identify bio-agent release and dispersion

Climate -- Priority Scientific TopicsJune Wang -- lead

1. High-quality, long-term climate monitoring: • “To create a permanent climate observing system.” (BASC, 1998)

2. Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UT/LS): • To quantify the influences of ozone, water vapor, cirrus clouds, aerosols and inter-

related processes in UT/LS on climate change,• To reconcile observations of global warming (surface versus atmos. obs),• To assess and understand long-term changes of UT/LS humidity,

3. Clouds/Aerosols:• To improve the climatological knowledge of aerosols and their sources,

development, transport mechanisms and sinks,• To study cloud-aerosol interactions, including the feedback of clouds on climate

change,• To provide the measurement basis for developing cloud and aerosol

parameterization schemes aimed at improving the physics in climate and other large-scale models.

Observational Needs

1. High-quality, long-term climate monitoring:

• Regular and sustained measurements of water vapor, temperature, winds, clouds, ozone, aerosol, green-house gases with strong interest in upper-troposphere and lower stratosphere (UT-LS)

• Components of radiation budget

2. Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UT/LS):

• Reference soundings providing UT/LS temperature and water vapor measurements,

• Airborne in-situ sensors and remote sensing on HIAPER for process studies and satellite validations (i.e., water vapor DIAL, TDL, in-situ cloud/aerosol sensors, hyperspectral remote sensing, and aerosol lidar).

3. Clouds/Aerosols:

• Airborne in-situ and remote sensing of cloud and aerosol properties on NCAR aircraft, multi-spectral remote sensing for cloud microphysical properties

• Standard airborne and ground-based aerosol package aimed at sizing aerosols over the entire size spectrum for inter-comparisons in different regions over a number of years,

4. Also interaction of atmosphere with surface properties, but dealt with in other areas

Observational Needs (continued)

ATD Role

• To develop reference radiosonde for UT/LS/monitoring and explore partnerships with NOAA, NASA, WMO and manufacturers

• To develop and operate selected instruments on a regular and sustained base at test sites (such as Marshall) to collect research-quality and long-term climate data (requires new mission and partners)

• To establish a “sensor calibration and validation” facility to assist the transition and new developments of operational climate observing systems.

• Work with HIAPER process, UT/LS initiative, NSF, NASA and others to ensure needed remote sensing measurements for climate are on the aircraft (aerosol, cloud, precipitation, water vapor, hyper or multi-spectral sensing)

• To create a standard airborne and ground-based aerosol package aimed at sizing aerosols over the entire size spectrum for inter-comparisons in different regions over a number of years, role of in-situ obs as reference for lidar

ATD Role (cont)ATD Role (cont)

Continue and expand in-situ measurements of aerosol, cloud and Continue and expand in-situ measurements of aerosol, cloud and precipitation particles with a goal to be the world’s resource for integrated in-precipitation particles with a goal to be the world’s resource for integrated in-situ measurements of aerosol, cloud, precipitation particles.situ measurements of aerosol, cloud, precipitation particles.

Partner and collaboratePartner and collaborate

Instrument design and calibration: ACD, NOAA, CU, CSU, CalTech, DLRInstrument design and calibration: ACD, NOAA, CU, CSU, CalTech, DLR

Aircraft air sample inlets: ACD, DU, DOE, EUFAR (European Fleet for Airborne Aircraft air sample inlets: ACD, DU, DOE, EUFAR (European Fleet for Airborne Research)Research)

Cloud probes: UWyo, EUFAR To create a standard airborne and ground-based Cloud probes: UWyo, EUFAR To create a standard airborne and ground-based aerosol package aimed at sizing aerosols over the entire size spectrum for inter-aerosol package aimed at sizing aerosols over the entire size spectrum for inter-comparisons in different regions over a number of yearscomparisons in different regions over a number of years

Partner to develop UAV as a platform for cloud and aerosol observations?Partner to develop UAV as a platform for cloud and aerosol observations?

U Hohenheim, NASA, Wisconsin, DLR, NOAA et al. for lidarU Hohenheim, NASA, Wisconsin, DLR, NOAA et al. for lidar

Geophysical Turbulence Priority Scientific Geophysical Turbulence Priority Scientific Topics: Don Lenschow -- leadTopics: Don Lenschow -- lead

Investigate complex flow regimesInvestigate complex flow regimes over heterogeneous terrainover heterogeneous terrain stable PBLsstable PBLs free-tropospheric turbulent layersfree-tropospheric turbulent layers wall flow regimeswall flow regimes wave-atmosphere interactions over the oceanwave-atmosphere interactions over the ocean

Study structures in turbulent flowsStudy structures in turbulent flows vorticesvortices microfrontsmicrofronts rolls and cellsrolls and cells

Air motion measurementsAir motion measurements−both direct and remote−−both direct and remote−from from fast-moving platformsfast-moving platforms surface-based platformssurface-based platforms

Improve sub-filter scale parameterizations in LES modelsImprove sub-filter scale parameterizations in LES models

Observational NeedsObservational Needs Better spatial and temporal resolution for both Better spatial and temporal resolution for both in situ in situ and remote and remote

measurements, including both scalars and velocity components via measurements, including both scalars and velocity components via large instrument arrays, lidar and radar, and better integration of large instrument arrays, lidar and radar, and better integration of measurements from instrument arrays (e.g. Intelligent Sensor Array)measurements from instrument arrays (e.g. Intelligent Sensor Array)

More accurate measurements of flow structures from smallest More accurate measurements of flow structures from smallest scales (e.g. intermittency at a few cms) to largest scales (e.g. scales (e.g. intermittency at a few cms) to largest scales (e.g. pockets of cells, lines of rolls, and mesoscale convection of 10’s of pockets of cells, lines of rolls, and mesoscale convection of 10’s of kms)kms)

3D mean and turbulence wind and scalar (T, H3D mean and turbulence wind and scalar (T, H22O, OO, O33, CO, DMS, , CO, DMS, SOSO2, 2, aerosols, etc.) fields in both cloudy and clear air aerosols, etc.) fields in both cloudy and clear air

Fluid modeling capability for obtaining flow around platforms in Fluid modeling capability for obtaining flow around platforms in support of air motion measurements, sampling inlets, and particle support of air motion measurements, sampling inlets, and particle samplingsampling

New platformsNew platforms Umanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)Umanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) TRAnsect Measurements (TRAM)TRAnsect Measurements (TRAM) balloon and kite-borne sensor packagesballoon and kite-borne sensor packages

What will be required to accomplish What will be required to accomplish these efforts?these efforts?

strategic partnerships strategic partnerships remote sensing - NOAA/ETL, Hohenheim Univ., DLR, Lund remote sensing - NOAA/ETL, Hohenheim Univ., DLR, Lund

Univ., Univ. of WyomingUniv., Univ. of Wyoming balloon and kite platforms - CIRES, RAPballoon and kite platforms - CIRES, RAP

improved quality controlimproved quality control calibration capabilities - flow modeling, direct and remote calibration capabilities - flow modeling, direct and remote

sensing comparisons, sensing comparisons, adapting measurement techniques to different platforms adapting measurement techniques to different platforms

compressibility effects on aircraftcompressibility effects on aircraft flow distortion on fixed and mobile platformsflow distortion on fixed and mobile platforms measuring platform motions on mobile platforms (e.g. aircraft, measuring platform motions on mobile platforms (e.g. aircraft,

ships, tethered systems, TRAM)ships, tethered systems, TRAM)

Water Cycle Research TopicsWater Cycle Research TopicsDave Parsons -- leadDave Parsons -- lead

Water vapor, which is a key aspect of the water cycle is Water vapor, which is a key aspect of the water cycle is not measured accurately enough for research needsnot measured accurately enough for research needs

Research leading to improved model response to Research leading to improved model response to surface propertiessurface properties

Research leading to improved model treatment of Research leading to improved model treatment of precipitation (CCN to cloud to rainfall to runoff)precipitation (CCN to cloud to rainfall to runoff)

Regional water cycle experiments to examine feedbacks Regional water cycle experiments to examine feedbacks between the different components of the water cyclebetween the different components of the water cycle

Observing NeedsObserving Needs General effort to better measure water vapor and water vapor fluxesGeneral effort to better measure water vapor and water vapor fluxes

Surface in-situ measurements: Fluxes and means, vegetation (NDVI, LAI, Surface in-situ measurements: Fluxes and means, vegetation (NDVI, LAI, PAR, stomal conductance, etc.), soil measurements (soil composition, PAR, stomal conductance, etc.), soil measurements (soil composition, conductivity, shallow and deep soil moisture)conductivity, shallow and deep soil moisture)

In-situ measurement of aerosol particles (CCN to ultra-giant nuclei; ice In-situ measurement of aerosol particles (CCN to ultra-giant nuclei; ice nuclei), their impact on precipitation development and subsequent nuclei), their impact on precipitation development and subsequent impact of cloud particle size distributions on precipitation efficiency. impact of cloud particle size distributions on precipitation efficiency.

Water cycle airborne remote sensing: aerosol, surface properties, cloud and Water cycle airborne remote sensing: aerosol, surface properties, cloud and precipitation, water vaporprecipitation, water vapor

Surface scanning for cloud, precipitation, water vapor, and aerosolSurface scanning for cloud, precipitation, water vapor, and aerosol

Supporting wind and thermodynamic measurementsSupporting wind and thermodynamic measurements

Role of ATDRole of ATD HIAPER as a water cycle research platform (in-situ and remote sensing) – requires work with HIAPER as a water cycle research platform (in-situ and remote sensing) – requires work with

HIAPER, NSF, Water Cycle Initiative, NASA, etc.HIAPER, NSF, Water Cycle Initiative, NASA, etc.

Current facilities plus possible expansionsCurrent facilities plus possible expansions

Surface measurements to include other listed parameters (how to proceed)Surface measurements to include other listed parameters (how to proceed)

Lidar work in water vapor and aerosol (airborne andLidar work in water vapor and aerosol (airborne andground-based)ground-based)

Reference radiosonde for humidityReference radiosonde for humidity

New remote sensing areas including hyperspectral measurements of clouds and surface New remote sensing areas including hyperspectral measurements of clouds and surface propertiesproperties

Improved in-situ measurements of aerosol, cloud and precipitation particlesImproved in-situ measurements of aerosol, cloud and precipitation particles

Continue on new direction of radar and radiometer studies of cloud propertiesContinue on new direction of radar and radiometer studies of cloud properties

Work with possible strategic partners for reference sonde, lidar, changes of surface approach Work with possible strategic partners for reference sonde, lidar, changes of surface approach and airborne multi-spectral remote sensingand airborne multi-spectral remote sensing

Priority Scientific Topics: WeatherJim Wilson/Tammy Weckwerth -- Leads

Improved scientific understanding of weather processes with a goal of improved prediction. Research areas include:

a) Convection (from “dry” boundary layer circulations to severe weather) b) Extratropical storms, fronts, cyclones and winter orographic precipitation c) Tropical convection/Tropical cyclones

d) Fire Weather

e) Improving NWP forecast skill of events that are high impact to society

f) Air quality and toxic dispersion (see chemistry)

g) Data assimilation

Observational Needs

1) Measurement needs depend on both phenomena and time-scale of interest

2) Local and mesoscale observations

a) Microphysical observations (aerosol, cloud and precipitation) using remote and in situ measurements,

b) Surface precipitation

c) High-resolution mapping of water vapor, winds, temperature, pollutants/toxins

d) Land/air and water/air fluxes of moisture, temperature and momentum.

e) Surface meteorology and characteristics (i.e., fuel, moisture, fire perimeter for fire, vegetative index for convection)

3) Move to larger scales and scale-interaction studies also requires

a) Wind, thermodynamic, cloud, precipitation and turbulence profiles

b) Soundings (rawinsonde and dropsonde)

c) Ability to work with modern satellite data (also local and mesoscale)

Role of ATD

1) Weather needs encompass current ATD technologies

2) New potential developments include the following goals

• Winds - Investigate L-band, lidar, FM/CW, bistatic and X-band forward scattering - Investigate next generation of airborne Doppler radar (examine potential for multiple frequencies on same or multiple instruments) - 3-D wind measurements using a scanning radar (MAPR tests) - Enhance numerical retrieval techniques - CASA collaboration for winds, precipitation and thermodynamics

• Targeted observations of state variables - Continue development of driftsonde and miniaturization of dropsonde - Investigate UAVs with partnerships

• Water vapor mapping in all weather conditions - Continue to develop DIAL and radar refractivity techniques - Investigate scanning microwave radiometers

Role of ATD

• Discussions with NSF community suggests a need for mobile measurements - Find a way to integrate DOW’s into ATD? - More mobile ISS - Rapid deployment of bistatic receivers • Improved measurement and retrieval techniques for fire fuel and fire perimeter

• Intelligent surface measurements for extensive coverage of meteorological measurements at low cost (ISA as a PAM replacement)

• Extension of integrated (ISS) approach and examination of the potential for combination of ground-based radar and lidar with passive sensors, such as GPS and radiometers • HIAPER

-- Dropsondes-- Cloud radar for microphysical and Doppler measurements-- Water vapor and aerosol profiles from lidar-- Accurate in-situ sensors

•

Impressions and DiscussionImpressions and Discussion Need for current ATD measurements continue even in the face of changing Need for current ATD measurements continue even in the face of changing

institutional priorities and areas of national need institutional priorities and areas of national need

Most, or all, ATD sensing systems would benefit from varying degrees of Most, or all, ATD sensing systems would benefit from varying degrees of modification, upgrade or even replacementmodification, upgrade or even replacement

Staff has excellent ideas for long-term sensing and technique development Staff has excellent ideas for long-term sensing and technique development for current systems ensuring service to the community and instrumentation for current systems ensuring service to the community and instrumentation leadershipleadership

Clear air—all weather winds (Clear air—all weather winds (L-band, lidar, FM/CW, bistatic and X-band forward scattering)

3-d winds for a single Doppler radar3-d winds for a single Doppler radar Eye safe lidarEye safe lidar Reference radiosondeReference radiosonde Miniaturization of dropsondeMiniaturization of dropsonde Driftsonde, etcDriftsonde, etc Giant nuclei systemsGiant nuclei systems Turbulence from profilers, expansion of ISS conceptTurbulence from profilers, expansion of ISS concept Expansion of in-situ aerosol and cloud particle measurementsExpansion of in-situ aerosol and cloud particle measurements

Impressions and DiscussionImpressions and Discussion New instrumentation needs arise that cut across research themesNew instrumentation needs arise that cut across research themes

Surface measurements -- more variables to be measured with larger number of sensors (do Surface measurements -- more variables to be measured with larger number of sensors (do we use ISA, TRAM, flux towers, UAVs, tethered platforms, ships, buoys, etc.) – careful we use ISA, TRAM, flux towers, UAVs, tethered platforms, ships, buoys, etc.) – careful thought is required – T. Horst has drafted a write-upthought is required – T. Horst has drafted a write-up

Strong call for chemistry in the new interdisciplinary areas – biogeo, chemistry, climate and Strong call for chemistry in the new interdisciplinary areas – biogeo, chemistry, climate and geophys. turbulence have many of the same measurement needs geophys. turbulence have many of the same measurement needs

Increased need for lidar for the NSF community (aerosol, Doppler, trace constituent – Increased need for lidar for the NSF community (aerosol, Doppler, trace constituent – chemistry and water vapor) both airborne and scanning ground-basedchemistry and water vapor) both airborne and scanning ground-based

Increased need for mobile measurements in the weather community Increased need for mobile measurements in the weather community

Increased need for longer term monitoring – ATD role development and technology transfer or Increased need for longer term monitoring – ATD role development and technology transfer or new missionnew mission

Importance of CCN, IN, and cloud sensingImportance of CCN, IN, and cloud sensing

Increased need for accuracy (partly driven by climate needs)Increased need for accuracy (partly driven by climate needs)

Accurate measurements of temperature, winds, and humidity in cloud Accurate measurements of temperature, winds, and humidity in cloud

Increased focus of the weather community on both global processes and local high resolution Increased focus of the weather community on both global processes and local high resolution models models

Impressions and DiscussionImpressions and Discussion HIAPER – new expertise requiredHIAPER – new expertise required

Passive hyperspectral and active microwave sensingPassive hyperspectral and active microwave sensing Measurement skill in a compressible environment on different platformsMeasurement skill in a compressible environment on different platforms Entrainment of scientific, engineering and technical skills to match arrival of new sensing Entrainment of scientific, engineering and technical skills to match arrival of new sensing

systemssystems Working with NSF to ensure critical needs are met including filling the gaps in the HIAPER Working with NSF to ensure critical needs are met including filling the gaps in the HIAPER

funded instrumentationfunded instrumentation

Trade-offs between selecting new areas, continuing needed expertise and data qualityTrade-offs between selecting new areas, continuing needed expertise and data quality

How do we manage both airborne and ground-based remote sensingHow do we manage both airborne and ground-based remote sensing

Hyperspectral remote sensing expertise will be needed on HIAPER plus how do we Hyperspectral remote sensing expertise will be needed on HIAPER plus how do we deal with the revolution in satellite data, an NSF satellite program?deal with the revolution in satellite data, an NSF satellite program?

Little said on real-time data transfers, is this expected (BAMEX and IHOP Little said on real-time data transfers, is this expected (BAMEX and IHOP experiences) or assumed not necessary?experiences) or assumed not necessary?

Correct aircraft fleet for the ten year time-scale (UAVs/RPVs, extension of P-3 Correct aircraft fleet for the ten year time-scale (UAVs/RPVs, extension of P-3 contract, ELDORA replacement, lifetime of C-130?)contract, ELDORA replacement, lifetime of C-130?)

ATD and national (sometimes non-NSF) needs – climate monitoring, weather ATD and national (sometimes non-NSF) needs – climate monitoring, weather prediction, homeland security), are we diluting NSF service goals --- ATD mission or prediction, homeland security), are we diluting NSF service goals --- ATD mission or the mission of other entities in the Atmospheric Observing Lab?the mission of other entities in the Atmospheric Observing Lab?