Overview of Energy Efficiency in the U.S.

Brian T. CastelliExecutive Vice President – Programs and Development

APERC Annual Conference 2009 (Tokyo)

Session 2: APEC Peer Review on Energy Efficiency (PREE)

18-19 February 2009

Alliance to Save Energy

Mission: To promote energy efficiency worldwide to achieve a healthier economy, cleaner environment, & greater energy security through policy, education, research, technology deployment, market transformation and communication initiatives.

Established 1977; NGO coalition of 135+ prominent business, government, environmental and consumer leaders.

Headquartered in Washington, D.C. with operations in Eastern Europe, South Africa, Mexico, India and several states in the U.S. Staff of 50+

Chaired by Senator Mark Pryor and James Rogers (CEO, Duke Energy) with strong bi-partisan congressional, corporate & public interest leadership.

U.S. Energy Efficiency: Past Successes But Much More is Needed

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$ 1.7 Trillion

$ 1.0 Trillion

New Physical Supply = 25 Q

Avoided Supply = 70 Quads in 2005

If E/GDP had dropped 0.4% per year

Actual (E/GDP drops 2.1% per year)

Source: Art Rosenfeld, CEC

Reaching Potential Requires Overcoming Market Barriers

Principal-Agent “Split Incentives”- Home builder buyer

- Owner renter

- Utility customer

Transaction Costs- Lack of information: measures, payback, life-cycle cost

Consequences: Barriers affect at least half of energy use in buildings (ACEEE/IEA)

Public policies needed to overcome barriers

Energy Efficiency: Tools for Success

Research and Development – Create new technology- RD&D Partnerships with Industry

Standards – Set a floor & trigger innovation- Buildings, equipment, vehicles- Utility Energy Efficiency Resource Standards (EERS)

Public sector leadership – Reduce market risk Financing energy efficiency – Guaranteed savings and dedicated funds Incentives & voluntary programs – Create buyer demand

- Tax incentives, rebates, loan guarantees, etc.- Utility programs (DSM, Demand Response)

Public Education – Build market share- Consumer education and awareness campaigns- Labeling (ENERGY STAR, LEED, GreenGlobes, etc.)

Workforce development – Capacity building

KEY TO SUCCESS: Coordinate Programs among Federal Government, States, Utilities, Private Sector, NGOs

Financing Energy Efficiency

Energy Savings Performance Contracts (ESPCs)

Utility Energy Service Contracts (UESCs) Energy Efficient Mortgages (EEMs) Public Benefits Charges (state programs)

States Lead the way in Energy Efficiency

Energy Efficiency Resource (Performance) Standards- States establish energy efficiency as a resource

through energy savings targets (TX, IL, CA, CT, HI, NJ, PA)

Priority Loading Orders- For California and the Pacific Northwest, efficiency is

the first priority (lowest cost) energy resource- Next: Renewables, CHP, conventional fuels

“Decoupling” Utility Revenues/Profits from Sales Regional greenhouse gas initiatives (NE, W Coast) State Tax Incentives Next: Rail/Transit Infrastructure & “Smart Growth”

Utility Energy Efficiency Programs Help customers save electricity or natural

gas Many kinds of programs- Consumer education

- Technical training

- Energy audits

- Appliance rebates

- Financing

Methods for Monitoring and Measuring Effectiveness of EE Programs

ESCO projects: International Performance Measurement & Verification Protocol (IPMVP)

Utility DSM programs: California Energy Efficiency Evaluation Protocols http://www.calmac.org/events/EvaluatorsProtocols_Final_AdoptedviaRuling_06-19-2006.pdf

Guide to Program Evaluation Guides http://www.cee1.org/eval/eval-res.php3

DOE evaluation methods http://www1.eere.energy.gov/ba/pba/program_evaluation/publications.html#logic

DOE evaluation example: State energy programs (2003) http://www.eere.energy.gov/state_energy_program/feature_detail_info.cfm/fid=22

Recent Federal Legislation

Energy Policy Act of 2005 will by 2020:- Reduce U.S. energy use by 2%- Reduce electricity demand by 4%- Reduce CO2 by 3%

Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) will by 2030:- Reduce U.S. energy use by 7% - Reduce electricity demand by 5% - Reduce CO2 by 9%- Reduce oil use by 10%

EISA: Combined Heat & Power EPA inventory and registry of recoverable

waste energy DOE grant program for projects, utilities,

and states States and non-regulated utilities to

consider a standard for sale or transport of excess power

CHP centers to become 8 regional Clean Energy Application Centers

Energy Efficiency In President Obama’s Campaign Platform

– Reduce electricity use 15% by 2020– Net-zero energy buildings by 2030– Overhaul federal appliance standards– By 2014, reduce energy use 45% in

new federal buildings; 25% in existing federal buildings

– Flip incentives for utilities– Invest in a “smart grid”– Weatherize 1 million homes/year– Investment incentives for “livable

cities”

Stimulus Package: A Look at the Numbers

Program HOUSE SENATE

Weatherization 6.2 billion 2.9 billion

State Energy Program 3.4 billion 500 million

ENERGY STAR Absent Absent

EE building codes Absent Absent

Waste Energy Recovery Grant

1 billion No

ENERGY STAR rebate Yes No

International EE Cooperation: Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development & Climate (APP)

Task Force Country Chair/Co-Chair Lead US Agency or Agencies

Clean Fossil Australia/China DOE & EPA

Renewable Energy and Distributed Power

South Korea/Australia DOE & DOC

Power Generation and Transmission USA/China DOE

Steel Task Force Japan/India DOC & DOE

Aluminum Australia/USA DOC & EPA

Cement Japan EPA

Coal Mining USA/India DOI

Buildings and Appliances South Korea/USA EPA & DOE

Partners: Australia, Canada, China, India, Japan, Korea, United States

THANK YOU!

Brian T. Castelli

Executive Vice President – Programs and Development

BCastelli@ase.org

www.ase.org

Overview of Energy Efficiency in the U.S.

Additional Materials

Overview of Presentation

Energy Efficiency in the United States Tools for Success: Initiatives by Federal

Government, States, Utilities, Private Sector, NGOs

Recent Legislation and Outlook for 2009

Prospects For Energy Efficiency in the United States

Worst economic downturn since 1930s, but: Obama Administration is committed to green

Infrastructure, investing in people & technology Congress is willing to invest $ in efficiency Slow growth buys time for climate policy, but…- Low oil prices encourage wasteful practices

- New taxes (including a carbon tax) difficult in a recession

Policy Drivers for Energy Efficiency: A “Perfect Storm”

Gasoline Prices (and electricity, natural gas)

Global Climate change Energy Security- World markets for oil and gas- Electricity generating capacity & grid reliability

… and the lowest-cost source of pollution prevention!

Energy Efficiency is Already Our FIRST Energy Resource

Policy Tools: Appliance Standards

Appliance standards are among the most effective EE policies

Total savings from existing standards in 2000:- 2.5% of U.S. electricity use- 21,000 MW of peak power demand- $50 billion in net consumer savings

Total savings from existing standards by 2020:- 7.8% of projected U.S. electricity use- 120,000 MW of peak power demand- $186 billion in net consumer savings

Track Record of Appliance Efficiency Standards

Today’s new refrigerators use 75% less energy than in 1973

From 1972 to 2003:- Energy Use down

74 %

- Capacity up 29%

- Price down 64 %

Source: Graphic -- Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program

Statistics – Art Rosenfeld (CEC) and David Goldstein (NRDC)

Energy Efficiency Endorsement Labeling Energy Star: EPA and

DOE program Label energy efficient

products:- Appliances- Lighting products- Furnaces and Air-

Conditioners- Computers and

electronics Energy Star Homes Commercial Building Label

Public Sector Leadership: Federal Buildings Example

A credible energy/climate policy requires government to do more (sooner) than it asks of private businesses

and the public!

FISCAL YEAR

10% Goal - 1995 (NECPA)

20% Goal - 2000 (EPACT)

30% Goal - 2005

Actual Energy Use

35% Goal - 2010

Actual site energy use

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29.6% Reduction,

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Policy Tools: Industrial Systems Energy Efficiency

Industrial firms tend to invest in process changes for EE and productivity – long term and high cost

Cross-cutting energy systems (motors-driven, steam, process heating) offer 20-50% savings potential

- Inefficient systems found in nearly every plant

- Near-term, lower-cost savings are from optimizing systems not components (only 2-5% savings)

Customize system energy efficiency for each site US DOE strategy since 1992 (BestPractices):

- Educate plant engineers – training, software, technical publications

- Industry partnerships

- Cost-shared plant energy assessments

Energy Savings Assessments US industry energy use is concentrated in relatively few plants

- 10 largest industries use >90% of manufacturing energy- Of 320,000 manufacturing sites, 1000 largest use 25% of

energy Over 15 years, USDOE Industry program has compiled plant-

level data on 14,000 plants- Data initially used for tech. analysis & recommendations- Important second use to target outreach & technical

assistance These data – combined with System Assessment Tools and a

network of DOE-trained specialists – allow quick response to policy directives- Example: Federal government response to expected oil and

gas shortages after Hurricane Katrina

US DOE’s Save Energy Now• Energy Saving Assessments (2-3 days) for 200 large plants

―train plant personnel

―track actions and savings

• First 21 Energy Savings Assessments identified a US$64 million/year in energy cost savings

• 26 engineering schools (Industrial Assessment Centers) to provide 1-day assessments for ~500 small to medium-sized plants

• Use industry partners and Web tools to reach thousands of additional plants

• For more information: http://www.eere.energy.gov/industry/saveenergynow/ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/

Building Energy Efficiency Codes

Minimum requirements for residential and commercial building energy efficiency design

Energy codes primarily regulate:- Wall and roof insulation (R-value)- Windows, doors and skylights (U-factor, SHGC)- HVAC equipment installed in new buildings- Control systems (SEER, EER, COP, etc.)

Model energy codes developed by national organizations- International Energy Conservation Code by ICC (residential)- ASHRAE Standard 90.1 (commercial)

Codes adopted and enforced by state and local governments

National Benefits ofBuilding Energy Codes

41 US states have adopted model energy codes Since 1991, cumulative energy cost savings of $7.4

billion Annual energy savings of >0.50 Quads today Savings potential if all states updated their energy

codes:- Energy savings 0.85 quads annually- Cumulative savings through 2020 of about 5 Quads- CO2 reductions> 50 million metric tons - $7 billion in energy cost savings to consumers- Avoid 32 new 400-MW power plants

National energy codes program: $1 cost = $105 benefit Simple payback for code measures: about 2.5 - 6 yrs.

Building Code Adoption and Compliance

Consumer Education/Campaigns

Super PowersEPA, NYSERDA, AllianceNationwide TV & Radio (ABC, CBS, CNN)Consumer Website

Powerful $avingsDOE & Alliance PartnershipAll Media Outlets

The Power is In Your HandsIndustry, DOE, EPA, AllianceAll Media Outlets, Web & Collateral

Energy Hog DOE, Ad Council, Alliance, StatesAll Media Outlets Web, Collateral Materials

P&G ColdWater Campaign P&G, AllianceAll Media Outlets & Web

Eureka $mart House Energy-Efficiency ChallengeNBC Universal, Industry, DOE, AllianceOn Air, Web–Home Makeover Contest

Consumer Education through Schools: Alliance to Save Energy Green Campus Program

UC Santa Barbara

UC San Diego

UC Berkeley

Humboldt State

CSU San Bernardino

San Diego State

UC Irvine

Sonoma State

CSU Chico

UC Merced

Cal Poly Pomona

UC Santa Cruz

Student Internship ProgramBetween two and five paid student interns on each campus

State-wide implementation team- Based in SF-Bay Area- Guides intern efforts, develops program- wide projects- Develops partnerships with other energy efficiency programs

Program funded through grants from California IOUs- PG&E, SCE, SDG&E, SoCal Gas

Est. 2004 Est. 2005 Est. 2006

Policy Tools: Utility DSM Programs

Pre capita spending on utility energy efficiency (excludes load management)

States with EERS

HI: Public utilities to provide 20% of their electricity from eligible renewable sources, including EE by 2020.

TX: Offset 20% of load growth through end-use EE.  Targets of 30% and 50% are being investigated as potential options for the future.

VT: Goals met: 5% by 2006 and 3.5% of 2006 sales.

CA: Energy savings between 2004 and 2013 should save 1% of total forecast electricity sales each year.

PA: Qualified power sources, including EE in Tier II, to provide 18.5% of electricity by 2020.

CT: Minimum 1% of electricity sales from distributed generation or EE in 2007, 2% in 2008, 3% in 2009 and 4% in 2010.

NV: EE can meet up to 25% of the state’s 20% renewable portfolio standard.

CO: Xcel Energy will achieve 0.38% electricity savings by 2013.

WA: utilities to acquire all cost effective energy efficiency.

VA: 10% energy savings target by 2022.

IL: Yearly savings of 0.2% of energy delivered in 2008, 0.4% in 2009, rising to 2.0% annually for 2015 and subsequent years.

NC: Combination of EE and renewable energy goals of 3% of prior-year electricity sales in 2012; 6% in 2015; 10% in 2018, and; 12.5% in 2021 and thereafter.

MN: 1.5% annual energy savings from electric and NG sales, 1% of which must come from EE.

Federal Tax Incentives for Buildings (2006-2007)

New Homes Builder tax credit - up to $2,000 if 50% more efficient compared to 2004 IECCC code; $1,000 for an Energy Star manufactured home.

Existing HomesHomeowner tax credit – 10% of cost of installing building envelope components consistent with IECC 2000; capped at $500; $200 can apply to windows.

Commercial Buildings Deduction up to $1.80/sq.ft. for buildings designed to use 50% less energy than ASHRAE-90.1 (2001)

Public Buildings: Assignable deduction!

Tax Incentives Extended (10/08 Financial Rescue Bill)

Commercial Buildings: Deduct $1.80/sqft (5 years)- Assignable deduction for public buildings

New Homes: Builder tax credit $1-2K for 30-50% (1 yr)

Home Improvements: Homeowner tax credit (1 yr) Appliances: Manufacturer tax credit for efficient

appliances (+3 years) Plug-in Hybrid Vehicles: Buyer tax credit $2500-

7500, similar to hybrid vehicle credit Combined Heat & Power: New investment tax credit Smart Meters: Accelerated 10-year depreciation for

utilities

EISA: Utility Smart Grid Creates a DOE Smart Grid Advisory

Committee and Smart Grid Task Force Authorizes a DOE RD&D program and a

matching fund for private investments Directs NIST to lead development of

interoperability protocols and standards Requires states to consider smart grid

investments

Prospects for a new Energy Bill Senate may discuss Energy Bill around

April/May Interest in renewable/efficiency “portfolio

standards” (RPS/EERS) Authorize new programs to be funded from

auctioning GHG emissions credits

ASE Recommendations for Energy Bill

Advanced building energy code targets - 30% improvement in 2010- 50% improvement in 2020

Building energy labeling and disclosure (at time of sale or lease)

Energy Efficiency Resource Standard- Utilities to save 10% of electricity sales and 7% of natural gas

sales by 2020 Long-term extensions and restructuring of energy

efficiency tax incentives- Performance-based

- New & existing homes and commercial buildings

A Climate Bill in 2009?

Obama Administration looking for action from 111th Congress

Expectations that a climate bill will be considered by summer or fall 2009

Efficiency advocates working together on climate bill recommendations – key issues include:- Program funding from GHG credit auctions- Allocate credits to efficiency program implementers- Third-party energy savings eligible for GHG credits?- Condition allocation of other GHG funding on State

actions for energy efficiency- Harmonize methods for evaluation, measurement ,&

verification

Energy Efficiency inClimate Bills

Cap-and-trade cuts emissions for covered sectors (e.g., 70% by 2050)

Adding carbon credit price to energy prices reduces energy demand

Allocation of credits may go to: - utilities for efficiency programs and customer help- states for building codes, decoupling policies, mass

transit, other efficiency Auction of credits would produce funds for:

- efficient appliances, advanced vehicles, home retrofits, RD&D, etc.

Complementary measures- e.g., efficiency targets for building energy codes

Conclusion: Need a Balanced Approach to Energy Efficiency

Building Energy Codes & Appliance Standards- New construction and renovation- Appliances & equipment efficiency standards

Voluntary market transformation (Energy Star)- Appliance labeling- Building performance rating/disclosure- Incentives- Public sector leadership

Targeted portfolio of utility DSM RD&D Partnerships