Overexploitation and Contamination of Shared

Groundwater Resources

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Overexploitation and Contaminationof Shared Groundwater Resources

Political Approaches to Avoid Conflicts

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Management, (Bio)Technological, and

Christophe J.G. Darnault

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University of Illinois at Chicago,

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Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on

Overexploitation and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources:

Varna, Bulgaria

1 12 October 2006

ISBN 978-1-4020-6984-0 (PB)ISBN 978-1-4020-6983-3 (HB)

ISBN 978-1-4020-6985 -7 (e-book)

Management, (Bio)Technological, and Political Approaches to Avoid Conflicts

© 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V.

v

CONTENTS

Preface ix Contributors xi Part I: Depletion and Contamination of Shared Groundwater

Resources: An Overview 1. Shared Groundwater Resources: Global Significance for Social

and Environmental Sustainability 3 Shammy Puri, Alice Aureli, and Raya M. Stephan

2. Education and Training for Transboundary Groundwater

Management as an Instrument of Dialogue and Communication 25 Alice Aureli, Jean Fried, Jose Luis Martin-Bordes, Shammy Puri, and Raya M. Stephan

3.

Raya M. Stephan Part II: Techniques to Assess the Depletion and Contamination

4. Groundwater Geophysics: From Structure and Porosity Towards

Klaus Holliger 5. Quantitative Integration of Hydrogeophysical and Hydrological Data:

Geostatistical Approaches 67 Klaus Holliger, Jens Tronicke, Hendrik Paasche, and Baptiste Dafflon

6. Hydrogeological Settings in Dobrudja Area and Groundwater Monitoring

Networks in Transboundary Aquifers 83 Marta Machkova

Part III: Tools to Predict/Forecast the Future Depletion

and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources 7. Coupled Surface/Subsurface Flow Systems: Numerical Modeling 105

Rachid Ababou and Ahmad Al-Bitar

Transboundary Aquifers in International Law: Towards an Evolution 33

49

of Shared Groundwater Resources?

Permeability?

Contents vi

8. Quantitative Stochastic Hydrogeology: The Heterogeneous Environment 119 Rachid Ababou

Part IV: Sustainable Measures to Palliate the Overexploitation

of Groundwater and Decontaminate Aquifers 9. Coastal Aquifers and Saltwater Intrusion 185

Christophe J. G. Darnault, and Itzel G. Godinez

10. Karst Aquifers: Hydrogeology and Exploitation 203 Christophe J. G. Darnault

11. Water Quality, Pollution and Conservation 227

Ülkü Yetiş

12. Physical and Chemical Groundwater Remediation Technologies 257 Krishna R. Reddy

13. Enhanced Aquifer Recharge 275

Krishna R. Reddy Part V: Approaches to Shared Groundwater Resources Management:

Conflict Prevention and Resolution 14. Shared Groundwater Resources Management 291

Christophe J. G. Darnault

15. Sustainable Development and Integrated Management of Water Resources 309 Christophe J. G. Darnault

16. Assessing Chemical Status of Shared Groundwater Resources:

A Crucial Political, Regulatory and Management Issue 325 Ewa Kmiecik, Jadwiga Szczepańska, Irena Twardowską, and Sebastian Stefaniak

17. A Risk-based Integrated Approach for Managing Transboundary

Groundwater Resources 355 Jacques Ganoulis

18. Multicriterion Decision Analysis (MCDA) for Conflict Resolution

in Sharing Groundwater Resources 375 Jacques Ganoulis

Contents vii

19. Strategies for Groundwater Resources Conflict Resolution and Management 393 W. Todd Jarvis

20. Hydropolitics and Hydroeconomics of Shared Groundwater Resources:

Experience in Arid and Semi-arid Regions 415 Manuel R. Llamas Madurga, Pedro Martínez-Santos, and África de la Hera

21. Hydrodiplomacy and Environmental Security 433

Christophe J. G. Darnault

Index 447

ix

PREFACE

Environmental security is based on complex interactions between society and the environment. Forty percent of the world’s population depends upon increasingly scarce and shared water resources. This situation is critical at both international and national levels not only for socio-economic development, but also for regional stability. From this perspective, water resources scarcity, quality and distribution are the factors that would most likely lead to political and socio-economic conflicts, setting human security at risks. The intensive use of groundwater for irrigation and water supply is adding pressures to scarce water resources and the environment through overexploitation and contamination which result in situations that may lead to conflicts.

In a world where water crises are approaching, the use of sustainable and integrated management principles is most valuable in order to avoid conflicts. Successful management of shared groundwater resources should be based on multi-disciplinary approaches and effective and equitable water sharing for all water users through cooperation and within a compassionate ecological framework along with the need for sustainable resources development and the quest for environmental and human security.

In this context, the NATO ASI on “Overexploitation and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources: Management, (Bio)Technological, and Political Approaches to Avoid Conflicts” was organized in Varna, Bulgaria from October 1 to 12, 2006. A total of 74 participants including 13 invited lecturers and 61 selected participants from 19 different countries and diverse backgrounds have attended the NATO ASI and shared their knowledge and experiences. The program of the institute included key lectures from invited speakers, oral and poster presentations from participants and two roundtable discussions. The participants had the chance to visit the city of Varna and a field trip was also organized to explore the key hydrogeological features of the Dobrudja area, including the Durankulak historical archaeological site and the Durankulak lake.

This book is dedicated to the memory of Professor Georgi Gergov, Head of the River Sediment Transport and Fluvial Processes Division at the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria, who was the Partner-Country Director of the NATO ASI. It is with great sadness that we heard of his untimely death after the NATO ASI.

The book titled “Overexploitation and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources: Management, (Bio)Technological, and Political Approaches to Avoid Conflicts” from the NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security is composed of 21 chapters reflecting the lectures from the ASI and is divided into five parts. The first part aims to give an overview of the depletion and contamination of shared groundwater resources across the world. The techniques to assess the depletion and contamination of shared groundwater resources are presented in the second part. The third part covers the tools to predict/forecast the

Preface x

future depletion and contamination of shared groundwater resources. Sustainable measures to palliate the overexploitation of groundwater and decontamination of aquifers compose the fourth part. The fifth and last part encompasses the appro-aches to the management of shared groundwater resources for conflict prevention and resolution.

First and foremost, I wish to thank the NATO Science Committee for their support in realizing an interesting idea into a deeply engaging project and for awarding me a grant that funded this NATO ASI. I express my sincere acknow-ledgements to Dr. Deniz Beten, Programme Director of Environmental Security of the NATO Public Diplomacy Division, for her unwavering support. I am indebted to Lynne Campbell-Nolan, Administrative Assistant of the NATO Public Diplomacy Division, for her valuable assistance throughout the project. I extend my thanks to Annelies Kersbergen, Springer Publishing Editor, for her continuous help. I am thankful to Professor Philippe Baveye from University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland (formerly Cornell University, U.S.A.) for his guidance in the concept development and realization of this NATO ASI. Finally, I am tremendously grateful to my wife, Dr. Sezim Sezer Darnault for her unfailing encouragement and support.

Professor Christophe J. G. Darnault, Ph.D. NATO-Country Director of NATO ASI

University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

October 7, 2007.

xi

CONTRIBUTORS

Prof. Rachid Ababou Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, Allée du Professeur Camille Soula, 31400 Toulouse, France

Dr. Ahmad Al-Bitar Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, Allée du Professeur Camille Soula, 31400 Toulouse, France

Dr. Alice Aureli UNESCO, Division of Water Sciences, International Hydrological Programme (IHP), Natural Sciences Sector, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France

Baptiste Dafflon University of Lausanne, Institute of Geophysics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

Prof. Christophe J. G. Darnault University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, 842 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A.

África de la Hera Geological Survey of Spain, Ríos Rosas 23. 28003 Madrid, Spain

Dr. Jean Fried UNESCO - International Hydrological Programme (IHP), and University of California at Irvine, Urban Water Research Center, Engineering Tower 844C, Irvine, CA 92697, U.S.A.

Prof. Jacques Ganoulis UNESCO Chair and Network INWEB, International Network of Water/Environment Centres for the Balkans, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Civil Engineering, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece

Itzel G. Godinez University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, 842 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A.

Prof. Klaus Holliger University of Lausanne, Institute of Geophysics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

xii Contributors

Dr. W. Todd Jarvis Oregon State University, Institute for Water and Watersheds, 210 Strand Hall, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331-5506, U.S.A.

Dr. Ewa Kmiecik University of Science and Technology, Department of Hydrogeology and Water Protection, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Prof. Manuel R. Llamas Madurga Royal Academy of Sciences, Valverde 22. 28034 Madrid, Spain

Dr. Marta Machkova Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, 66 Tsarigradsko Shosse Blvd, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria

Jose Luis Martin-Bordes UNESCO - International Hydrological Programme (IHP), 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France

Prof. Pedro Martínez-Santos Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Jose Antonio Novais s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain

Dr. Hendrik Paasche University of Potsdam, Institute for Geosciences, 14415 Potsdam, Germany

Dr. Shammy Puri UNESCO - International Hydrological Programme (IHP), and UNESCO - International Shared Aquifer Resource Management (ISARM) Initiative, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France

Prof. Krishna R. Reddy University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, 842 West Taylor Street, Chicago, Illinois 60607, U.S.A.

Dr. Sebastian Stefaniak Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland

Raya M. Stephan UNESCO - International Hydrological Programme (IHP), and UNESCO - International Shared Aquifer Resource Management (ISARM) Initiative, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France

Contributors xiii

Prof. Jadwiga Szczepańska University of Science and Technology, Department of Hydrogeology and Water Protection, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

Dr. Jens Tronicke University of Potsdam, Institute for Geosciences, 14415 Potsdam, Germany

Dr. Irena Twardowską Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Environmental Engineering, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland

Prof. Ülkü Yetiş Middle East Technical University, Department of Environmental Engineering, 06531 Ankara, Turkey