outline - university of colorado boulder...1 =$50 million isocost line before the price of capital...
TRANSCRIPT
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Outline
Introduction
Long-Run Total Cost Curve
Short-Run Total Cost Curve
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Introduction
I In the last chapter - we solved the firm’s cost minimizationproblem. In these problems:
I We took quantity as givenI We varied wage w and rental rate r to get the firm’s labor and
capital demand curves
I In this chapter - we will look at how a firm’s total cost varieswith output Q
I What do you think will happen when a firm expands itsquantity?
I Will costs go up or down?
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What is the Long-Run Total Cost Curve? (3 steps)
Last Chapter: The firm’s cost minimization problem was
minL,K
TC = wL+ rK
s.t. Q = f (L,K )
We solved this problem for the firm’s labor and capital demandfunctions
Labor Demand: L⇤ = L(Q,w , r)Capital Demand: K ⇤ = K (Q,w , r)
We get the firm’s total cost curve by plugging these back into thetotal cost function
TC (Q,w , r) = wL(Q,w , r) + rK (Q,w , r)
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What is the Long-Run Total Cost Curve? (3 steps)
Last Chapter: The firm’s cost minimization problem was
minL,K
TC = wL+ rK
s.t. Q = f (L,K )
We solved this problem for the firm’s labor and capital demandfunctions
Labor Demand: L⇤ = L(Q,w , r)Capital Demand: K ⇤ = K (Q,w , r)
We get the firm’s total cost curve by plugging these back into thetotal cost function
TC (Q,w , r) = wL(Q,w , r) + rK (Q,w , r)
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What is the Long-Run Total Cost Curve? (3 steps)
Last Chapter: The firm’s cost minimization problem was
minL,K
TC = wL+ rK
s.t. Q = f (L,K )
We solved this problem for the firm’s labor and capital demandfunctions
Labor Demand: L⇤ = L(Q,w , r)Capital Demand: K ⇤ = K (Q,w , r)
We get the firm’s total cost curve by plugging these back into thetotal cost function
TC (Q,w , r) = wL(Q,w , r) + rK (Q,w , r)
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Cost Minimization
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Total Cost
For a given w and r , we can plot the curve TC = TC (Q).
TC (Q) = Long-Run Total cost curve. Shows how TC varies withoutput, holding constant input prices
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Total Cost
For a given w and r , we can plot the curve TC = TC (Q).
TC (Q) = Long-Run Total cost curve. Shows how TC varies withoutput, holding constant input prices
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Properties of Long-Run Total Cost Curve
1. Q = 0 =) TC = 0.I Why? In the long-run, there are no fixed costs. All inputs can
be varied.
2. TC (Q) is increasing in Q. (i.e., MC (Q) > 0)I As Q increases, the firm must use more inputs. The firm is on
a further out isocost line (higher TC )
Let’s figure out how we can find these curves mathematically (butfirst, let’s do a review problem)
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Review - Input Demand
Suppose production technology is characterized by Q = 50pLK .
a) State the firm’s cost minimization problem.
b) Find the firm’s labor demand and capital demand functions.(They will be functions of w , r , and Q.)
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Mathematically Finding Long-Run Total Cost
You should have gotten:
Labor Demand: L⇤ =Q
50
rr
w
Capital Demand: K ⇤ =Q
50
rw
r
Plug these functions in the total cost equation
TC ⇤ = wL⇤ + rK ⇤
= wQ
50
rr
w+ r
Q
50
rw
r
=Q
50
pwr +
Q
50
pwr
=Q
25
pwr
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Mathematically Finding Long-Run Total Cost
You should have gotten:
Labor Demand: L⇤ =Q
50
rr
w
Capital Demand: K ⇤ =Q
50
rw
r
Plug these functions in the total cost equation
TC ⇤ = wL⇤ + rK ⇤
= wQ
50
rr
w+ r
Q
50
rw
r
=Q
50
pwr +
Q
50
pwr
=Q
25
pwr
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Mathematically Finding Long-Run Total Cost
You should have gotten:
Labor Demand: L⇤ =Q
50
rr
w
Capital Demand: K ⇤ =Q
50
rw
r
Plug these functions in the total cost equation
TC ⇤ = wL⇤ + rK ⇤
= wQ
50
rr
w+ r
Q
50
rw
r
=Q
50
pwr +
Q
50
pwr
=Q
25
pwr
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Mathematically Finding Long-Run Total Cost
You should have gotten:
Labor Demand: L⇤ =Q
50
rr
w
Capital Demand: K ⇤ =Q
50
rw
r
Plug these functions in the total cost equation
TC ⇤ = wL⇤ + rK ⇤
= wQ
50
rr
w+ r
Q
50
rw
r
=Q
50
pwr +
Q
50
pwr
=Q
25
pwr
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Mathematically Finding Long-Run Total Cost
You should have gotten:
Labor Demand: L⇤ =Q
50
rr
w
Capital Demand: K ⇤ =Q
50
rw
r
Plug these functions in the total cost equation
TC ⇤ = wL⇤ + rK ⇤
= wQ
50
rr
w+ r
Q
50
rw
r
=Q
50
pwr +
Q
50
pwr
=Q
25
pwr
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How does TC (Q) shift when price of capital goes up?
L
K
1 million TVs
A
50
r0C1
C1 =$50 million isocost linebefore the price of capital goes up
50
r1
50
w0
C2
C2 =$50 million isocost lineafter the price of capital goes up
B
60
r1
60
w0
C3
C3 =$60 million isocost lineafter the price of capital goes up
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How does TC (Q) shift when price of capital goes up?
L
K
1 million TVs
A
50
r0C1
C1 =$50 million isocost linebefore the price of capital goes up
50
r1
50
w0
C2
C2 =$50 million isocost lineafter the price of capital goes up
B
60
r1
60
w0
C3
C3 =$60 million isocost lineafter the price of capital goes up
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How does TC (Q) shift when price of capital goes up?
L
K
1 million TVs
A
50
r0C1
C1 =$50 million isocost linebefore the price of capital goes up
50
r1
50
w0
C2
C2 =$50 million isocost lineafter the price of capital goes up
B
60
r1
60
w0
C3
C3 =$60 million isocost lineafter the price of capital goes up
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How does TC (Q) shift when price of capital goes up?
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What happens when input prices change proportionally?
L
K
1 million TVs
A
TCA
r0
TCA
w0
C1
C1 = TCA isocost linebefore the input prices go up
TCA
r1
TCA
w1
C2
C2 = TCA isocost lineafter the input prices go up
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What happens when input prices change proportionally?
L
K
1 million TVs
A
TCA
r0
TCA
w0
C1
C1 = TCA isocost linebefore the input prices go up
TCA
r1
TCA
w1
C2
C2 = TCA isocost lineafter the input prices go up
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What happens when input prices change proportionally?
L
K
1 million TVs
A,B
TCB
r1
TCA
w0=
TCB
w1
C1,C3
C1 = TCA isocost linebefore the input prices go up
TCA
r1
TCA
w1
C2
C2 = TCA isocost lineafter the input prices go upC3 = TCB isocost lineafter the input prices go up
Same inputs, Higher Cost
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What happens when input prices change proportionally?
We can think about this problem mathematically. Before the pricerise, we have:
TC0 = w0L+ r0K
After the price rise:
TC1 = w1L+ r1K
= (�w0)L+ (�r0)K
= �(w0L+ r0K )
TC1 = �TC0
If w and r increase by some x%
I L⇤ and K ⇤ remain unchanged
I TC ⇤(Q) also increases by x%.
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What happens when input prices change proportionally?
We can think about this problem mathematically. Before the pricerise, we have:
TC0 = w0L+ r0K
After the price rise:
TC1 = w1L+ r1K
= (�w0)L+ (�r0)K
= �(w0L+ r0K )
TC1 = �TC0
If w and r increase by some x%
I L⇤ and K ⇤ remain unchanged
I TC ⇤(Q) also increases by x%.
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What happens when input prices change proportionally?
We can think about this problem mathematically. Before the pricerise, we have:
TC0 = w0L+ r0K
After the price rise:
TC1 = w1L+ r1K
= (�w0)L+ (�r0)K
= �(w0L+ r0K )
TC1 = �TC0
If w and r increase by some x%
I L⇤ and K ⇤ remain unchanged
I TC ⇤(Q) also increases by x%.
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What happens when input prices change proportionally?
We can think about this problem mathematically. Before the pricerise, we have:
TC0 = w0L+ r0K
After the price rise:
TC1 = w1L+ r1K
= (�w0)L+ (�r0)K
= �(w0L+ r0K )
TC1 = �TC0
If w and r increase by some x%
I L⇤ and K ⇤ remain unchanged
I TC ⇤(Q) also increases by x%.
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What happens when input prices change proportionally?
We can think about this problem mathematically. Before the pricerise, we have:
TC0 = w0L+ r0K
After the price rise:
TC1 = w1L+ r1K
= (�w0)L+ (�r0)K
= �(w0L+ r0K )
TC1 = �TC0
If w and r increase by some x%
I L⇤ and K ⇤ remain unchanged
I TC ⇤(Q) also increases by x%.
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What happens when input prices change proportionally?
We can think about this problem mathematically. Before the pricerise, we have:
TC0 = w0L+ r0K
After the price rise:
TC1 = w1L+ r1K
= (�w0)L+ (�r0)K
= �(w0L+ r0K )
TC1 = �TC0
If w and r increase by some x%
I L⇤ and K ⇤ remain unchanged
I TC ⇤(Q) also increases by x%.
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What does the firm care about?
Does a firm just care about total costs? What else might they careabout when they are making decisions?
I Per unit cost: Long-Run Average Cost
I Cost to make the next unit: Long-Run Marginal Cost
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Long-Run Average and Marginal Cost
LR Average Cost: AC (Q) =TC (Q)
Q= slope of ray from origin to point
on TC curve
LR Marginal Cost: MC (Q) =dTC (Q)
dQ= slope of TC (Q) at a certain
point
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Long-Run Average and Marginal Cost
LR Average Cost: AC (Q) =TC (Q)
Q= slope of ray from origin to point
on TC curve
LR Marginal Cost: MC (Q) =dTC (Q)
dQ= slope of TC (Q) at a certain
point
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Graphical Approach: AC and MC
Q
TCTC (Q)
A
50
$1,500
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Graphical Approach: AC and MC
Q
TCTC (Q)
A
50
$1,500
0
AC = Slope of ray 0A = 30
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Graphical Approach: AC and MC
Q
TCTC (Q)
A
50
$1,500
B
C
MC = Slope of line BAC = 10
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Graphical Approach: AC and MC
Q
AC ,MC
A0
A00
50
$30
$10
MC
AC
When MC < AC , AC is fallingWhen MC > AC , AC is risingAt D, MC = AC , AC is at minimum
D
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Graphical Approach: AC and MC
Q
AC ,MC
A0
A00
50
$30
$10
MC
AC
When MC < AC , AC is fallingWhen MC > AC , AC is risingAt D, MC = AC , AC is at minimum
D
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Graphical Approach: AC and MC
Q
AC ,MC
A0
A00
50
$30
$10
MC
AC
When MC < AC , AC is fallingWhen MC > AC , AC is risingAt D, MC = AC , AC is at minimum
D
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Graphical Approach: AC and MC
Q
AC ,MC
A0
A00
50
$30
$10
MC
AC
When MC < AC , AC is falling
When MC > AC , AC is risingAt D, MC = AC , AC is at minimum
D
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Graphical Approach: AC and MC
Q
AC ,MC
A0
A00
50
$30
$10
MC
AC
When MC < AC , AC is fallingWhen MC > AC , AC is rising
At D, MC = AC , AC is at minimum
D
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Graphical Approach: AC and MC
Q
AC ,MC
A0
A00
50
$30
$10
MC
AC
When MC < AC , AC is fallingWhen MC > AC , AC is risingAt D, MC = AC , AC is at minimum
D
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Mathematically Finding AC and MC
Let’s use our example from earlier. Recall, that when theproduction function was Q = 50
pKL we solved for total cost as:
TC (Q,w , r) =Q
25
pwr
Suppose w = 25 and r = 100.
We then have:
TC (Q) = 2Q
How do we find AC (Q) and MC (Q)?
AC (Q) =TC (Q)
Q=
2Q
Q= 2
MC (Q) =dTC (Q)
dQ= 2
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Mathematically Finding AC and MC
Let’s use our example from earlier. Recall, that when theproduction function was Q = 50
pKL we solved for total cost as:
TC (Q,w , r) =Q
25
pwr
Suppose w = 25 and r = 100. We then have:
TC (Q) = 2Q
How do we find AC (Q) and MC (Q)?
AC (Q) =TC (Q)
Q=
2Q
Q= 2
MC (Q) =dTC (Q)
dQ= 2
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Mathematically Finding AC and MC
Let’s use our example from earlier. Recall, that when theproduction function was Q = 50
pKL we solved for total cost as:
TC (Q,w , r) =Q
25
pwr
Suppose w = 25 and r = 100. We then have:
TC (Q) = 2Q
How do we find AC (Q) and MC (Q)?
AC (Q) =
TC (Q)
Q=
2Q
Q= 2
MC (Q) =
dTC (Q)
dQ= 2
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Mathematically Finding AC and MC
Let’s use our example from earlier. Recall, that when theproduction function was Q = 50
pKL we solved for total cost as:
TC (Q,w , r) =Q
25
pwr
Suppose w = 25 and r = 100. We then have:
TC (Q) = 2Q
How do we find AC (Q) and MC (Q)?
AC (Q) =TC (Q)
Q
=2Q
Q= 2
MC (Q) =
dTC (Q)
dQ= 2
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Mathematically Finding AC and MC
Let’s use our example from earlier. Recall, that when theproduction function was Q = 50
pKL we solved for total cost as:
TC (Q,w , r) =Q
25
pwr
Suppose w = 25 and r = 100. We then have:
TC (Q) = 2Q
How do we find AC (Q) and MC (Q)?
AC (Q) =TC (Q)
Q=
2Q
Q= 2
MC (Q) =
dTC (Q)
dQ= 2
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Mathematically Finding AC and MC
Let’s use our example from earlier. Recall, that when theproduction function was Q = 50
pKL we solved for total cost as:
TC (Q,w , r) =Q
25
pwr
Suppose w = 25 and r = 100. We then have:
TC (Q) = 2Q
How do we find AC (Q) and MC (Q)?
AC (Q) =TC (Q)
Q=
2Q
Q= 2
MC (Q) =dTC (Q)
dQ
= 2
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Mathematically Finding AC and MC
Let’s use our example from earlier. Recall, that when theproduction function was Q = 50
pKL we solved for total cost as:
TC (Q,w , r) =Q
25
pwr
Suppose w = 25 and r = 100. We then have:
TC (Q) = 2Q
How do we find AC (Q) and MC (Q)?
AC (Q) =TC (Q)
Q=
2Q
Q= 2
MC (Q) =dTC (Q)
dQ= 2
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Cost Curves from Cobb-Douglas
Q
$TC (Q)
$2AC (Q),MC (Q)
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Cost Curves from Cobb-Douglas
Q
$TC (Q)
$2AC (Q),MC (Q)
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Relationship between LR AC and MC
I If average cost is decreasing as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) > MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $80 to make, then average cost will go down.
I If average cost is increasing as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) < MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $100 to make, then average cost will go up.
I If average cost is unchanged as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) < MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $90 to make, then average cost will stay the same.
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Relationship between LR AC and MC
I If average cost is decreasing as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) > MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $80 to make, then average cost will go down.
I If average cost is increasing as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) < MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $100 to make, then average cost will go up.
I If average cost is unchanged as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) < MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $90 to make, then average cost will stay the same.
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Relationship between LR AC and MC
I If average cost is decreasing as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) > MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $80 to make, then average cost will go down.
I If average cost is increasing as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) < MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $100 to make, then average cost will go up.
I If average cost is unchanged as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) < MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $90 to make, then average cost will stay the same.
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Relationship between LR AC and MC
I If average cost is decreasing as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) > MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $80 to make, then average cost will go down.
I If average cost is increasing as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) < MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $100 to make, then average cost will go up.
I If average cost is unchanged as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) < MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $90 to make, then average cost will stay the same.
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Relationship between LR AC and MC
I If average cost is decreasing as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) > MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $80 to make, then average cost will go down.
I If average cost is increasing as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) < MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $100 to make, then average cost will go up.
I If average cost is unchanged as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) < MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $90 to make, then average cost will stay the same.
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Relationship between LR AC and MC
I If average cost is decreasing as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) > MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $80 to make, then average cost will go down.
I If average cost is increasing as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) < MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $100 to make, then average cost will go up.
I If average cost is unchanged as quantity is increasing, thenAC (Q) < MC (Q).
I If average cost for 100 units is $90/unit and the next unitcosts $90 to make, then average cost will stay the same.
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Relationship between LR AC and MC
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Economies and Diseconomies of Scale
We look at the average cost curve for this
I Economies of Scale: a characteristic of production in whichaverage cost decreases as output goes up
I Diseconomies of Scale: a characteristic of production inwhich average cost increases as output goes up
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Example of AC (Q) curve
Q
AC
AC (Q)
Q 0
Economies of ScaleIndivisible Inputs
Q 00
Diseconomies of ScaleIncreasing Managerial Costs
Minimum E�cient Scale
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Example of AC (Q) curve
Q
AC
AC (Q)
Q 0
Economies of ScaleIndivisible Inputs
Q 00
Diseconomies of ScaleIncreasing Managerial Costs
Minimum E�cient Scale
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Example of AC (Q) curve
Q
AC
AC (Q)
Q 0
Economies of ScaleIndivisible Inputs
Q 00
Diseconomies of ScaleIncreasing Managerial Costs
Minimum E�cient Scale
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Example of AC (Q) curve
Q
AC
AC (Q)
Q 0
Economies of ScaleIndivisible Inputs
Q 00
Diseconomies of ScaleIncreasing Managerial Costs
Minimum E�cient Scale
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Economies of Scale and Returns to Scale
I If average cost decreases as output increases, we haveeconomies of scale and increasing returns to scale
I If average cost increases as output increases, we havediseconomies of scale and decreasing returns to scale
I If average cost stays the same as output increases, we haveneither economies nor diseconomies of scale and constantreturns to scale
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Measuring the Extent of Economies of Scale
Output elasticity of Total Cost
✏TC ,Q =%�TC
%�Q
=dTC
dQ| {z }MC
Q
TC|{z}1AC
=MC
AC
Putting it all together (Table 8.3 in textbook)Economies/
Value of ✏TC ,Q MC vs. AC AC (Q) Diseconomies of Scale✏TC ,Q < 1 MC < AC Decreases Economies of Scale✏TC ,Q > 1 MC > AC Increases Diseconomies of Scale✏TC ,Q = 1 MC = AC Constant Neither
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Measuring the Extent of Economies of Scale
Output elasticity of Total Cost
✏TC ,Q =%�TC
%�Q=
dTC
dQ| {z }MC
Q
TC|{z}1AC
=MC
AC
Putting it all together (Table 8.3 in textbook)Economies/
Value of ✏TC ,Q MC vs. AC AC (Q) Diseconomies of Scale✏TC ,Q < 1 MC < AC Decreases Economies of Scale✏TC ,Q > 1 MC > AC Increases Diseconomies of Scale✏TC ,Q = 1 MC = AC Constant Neither
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Measuring the Extent of Economies of Scale
Output elasticity of Total Cost
✏TC ,Q =%�TC
%�Q=
dTC
dQ| {z }MC
Q
TC|{z}1AC
=MC
AC
Putting it all together (Table 8.3 in textbook)Economies/
Value of ✏TC ,Q MC vs. AC AC (Q) Diseconomies of Scale✏TC ,Q < 1 MC < AC Decreases Economies of Scale✏TC ,Q > 1 MC > AC Increases Diseconomies of Scale✏TC ,Q = 1 MC = AC Constant Neither
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Measuring the Extent of Economies of Scale
Output elasticity of Total Cost
✏TC ,Q =%�TC
%�Q=
dTC
dQ| {z }MC
Q
TC|{z}1AC
=MC
AC
Putting it all together (Table 8.3 in textbook)Economies/
Value of ✏TC ,Q MC vs. AC AC (Q) Diseconomies of Scale✏TC ,Q < 1 MC < AC Decreases Economies of Scale✏TC ,Q > 1 MC > AC Increases Diseconomies of Scale✏TC ,Q = 1 MC = AC Constant Neither
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Short-Run Total Cost Curve
I Recall: What is the di↵erence between the long-run andshort-run?
I At least one input is fixed =) Some costs are fixed!
The Model
Assume: 2 inputs and capital (K , L)Capital is fixed at K̄w and r are taken as given by the firm
I L = variable cost
I K = short-run fixed costs
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Short-Run Total Cost Curve
I Recall: What is the di↵erence between the long-run andshort-run?
I At least one input is fixed =) Some costs are fixed!
The Model
Assume: 2 inputs and capital (K , L)Capital is fixed at K̄w and r are taken as given by the firm
I L = variable cost
I K = short-run fixed costs
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Short-Run Total Cost Curve
I Recall: What is the di↵erence between the long-run andshort-run?
I At least one input is fixed =) Some costs are fixed!
The Model
Assume: 2 inputs and capital (K , L)Capital is fixed at K̄w and r are taken as given by the firm
I L = variable cost
I K = short-run fixed costs
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Short-Run Total Cost Curve
Short-Run Total Cost Curve STC (Q) = minimized total cost toproduce Q units of output when at least one input is fixed at aparticular level
Total-Variable Cost Curve TVC (Q) = A curve that shows thesum of expenditures on variable inputs, such as labor, at theshort-run cost minimizing input combination
Total-Fixed Cost Curve TFC = A curve that shows the cost offixed inputs. It does not vary with output (because its fixed!)
STC (Q) = TVC (Q) + TFC
= TVC (Q) + r K̄
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Short-Run Total Cost Curve
Short-Run Total Cost Curve STC (Q) = minimized total cost toproduce Q units of output when at least one input is fixed at aparticular level
Total-Variable Cost Curve TVC (Q) = A curve that shows thesum of expenditures on variable inputs, such as labor, at theshort-run cost minimizing input combination
Total-Fixed Cost Curve TFC = A curve that shows the cost offixed inputs. It does not vary with output (because its fixed!)
STC (Q) = TVC (Q) + TFC
= TVC (Q) + r K̄
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Short-Run Total Cost Curve
Short-Run Total Cost Curve STC (Q) = minimized total cost toproduce Q units of output when at least one input is fixed at aparticular level
Total-Variable Cost Curve TVC (Q) = A curve that shows thesum of expenditures on variable inputs, such as labor, at theshort-run cost minimizing input combination
Total-Fixed Cost Curve TFC = A curve that shows the cost offixed inputs. It does not vary with output (because its fixed!)
STC (Q) = TVC (Q) + TFC
= TVC (Q) + r K̄
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Short-Run Total Cost Curve
Short-Run Total Cost Curve STC (Q) = minimized total cost toproduce Q units of output when at least one input is fixed at aparticular level
Total-Variable Cost Curve TVC (Q) = A curve that shows thesum of expenditures on variable inputs, such as labor, at theshort-run cost minimizing input combination
Total-Fixed Cost Curve TFC = A curve that shows the cost offixed inputs. It does not vary with output (because its fixed!)
STC (Q) = TVC (Q) + TFC
= TVC (Q) + r K̄
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STC Graphically
Q
$
TFCrK̄
TVC (Q)
r K̄
r K̄
STC (Q)
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STC Graphically
Q
$
TFCrK̄
TVC (Q)
r K̄
r K̄
STC (Q)
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STC Graphically
Q
$
TFCrK̄
TVC (Q)
r K̄
r K̄
STC (Q)
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STC Graphically
Q
$
TFCrK̄
TVC (Q)
r K̄
r K̄
STC (Q)
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STC Graphically
Q
$
TFCrK̄
TVC (Q)
r K̄
r K̄
STC (Q)
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ExampleAgain, let’s suppose that our production function is Q = 50
pLK
and that capital is fixed at K̄ . Find the short-run total cost curve.
Step 1) Find the labor demand curve.
Demand Function: L =Q2
2500K̄
Step 2) Plug values of L and K into the total cost equation
STC (Q) = wL+ rK
= w
✓Q2
2500K̄
◆
| {z }TVC(Q)
+ r K̄|{z}TFC
Notice something about TVC (Q). As we increase K̄ the totalvariable costs actually fall. Why is this?
I Having more fixed capital means you use less labor
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ExampleAgain, let’s suppose that our production function is Q = 50
pLK
and that capital is fixed at K̄ . Find the short-run total cost curve.
Step 1) Find the labor demand curve.
Demand Function: L =Q2
2500K̄
Step 2) Plug values of L and K into the total cost equation
STC (Q) = wL+ rK
= w
✓Q2
2500K̄
◆
| {z }TVC(Q)
+ r K̄|{z}TFC
Notice something about TVC (Q). As we increase K̄ the totalvariable costs actually fall. Why is this?
I Having more fixed capital means you use less labor
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ExampleAgain, let’s suppose that our production function is Q = 50
pLK
and that capital is fixed at K̄ . Find the short-run total cost curve.
Step 1) Find the labor demand curve.
Demand Function: L =Q2
2500K̄
Step 2) Plug values of L and K into the total cost equation
STC (Q) = wL+ rK
= w
✓Q2
2500K̄
◆
| {z }TVC(Q)
+ r K̄|{z}TFC
Notice something about TVC (Q). As we increase K̄ the totalvariable costs actually fall. Why is this?
I Having more fixed capital means you use less labor
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ExampleAgain, let’s suppose that our production function is Q = 50
pLK
and that capital is fixed at K̄ . Find the short-run total cost curve.
Step 1) Find the labor demand curve.
Demand Function: L =Q2
2500K̄
Step 2) Plug values of L and K into the total cost equation
STC (Q) = wL+ rK
= w
✓Q2
2500K̄
◆
| {z }TVC(Q)
+ r K̄|{z}TFC
Notice something about TVC (Q). As we increase K̄ the totalvariable costs actually fall. Why is this?
I Having more fixed capital means you use less labor
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ExampleAgain, let’s suppose that our production function is Q = 50
pLK
and that capital is fixed at K̄ . Find the short-run total cost curve.
Step 1) Find the labor demand curve.
Demand Function: L =Q2
2500K̄
Step 2) Plug values of L and K into the total cost equation
STC (Q) = wL+ rK
= w
✓Q2
2500K̄
◆
| {z }TVC(Q)
+ r K̄|{z}TFC
Notice something about TVC (Q). As we increase K̄ the totalvariable costs actually fall. Why is this?
I Having more fixed capital means you use less labor
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ExampleAgain, let’s suppose that our production function is Q = 50
pLK
and that capital is fixed at K̄ . Find the short-run total cost curve.
Step 1) Find the labor demand curve.
Demand Function: L =Q2
2500K̄
Step 2) Plug values of L and K into the total cost equation
STC (Q) = wL+ rK
= w
✓Q2
2500K̄
◆
| {z }TVC(Q)
+ r K̄|{z}TFC
Notice something about TVC (Q). As we increase K̄ the totalvariable costs actually fall. Why is this?
I Having more fixed capital means you use less labor
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How are Long-Run and Short-Run Total Costs Related?
L
K
K̄
Q1
A
What happens in short-run at higher quantity?
Q2
B
The long-run?
C
Generally, costs are higher in the SRAt A, costs are the same in LR and SR
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How are Long-Run and Short-Run Total Costs Related?
L
K
K̄
Q1
A
What happens in short-run at higher quantity?
Q2
B
The long-run?
C
Generally, costs are higher in the SRAt A, costs are the same in LR and SR
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How are Long-Run and Short-Run Total Costs Related?
L
K
K̄
Q1
A
What happens in short-run at higher quantity?
Q2
B
The long-run?
C
Generally, costs are higher in the SRAt A, costs are the same in LR and SR
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How are Long-Run and Short-Run Total Costs Related?
L
K
K̄
Q1
A
What happens in short-run at higher quantity?
Q2
B
The long-run?
C
Generally, costs are higher in the SRAt A, costs are the same in LR and SR
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How are Long-Run and Short-Run Total Costs Related?
L
K
K̄
Q1
A
What happens in short-run at higher quantity?
Q2
B
The long-run?
C
Generally, costs are higher in the SRAt A, costs are the same in LR and SR
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How are Long-Run and Short-Run Total Costs Related?
L
K
K̄
Q1
A
What happens in short-run at higher quantity?
Q2
B
The long-run?
C
Generally, costs are higher in the SRAt A, costs are the same in LR and SR
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How are Long-Run and Short-Run Total Costs Related?
L
K
K̄
Q1
A
What happens in short-run at higher quantity?
Q2
B
The long-run?
C
Generally, costs are higher in the SRAt A, costs are the same in LR and SR
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How are Long-Run and Short-Run Total Costs Related?
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How are Long-Run and Short-Run Total Costs Related?
STC (Q) always lies above TC (Q) except at the point where K̄ isthe cost-minimizing amount of capital used in the long-run
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Short-Run Average and Marginal Cost Curves
SR Average Cost: SAC (Q) =STC (Q)
Q= firm’s total cost per unit of
output when it has at leastone fixed input
SR Marginal Cost: SMC (Q) =dSTC (Q)
dQ= slope of STC (Q) at a cer-
tain point. The change in theshort-run total cost if outputis increased by one unit
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Short-Run Average and Marginal Cost Curves
SR Average Cost: SAC (Q) =STC (Q)
Q= firm’s total cost per unit of
output when it has at leastone fixed input
SR Marginal Cost: SMC (Q) =dSTC (Q)
dQ= slope of STC (Q) at a cer-
tain point. The change in theshort-run total cost if outputis increased by one unit
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Short-Run Average Cost Curve
We can also break these down into variable and fixed costs.
SAC (Q) =STC (Q)
Q=
TVC (Q) + TFC
Q= AVC (Q) + AFC (Q)
I Average short-run total cost is comprised of average variablecosts and average fixed costs.
AVC (Q) =TVC (Q)
Qand AFC (Q) =
TFC
Q
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Short-run Cost Curves
Q
$AFC (Q) always falls and approaches zero
AFC (Q)
SMC (Q)
B
AVC (Q)
SAC (Q)
A
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Short-run Cost Curves
Q
$
AFC (Q)
SMC (Q) U-shaped
SMC (Q)
B
AVC (Q)
SAC (Q)
A
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Short-run Cost Curves
Q
$
AFC (Q)
SMC (Q)
AVC (Q) minimum when it crosses SMC (Q)
and is also U-shaped
B
AVC (Q)
SAC (Q)
A
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Short-run Cost Curves
Q
$
AFC (Q)
SMC (Q)
B
AVC (Q)
SAC (Q) starts above AVC (Q) and AFC (Q)and approaches AVC (Q)
SAC (Q)
A
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Relationship between LR and SR Average & Marginal CostCurves
What will be higher? Firms long-run average cost or short-runaverage cost curves
The short-run
I In the short-run we can’t vary K̄ , this means our total costsare higher. So, our short-run average costs must be higher.
I Except for the case where K̄ is the long-run cost-minimizingamount of capital
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Relationship between LR and SR Average & Marginal CostCurves
What will be higher? Firms long-run average cost or short-runaverage cost curvesThe short-run
I In the short-run we can’t vary K̄ , this means our total costsare higher. So, our short-run average costs must be higher.
I Except for the case where K̄ is the long-run cost-minimizingamount of capital
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Relationship between LR and SR Average & Marginal CostCurves
What will be higher? Firms long-run average cost or short-runaverage cost curvesThe short-run
I In the short-run we can’t vary K̄ , this means our total costsare higher. So, our short-run average costs must be higher.
I Except for the case where K̄ is the long-run cost-minimizingamount of capital
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Relationship between LR and SR Average & Marginal CostCurves
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Relationship between LR and SR Average & Marginal CostCurves
I Long-run average cost curve forms a boundary (envelope)around the set of short-run cost curves corresponding todi↵erence levels of output at di↵erent amount of the fixedinput
I Short-run average cost curve lies above long-run curve, exceptfor the level of output where the fixed capital is optimal
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Relationship between LR and SR Average & Marginal CostCurves
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Relationship between LR and SR Average & Marginal CostCurves
I SMC (Q) = MC (Q) when Long-Run and Short-Run Total(Average) Costs are equal
How to draw SMC :
I Must cut through SAC at its minimum
I Must be equal to MC (Q) at Q⇤ when STC = LTC (orSAC = AC )
From the previous slide:
At A: SAC = AC because the firm has the optimal plant sizeto produce 1 million units
G : SMC (Q) = MC (Q) because the firm has the optimalplant size to produce 1 million units
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Economies of Scope
So far, we have been assuming that the firm only produces onegood. How could we think about relaxing this assumption?
I Firms may make 2 or more goods, Q1,Q2, . . .
I Total costs = TC (Q1,Q2, . . .)I E�ciencies may occur when they produce two goods
I For example - The same manufacturing process is used soinstead of leaving the capital unused for part of the day, theycan put it to use.
I Or maybe labor is working to its fullest potential. If the firmproduced more than one product, they would have more workto fill their day (e.g., graphic design, managers)
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Economies of Scope
So far, we have been assuming that the firm only produces onegood. How could we think about relaxing this assumption?
I Firms may make 2 or more goods, Q1,Q2, . . .
I Total costs = TC (Q1,Q2, . . .)
I E�ciencies may occur when they produce two goodsI For example - The same manufacturing process is used so
instead of leaving the capital unused for part of the day, theycan put it to use.
I Or maybe labor is working to its fullest potential. If the firmproduced more than one product, they would have more workto fill their day (e.g., graphic design, managers)
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Economies of Scope
So far, we have been assuming that the firm only produces onegood. How could we think about relaxing this assumption?
I Firms may make 2 or more goods, Q1,Q2, . . .
I Total costs = TC (Q1,Q2, . . .)I E�ciencies may occur when they produce two goods
I For example - The same manufacturing process is used soinstead of leaving the capital unused for part of the day, theycan put it to use.
I Or maybe labor is working to its fullest potential. If the firmproduced more than one product, they would have more workto fill their day (e.g., graphic design, managers)
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Economies of Scope
So far, we have been assuming that the firm only produces onegood. How could we think about relaxing this assumption?
I Firms may make 2 or more goods, Q1,Q2, . . .
I Total costs = TC (Q1,Q2, . . .)I E�ciencies may occur when they produce two goods
I For example - The same manufacturing process is used soinstead of leaving the capital unused for part of the day, theycan put it to use.
I Or maybe labor is working to its fullest potential. If the firmproduced more than one product, they would have more workto fill their day (e.g., graphic design, managers)
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Economies of Scope
Economies of Scope: A production function characteristic inwhich the total cost of producing given quantities of two goods inthe same firm is less than the total cost of producing thosequantities in two single-product firms.
TC (Q1,Q2) < TC (Q1, 0) + TC (0,Q2)
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Economies of Scope
Economies of Scope: A production function characteristic inwhich the total cost of producing given quantities of two goods inthe same firm is less than the total cost of producing thosequantities in two single-product firms.
TC (Q1,Q2) < TC (Q1, 0) + TC (0,Q2)
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