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Jatna SupriatnaDept Biologi, Research Center for Climate ChangeUniversitas Indonesia dan Akademi Ilmu PengetahuanIndonesia

Politik Biodiversitas Era Perubahan Iklim dan SDGs

Outline

• Biodiversitas: Definisi,Sejarah dan Nilai

• Permasalahan danSolusi

• Key Securities: Food,Health, Biodiversity,Climate Change,Sociocultural

• Bio-politik Biodiversitas

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Indonesia: Geographically sits on “Ring of Fire”, more than2000 earth quake from 1995-2005;

126 volcanoes active around Sumatra, Java, Nusatengara andSulawesi and Molucca Red dot earthquake more than 6 in Reichter

scale, Geologically unstable withAustralian andAsian plates collided

“ 55 ecosystems, the highest marine and forestbiodiversity in the world, more tsunamis thanother countries, more than 500 langguages,more moeslems (82% of 240 millions)

Indonesia - an island a day..17.000. at this rateit would take you , 49 years to

'Sea Indonesia…!’

2011

110 tsunami in Indonesia recorded

Biodiversity

Encyclopedia of Life

Tree of Life

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Photo from Wikipedia

Portmanteau of “biological” + “diversity” = “biodiversity”

E. O. Wilson (b. 1929)

Biodiversity (1988)

What is Biodiversity?

Image of Dodo (extinct Indian Ocean island bird) from Wikipedia

Extinction

“Not only are species at risk of extinction, but some processes that undergirdecosystem functions, or that are glorious in and of themselves, are put at risk

from human activities...” Groom et al. (2006, pg. 78)

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Photo by crew of Apollo 17 (1972) from Wikipedia; quote from E. O. Wilson (1992) The Diversity of Life

“The most wonderfulmystery of life may well

be the means by which itcreated so much diversity

from so little physicalmatter”

Mass of all livingorganisms ≈

1/10,000,000,000Earth’s mass

Biodiversity

Biodiversity at multiple levels of biological organization

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Biogeografi dan Keragaman Satwa Nusantara

Berada di antara 2 kawasanbiogeografi dunia:Oriental dan Australasia Dinamika Pleistosen Proses geologi kompleks Kepulauan

Isolasi dan spesiasi

Terry Erwin’s estimate for Arthropods:

Beetle species in 19 individual Luehea seemanniitree canopies = 1200Percentage of host-specific beetles = 13.5%0.135 x 1200 = 162 host-specific beetles in thecanopies of L. seemannii

Total number of tropical tree species = 50,000162 x 50,000 = 8,100,000 host-specific beetles in the canopies of tropical trees

Beetles represent 40% of all members of the Phylum Arthropoda40/100 = 8,100,000/A; A = 20,250,000 arthropods in the canopies of tropical trees

Tropical forest canopies have twice the diversity of the ground2 x G = 20,250,000; G = 10,125,00020,250,000 + 10,125,000 = 30,375,000 species on Earth!

Photo of adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces of Luehea seemannii from Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute

How many species are on Earth?

Ernest May and others have used many estimation techniques, e.g.:

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Biodiversity in Indonesia

• Highest ranking biodiversity interms of species richness andendemism.

• Rates of deforestation areincreasing, from 1.6 mil/ha(1985-97) to >2.4 mil ha/yr(1998-2000).

• Major threats: logging, agric.expansion, infrastructure.

• ~50 mil people live within10km of protected areas.

Indonesia in theIndonesia in the World RankWorld RankTerrestrialTerrestrial Total DiversityTotal Diversity

(Mittermeier et all 1997)

Country TotalHigher Plants

TotalMammals

TotalBirds

TotalReptiles

TotalAmphibians

Brazil 1. 1 3 5 2Colombia 2. 4 1 3 1Indonesia 3. 2 5 4 6China 4. 3 8 7 5Mexico 5. 5 10 2 4South Africa 6. 14 11 9 15Venezuela 7. 10 6 13 9Equador 8. 13 4 8 3Peru 9. 9 2 12 7USA 10. 6 12 16 12PNG 11. 15 13 10 10India 12. 8 7 6 8Australia 13. 12 14 1 11Malaysia 14. 11 15 14 14Madagascar 15. 17 17 11 13DRC 16. 7 90 14 16Philipine 17. 16 16 17 17

Co untry Hig he r Plants Mam m als Birds Re ptile s Am phibiansBrazil 1 4 3 5 2Indo ne s ia 2 2 1 6 1 1So uth Africa 3 1 4 * 1 7 1 4 1 7Co lo m bia 4 1 2 * 5 1 1 1Aus tralia 5 1 2 1 5 *PNG 6 9 1 0 1 3 8Me xico 7 3 6 2 5 *China 8 7 * 9 7 4Madag as car 9 7 * 8 3 3India 0 1 1 1 2 4 1 0Malays ia 1 1 1 4 * 1 6 1 5 1 4Ve ne zue la 1 2 1 7 1 3 1 6 1 3Pe ru 1 3 1 0 7 1 0 1 2Philippine s 1 4 5 4 8 1 6Ecuado r 1 5 1 6 1 4 9 7USA 1 6 6 1 1 1 2 9DRC 1 7 1 2 * 1 5 1 7 1 5

Indonesia Endemic Biota

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KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI DAN TINGKATENDEMISITAS SETIAP WILAYAH

DI INDONESIA

NONO WILAYAHWILAYAH BURUNGBURUNG MAMALIAMAMALIA REPTILREPTIL TUMBUHANTUMBUHAN

SpesiesSpesies EndemiEndemik (%)k (%)

SpesiesSpesies EndemiEndemik (%)k (%)

SpesiesSpesies EndemiEndemik (%)k (%)

SpesiesSpesies EndemiEndemik (%)k (%)

11 PAPUAPAPUA 602602 5252 125125 5858 223223 3535 10301030 5555

22 MALUKUMALUKU 210210 3333 6969 1717 9898 1818 380380 66

33 SULAWESISULAWESI 242242 3030 4141 1212 7777 2222 150150 33

44 KALIMANTANKALIMANTAN 289289 3232 114114 6060 117117 2626 520520 77

55 JAWAJAWA--BALIBALI 362362 77 3333 1212 173173 88 630630 55

66 SUMATERASUMATERA 465465 22 194194 1010 217217 1111 820820 1111

INDONESIAINDONESIA 32232244

676676 905905 35303530

MacKinnon 1982

TOTAL NUMBER OFCOUNTRY THREATENED

MAMMAL SPECIESIndo ne s ia 1 2 8China 7 5India 7 5Brazil 7 1Me xico 6 4Aus tralia 5 8PNG 5 7Philippine s 4 9Pe ru 4 6Madag as car 4 6Ke nya** 4 3Malays ia 4 2De m . Re p. Of Co ng o ~ 3 8Vie tnam ** 3 8USA 3 5Co lo m bia 3 5Ethio pia** 3 5Thailand** 3 4So uth Africa 3 3Tanzania** 3 3

Mamalia Terancam di Dunia

** Not a Megadiversity CountryTotal of Critically Endangered, Endangered, and Vulnerable Identified in 1996 IUCN Red List = 1,096

Total Number of Species in Megadiversity Countries (15) on this list = 852Percent of All Threatened Species that Exist in Megadiversity Countries (852/1,096)=77.7%

~ Formerly Zaire

mam

mal

s

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Indonesia: Sit in the center of the Coral Triangle (the highestdiversity on corral reef and fish species in the world)

Fish diversity

Corral diversity

Source: Brumbaugh © AMNH-CBC

••Unique location at nexus ofUnique location at nexus oftwo tropical oceanstwo tropical oceans

Indonesian FlowIndonesian Flow--Through combinesThrough combinesand strong seasonal influencesand strong seasonal influences

(monsoon). This results in:(monsoon). This results in:

Localised upwellingsLocalised upwellingsRetention zones and eddiesRetention zones and eddiesPersistent pelagic habitatsPersistent pelagic habitats

especially in theespecially in thenearnear--shore, yet deepshore, yet deep--sea waters insea waters in

the eastern provincesthe eastern provinces

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Quick sample of IndonesiaQuick sample of Indonesia’’ssoceanic cetacean species diversityoceanic cetacean species diversity

Quick sample of IndonesiaQuick sample of Indonesia’’ssoceanic cetacean species diversityoceanic cetacean species diversity

Sperm whales – Bunaken NP

Killer whales/Orca –Solor Alor (MPA planned Cuvier’s beaked whale – Komodo NP

Pygmy Bryde’s whales - Komodo NP

Bryde’s whale (regionally distinct, note white jaw on

right side only) – Uluwatu, BaliPygmy blue whale –Solor Alor (MPA planned)

Spinner dolphin – Bali(target species of U$5M/yrdolphin watch industry)

Pygmy killer whales –Bunaken NP

Green Economy: Key Securities

• Foods• Freshwater• Health• Socio-Cultural• Climate Change• Energy• Biodiversity

UNEP 2007

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Biodiversity “USE”Traditional Use

6000 plants for foods2500 Medicinal plants (??)--jamuYeast (?)---tempe, tauco, etc

Domestication and Wild-harvestingMilkfish started during Majapahit Kingdom

• Rattan collection and non-timber product:• 400 fruits• 370 vegetables• 55 spices

Tourism and Environment ServicesPotential Ecotorism and Wildlife Tourism:

Komodo, Sulawesi primates, etc

Indonesia is the highest diversity of Bananas (Nasoetion,1991)

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Gallus sp (Chicken)

CC

BBAA--3 centers of domesticated chicken ( A.Hindus plateau, B. Yellow river C.Indonesia (from mtDNA analysis -Sulandari et al 2007)

--Di Indonesia: Red Jungle Fowl (Gallusgallus) and Green jungle fowl (Gallusvarius).--The most success story domestication.(Sulandari et al 2007). And 31 varietieslocal chicken in Indonesia (Nataamijaya2000)

Fish ProductionIndonesia is the 3rd largest fish producer in theworld, ranking behind only China and Peru. Thesector produced 6.7 million tons of fish in 2011.(FAO 2012).

16% of the seafood imported into the US comesfrom Indonesia: Indonesia alone contributedabout a quarter—or about 13,000 tons—of thefresh and frozen tuna imported by the UnitedStates in 2010, a catch valued at $112 million.

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-Kerusakan dan Fragmentasi Habitat-Eksploitasi berlebihan-Invasif species-Polusi-Perubahan Iklim

Krisis Keanekaragaman Hayati

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Gulasemut

POHON AREN

Pohon aren memiliki struktur daun yangkhusus, sepanjang tahun produksi danfotosintesis sangat efisien, hasil etanol dariaren jauh lebih besar daripada output biofueldari bahan baku lain yang digunakan diseluruh dunia

Energi,Pangan,

Obat,Papan

dsb.

Gula Aren

PemanfaatanKeanekaragaman Hayati Sources LIPI 2013

• Lebih dari 50 Ekosistem diIndonesia.

EKOSISTEM

Ekosistem Air Tawar

Data biologi lebih berkaitan langsung dengankondisi ekologi atau kesehatan ekosistemperairan daripada data kimia. Karakter biotaseperti keberadaan jenis atau kelimpahannyadapat menjadi petunjuk adanya perubahanstatus atau kondisi suatu lingkungan

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Anti serangga hama

BIOPESTISIDA

Nimba(Azadirachta indica)

Kecubung(Brugmansia candida)

Bintaro(Carbera manghas)

mongabay.comNorth Sulawesi

Forests asVaccines

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YC-O1

YC-O2

Biostimulation technology for handling oil spilled out on the seashore

Potential Microbe that can use oil

Marine microbe

FROZEN SEMEN OF WILDLIFE

DNA OF WILDLIFE & DNA BARCODING

Sexing

Scientists can do: (LIPI 2013)

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Ekowisata

Mungkinkah Keindahan dan Keunikan Ekosistem danSpesies menjadi keuntungan Kompetitif ?(Supriatna 2014. Berwisata di Taman Nasional. Yayasan Obor , Jakarta 460p)

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National Park Mgahinga Volcanoes2 Virunga1 Bwindi1 Kahuzi1 Total

Country Uganda Rwanda DRC Uganda DRC -

Area (km2) 34 160 2402 330 6003 1364

Human population densityaround park (/ km2)

400 400 400 300 300 -

Year Gorilla tourism began 1994 1979 1985 1993 1973 -

No. gorillas in area 124 1294 1814 300 2475 869

No. gorilla groups habituatedfor tourism

1 3-66 4 3-4 4 16-19

No. gorilla groups forresearch

0 3 0 1 2 6

No. tourists per group 6 8 6 6 8 -

Daily viewing fee for nonresident tourists (US$)

120 126 125 150-180 120 -

Gorilla Wisata di Afrika

1Also designated a World Heritage Site.2Portion of the 7800 km2 Virunga National Park that lies within the Virunga Conservation Area3Portion of the 6000 km2 Kahuzi-Biega National Park occupied by the gorilla population that is visited by tourists.4Gorillas in these three parks are all within the Virunga Conservation Area (c, 324 gorillas). Most of them move betweenat least two of the three parks. The number within each of the three parks, therefore, varies considerably and frewuently.5Gorilla tourism in the Kahuzi-National Park is confined to a mountain population of about 247 gorillas (Vedder 1996).6The one gorilla group visited by tourists in Mgahinga Gorilla National Park moves between this park and the VirungaNational Park.

Photo from Wikipedia

Habitat destruction &fragmentation

Jared Diamond(b. 1937)

Introduced species

Overkill

Secondary or cascade effects

Jared Diamond’s “Evil Quartet”

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http://redgreenandblue.org/2011/04/22/20-memorable-earth-day-posters-from-1970-2009/

First Earth Day Calendar - 1970

Environmental Problems and HumanPopulation Growth

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• Ekspansi manusia dan bencana biodiversitas

ETNOBIOLOGI

India baru saja menyelesaikan data perpustakaandigital untuk pengetahuan obat-obatantradisionalnya. Sekitar 200 peneliti menghabiskanwaktu delapan tahun untuk membangunperpustakaan digital.

Bagaimana dengan di Indonesia??

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Kudzu

SnakeheadWalkingcatfish

HIPPOInvasive Species

Threats to Sea Turtle

Tugas : mata kulaih Biologi Konservasi, threats to biodiversity

Threats to biodiversity

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Deforestation rates in Indonesia

RatesRemnant

2.5%0.8%

0.75%

1.01%

0.89%

1.87%

2.47%

million haSupriatna et al 2012

The Drivers of DeforestationPalm Oil Development (7 million ha)Number #1 producing oil (CPO) Resetlement

legal and illegal loggingWildlife trade /Bushmeat Minning in the forest

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Agricultural Suitability

1. Conservation and Development Potential

Oil

Palm

Cof

fee

Economic and Biodiversity Priorities

Oil Palm Suitability

Spatial Tradeoffs: Agriculture,Ecosystem Services and Conservationsuitability

Forest Carbon Potential Tiger habitat suitability

Ecosystem Services and Trade off Economy

2 = forest area ranked as highlysuitable for both tigerconnectivity and oil palm(279,426 ha)

Current extent of oil palmplantation in the Singkil-Subulussalam districts (2007) =~50,000 ha

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Land use type

NPV

per

ha

(US$

)

Oil palm (high yield)

Oil palm (low yield)

REDD

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Land use type

NPV

per

ha

(US$

)

Oil palm (high yield)

Oil palm (low yield)

REDD + Biodiversity

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Land use type

NPV

per

ha

(US$

)

Oil palm (high yield)

Oil palm (low yield)

REDD + Biodiversity +Flood Prevention

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Land use type

NPV

per

ha

(US$

)

Oil palm (high yield)

Oil palm (low yield)

REDD + Biodiversity +Flood Prevention

LocallyRetainedIncome

Other unforeseen costs: influx of migrantlabor, additional demand for land,infrastructure development, pollution andwaste

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Costs of Inaction (Private Sectors)

-Oil palm is valuable, but it is notunique

-Brazil’s 5M ha of certifiedsustainable palm oil-Opportunity costs

-Indonesia’s biodiversity is uniqueand irreplaceable

-Once a species is lost it cannot bereplaced

Indonesia and Global Palm Oil Figure

Who can stop expansion?

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Is palm oil next?-Pressure from markets:

-Unilever, Walmart, Carrefour, Nestle-Dutch government-E.U. biofuels regulations

-Pressure from competitors (Brazil)-Industry action:

-Golden Agri Resources (Feb 2011)-RSPO / ISPO

-REDD+ Moratorium-Degraded lands opportunity-Satellite imagery = transparency?

mongabay.com

Sabah, Malaysia

Credit: Rhett Butler, mongabay.com

The Global Business Model isChanging

- Walmart- 100% RSPO palm oil by 2015- Global cattle tracking system- Packaging reduction mandate- CO2 emissions tracking

- Unilever, Nestle, Kraft, Carrefour- RSPO targets

- The Body Shop- Canceled palm oil contract with RSPO-certified supplier over social

conflict (Oct 2010)

Credit: Rhett Butler, mongabay.com

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Food Security

Most extreme case: Aral Sea has shrunk 40% in a decade

Where end of will be??? Waste Problems and animal life

Gyre—the largestplastic garbage inthe world

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Global Climate Change: Anexample

Implications for the ocean:• Sea level rise• Ocean warming: 2020--<2 degree C• Changing ocean currents• Ocean acidification—dying ocean

Health related:Increase dengue, Malaria, etc

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Sustainability ?

From Living Planet Report 2008, World Wildlife Fund, 2008.

Quick GuidesBiodiversity T

Aichi Targets

Aichi BiodiverFliers

English

Spanish

French

Conference of the Parties (COP 10)Convention on Biological DiversityNagoya, Japan

Aichi Biodiversity TargetsStrategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss bymainstreaming biodiversity across government and society

Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promotesustainable use

Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguardingecosystems, species and genetic diversity

Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem

services

Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning,knowledge management and capacity building

Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss bymainstreaming biodiversity across government and society

Target 1

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What Scientists can do?

The 21 century is called “ Century for Biology” and theyear of 2010-2020 as Biodiversity Decade

Industries may make progress are Pharmacy, Health, Food,Agriculture, Cosmetics, Ecotourism etc which most of them arebiodiversity resources base. What we need is to apply science andTechnology.

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• End extreme poverty and hunger

• Achieve development and prosperity for all without ruining the environment

• Ensure learning for all children and youth

• Achieve gender equality and reduce inequalities

• Achieve health and wellbeing at all ages

• Increase agricultural production in an environmentally sustainable manner, to achieve

food security and rural prosperity

• Make cities productive and environmentally sustainable

• Curb human-induced climate change with sustainable energy

• Protect ecosystems and ensure sound management of natural resources

• Improve governance and align business behaviour with all the goals

11 out of 17 priority challenges of sustainabledevelopment

Food Security

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UNEP

• Despite the growing momentum and thesupport for REDD+ displayed by governmentsand donors in 2013, funding for the initiativestands at only $6.27 billion. The $30 billionneeded per year sounds like big commitmentby comparison, but to put it into perspective,the fossil fuel industry received direct pre-taxsubsidies of $480 billion in 2011.

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Ecosystem Services

Source: Rhett Butler,Mongabay

- Ecosystem services (erosion control, floodprevention, carbon storage, fire mitigation,transpiration/precipitation)

- Food (fish, game, fruit, seeds), fiber(construction materials, rattan), fuel (firewood)

- Medicine (Calanolide: anti-HIV drug fromBorneo peat swamp tree)

53 Negara Tandatangani ProtokolNagoya

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‘Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services’. IPBES will be an interface between the scientificcommunity and policy makers that aims to build capacity for and strengthen the use of science in policy making.

Although there are many organizations and initiatives that contribute to the science policy interface on biodiversity and ecosystemservices, there is no ongoing global mechanism recognized by both the scientific and policy communities that brings informationtogether and synthesizes and analyses it for decision making in a range of policy fora such as the global environmental conventionsand development policy dialogues. IPBES will be the mechanism that addresses the gaps in the science policy interface onbiodiversity and ecosystem services.

April 23, 2012

Matrix dari Evolusi Ekonomi

Stages0.0 Traditional Community1.0 Regulation & Hierarchy2.0 Free Market3.0 Social Market4.0 Deep InnovationSeeing and Acting from thewhole organization—commoninterests ( 3 sectors and co-creating)

Green economics” :theory of economics by which an economy is considered to becomponent of the ecosystem in which it resides

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Green Economy Concept

Masterplan Proyek Pusat Konservasi Keanekaragaman Hayati. Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak PUSAT PENELITIAN GEOGRAFI TERAPANFakultas MIPA - Universitas Indonesia- 2011

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1.Outcome yang diharapkan(Kapasitas “Sustainability Skills”)

Triple Bottom Line

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The Ship of Fools

Terima Kasih/ Thank You