Outline of Chapter 10: Language Change

Phonological Change 503 Morphological Change 506 Syntactic Change 508 Lexical Change 510

New Words 511 Loan Words 512

Semantic Change 515 Broadening 515 Narrowing 516 Meaning Shift 516

History of English Old English 449-1066 449 Saxons invade Britain

6th c Religious literature8th c Beowulf 1066 Norman Conquest

Middle English1066-15001387 Canterbury Tales

1476 Caxton’s printing press 1500 Great vowel shiftModern English 1500- 1564 Birth of Shakespeare

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 500.

Regular Sound Correspondence

English /f/ French /p/ Spanish /p/father père padrefish poisson pescado(patrimony)(piscine)

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 502.

Regular Sound Correspondence

Indo-European /p/

Latin /p/ Proto-Germanic /f/

French /p/ Spanish /p/ English /f/ German /f/

poisson pescado fish F Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 502.

Historical Phonological ChangeOld/Modern English

ADD New Soundsleisure []azure []over (ofer) [v]

LOSE Old Soundsnight [nxt]drought [druxt]

CHANGE Old Soundselk (eolh) [lx] [lk] hollow (holh) [hlx] [hlo]house [u:] [a]feet [e:] [i]

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 503.

Modern English Morphological Endings

INFLECTIONS (Only eight left)

Vs Ns Aer

Ving N’s Aest

Ved (Ns’)

Ven

NO GENDER

Modern English Morphological Endings

CASE ENDINGS Disappeared EXCEPT: Genitive ’s EXCEPT: PronounsI you he she it we theyme you him her it us themmy your his her its our

theirmine yours his hers its ours

theirs

Irregular Native English Words

(brother)child footgooselouse

man mouse oxtoothwoman

OLD ENGLISH NOUN DECLENSIONS

hound child foot oxSingular

Nom. hund cild f8t oxaAcc. hund cild f8 oxanGen. hundes cildes f8tes oxan Dat. hunde cilde f4t oxan

PluralN.-Ac. hundas cildru f4t oxanGen. hunda cildra f8ta oxenaDat. hundum cildrum f8tum oxum The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.

OLD ENGLISH VERB FORMS-1

INF PRET PAST PARTIC

keep c4pan c4pte gec4ped

buy bycgan bohte geboht

carry ferian ferede gefered

end endian endode geendod

have habban hQfde gehQfd

say secgan sQgde gesQgd

The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.

keep help Present-IndicativeI c4pe helpeyou(sg) c4pest hilpsthe,she,it c4peD hilpD((we,you(pl),they c4paD helpaD Present-Subjunctivesingular c4pe helpeplural c4pen helpen Imperativesingular c4p helpplural c4paD

helpaD

The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.

OLD ENGLISH VERB FORMS-1

Infinitivec4pan helpant8 c4pennet8 helpennePresent-Participlec4pende helpende Preterit-IndicativeI c4pte healpyou(sg) c4ptest hulpehe,she,it c4pte healpwe,you(pl),they c4pton hulponPreterit-Subjunctivesingular c4pte hulpeplural c4pten hulpenPast Participlegec4ped geholpen

The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.

Old English, Middle English, and Modern EnglishVerb Forms

OLD MIDDLE MODERN ENGLISH ENGLISH ENGLISH

findan finden find infinitive

fundon f8[nde(n) found pret. pl.

funden f8[nde(n) found past part.

The Origins and Development of the English Language, fourth edition. Thomas Pyles and John Algeo. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.

Modern English Verb keep help Present-Indicativehe, she, it keeps helpsOTHER keep help

Present-SubjunctiveALL keep help

Imperativekeep help

Infinitive keep help To keep to help

Present-Participle keeping helping

Preterit-Indicative / Subjunctive, Past Part. kept helped

Etymology of Nag

nag: < Scandinavian (as in Swedish nagga, obsolete Danish nagge, to nibble, gnaw, nag) < Old Norse gnaga;

for Indo-European base see GNAW;

for sense development see FRET1

Webster’s New World College Dictionary, third edition. Victoria Neufeldt, editor in chief. New York: Macmillan, 1997.

Sources of New Words Derivation

Compounding

Acronyms

Back-formation

Clipping / Abbreviations

Eponyms (words from names)

Blends Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 511.

Lexical Change Borrowings

Native Foreign

English Source

20,000 most common 40% 60%500 most common 71% 29%Tokens in running text 80%

New Words

Chapter 3: Morphology

Loss of Words Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 512.

Uncommon Words in Modern English

fain gladlywot knowwherefore whybeseem to be suitablemammet doll or puppetgyve a fetter

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 515.

Semantic Change Broadening of Meaning dog specific breed

holiday only religious dayspictureonly painted

Narrowing of Meaning meat food

deer animalhound any dog

Meaning Shifts knight young man

lust pleasurelewd ignorantsilly happyfond foolish

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, pp. 515-516.

Comparative Method of Reconstruction

French Italian Spanish Portuguesecher caro caro caro ‘dear

’champ campo campo campo ‘field’chandelle chandela candela candeia ‘ca

ndle’

[k] [m] [p] Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 521.

Four Hypothetical Languages

Lang A Lang B Lang C Lang Dhono hono fono vonohari hari fari veli rahima rahima rafima levimahor hor for vol

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2003. An Introduction to Language, 7th ed. Boston, MA: Wadsworth, p. 521.

Three Chinese Dialects

Mandarin Cantonese Taiwanese1 / i / / jt / / dzit /2 / / / i / / n /3 / san / / sa:m / / sã /4 / sz / / sei / / si /5 / wu / / / / g /6 / lou / / lok / / lak /7 / ti / / tst / / tsit /8 / pa / / pa:t / / pue /9 / tou // kau / / kau /10 / r / / sp / / tsap /

These are not official IPA spellings. Only a limited font was available. The transcriptions may also be inaccurate because of faulty hearing.

Zhuang and Chinese Words Cung go Zhongguo Yin min Ren min Yan man

Yinhang Yinhang ha gakWu jiao

gok

ha cib maenWu shi yuan sap man

Chapter 11 Homework(Exercise 3, pp. 538-539)

a. It nothing pleased his master Nothing pleased his masterb. He hath said that we would lift them whom that him

please. He has said that we would lift those who please him. c. I have a brother is condemned to die. I have a brother who is condemned to die.d. I bade them take away you. I asked them to take you away.e. I wish you was still more a Tartar. I wish you were even more of a Tartar. I wish even more that you were a Tartar.f. Christ slept and his apostles. Christ slept and his apostles did too. Christ and his apostles slept.g. Me was told. I was told.

Chapter 11 Homework(Exercise 5, p. 540)

a. False ‘thing’/ k / before / a / in Latin becomes French / /b. True ‘tail’Otherwise we might have expected / /c. FalseThere are NO examples of / s / and /k/ in complement

ary distribution.d. True Latin / kertus /We have two examples of Latin words with / ke / (‘deer’ and ‘hundred’) that become / s /

(A)

Original Language

Today’s Languages

(B)

Original Languages

Today’s Languages

Source(s) of Today’s Languages

Adapted from David Crystal. 1987. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 291.

In Search of the First Language Nova Series

Overview / Table of Contents Introduction to Historical Linguistics

Comparative Method Indo-European languages Interlude Sino-Tibetan languages African languages Native American languages Language Isolates Language Change Nostratic Evolution of Language Conclusion