outage probability and power efficiency of quantize-and

CONFERENCEPROCEEDINGS

2ND 2020 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BROADBAND COMMUNICATIONS, WIRELESS SENSORS AND POWERING (BCWSP)

BCWSP

bcwsp.mercubuana.ac.id

Organized by Universitas Mercu Buana, Jakarta Universitas Mercu Buana, Yogyakarta

TechnicalCo-Sponsorship IEEE Indonesia Section

2020 2nd International Conference on

Broadband Communications,

Wireless Sensors

and Powering (BCWSP 2020)

Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Jakarta, Indonesia

September 28th-30th, 2020

2nd International Conference on Broadband Communication, Wireless Sensors and Powering 2020 iii

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IEEE Catalog Number: CFP20WWG-ART

ISBN: 978-1-7281-7449-5

2nd International Conference on Broadband Communication, Wireless Sensors and Powering 2020 xv

Committees

Steering Committee

Prof. Dr. Ngadino Surip, MS

Prof. Dr. –Ing. Mudrik Alaydrus

Dr. Hadri Mulya, SE, M.Si

Dr. Yuli Harwani, M

Dr. Yudhi Herliansyah. Ak ., M.Si., CA., CPA

Organizing Committee

Prof. Dr. Andi Adriansyah, M.Eng (Chair)

Dr. Umaisaroh, S.ST

Dr. Setiyo Budiyanto, MT

Dr. Marza Ihsan Marzuki, MT

Dr. Budi Susetyo, MT

Dr. Nunung Widyaningsih

Dr. Sagir Alva, M.Sc

Dr. Dafit Feriyanto, M.Eng

Dr. Sarwani Hasibuan, MT

Dr. Hasbullah, MT

Dr. Denny Setiawan

Dr. Harwikarya

Dr. Ida Nurhaida, MT

Irmulan Santi T, SH, Msi

Regina Lionnie, ST, MT

Julpri Andika, ST, MSc

Abdi Wahab, SKom, MT

M. Hafizd Ibnu Hajar, ST., M.Sc

Dian Widi Astuti, ST., MT

Ahmad Firdausi, ST., MT

Galang Persada Nurani Hakim, ST., MT

M. Nastain, M. Ikom

Kristin Andriyani, S. Pd., ST., M. Pd.

Diah Iskandar, SE, M. Si.

Riko Noviantoro, S. Sos

Miyono SKom

Dyah Fitria Purwaningsih, Amd

Safto Adi Wibowo, SE

Dwi Permatasari, SE

Linda Puspitasari, SE

Nina Zatina, S.Ikom

2nd International Conference on Broadband Communication, Wireless Sensors and Powering 2020 iv

2020 2nd International Conference on

Broadband Communication, Wireless Sensors and Powering

BCWSP 2020

Table of Content

Cover i

Title ii

Copyright Notice iii

Table of Content iv

Message From Conference Chairman vii

Message From Rector of Universitas Mercu Buana ix

Keynote Speakers x

Committees xv

Reviewers xvi

Bending Assessment of Dual-band Split Ring-shaped and Bar Slotted All-Textile Antenna

for Off-body WBAN/WLAN and 5G Applications

Hamza A. Mashaghba, Hasliza A. Rahim, Ping Jack Soh, Mohamedfareq Abdulmalek,

Ismahayati Adam, Muzammil Jusoh, Thennarasan Sabapathy, Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin

and Khairul Najmy Abdul Rani

1

Design of 2.4 GHz And 5.8 GHz Microstrip Antenna on Wi-Fi Network

Lukman Medriavin Silalahi, Setiyo Budiyanto, Freddy Artadima Silaban, Imelda Uli

Vistalina Simanjuntak, Putri Syahkina Hendriasari and Heryanto

6

Development of Microstrip Antenna Array Series for Radar Foreign Object Debris (FOD)

Muhammad Riza Darmawan, Catur Apriono, Eko Tjipto Rahardjo, Fitri Yuli Zulkifli

and Mudrik Alaydrus

12

Design of Rectangular Patch Array 1x2 MIMO Microstrip Antenna with Tapered Peripheral

Slits Method for 28 GHz Band 5G mmwave Frequency

Muhammad Nurrachman, Galang Persada Nurani Hakim and Ahmad Firdausi

16

1×4 Patch Array All-Textile Antenna for WLAN Applications

Hamza A. Mashaghba, Hasliza A. Rahim, Ping Jack Soh, Mohamedfareq Abdulmalek,

Ismahayati Adam, Muzammil Jusoh, Mohd Najib Mohd Yasin, Thennarasan Sabapathy,

and Khairul Najmy Abdul Rani

21

Graphical Pressure Mapping of a 2288 Sensing-Point Matrix Pressure Sensor Using

Raspberry Pi

Andrew Febrian Miyata, Lanny Agustine, Yuliati Yuliati, Rasional Sitepu, Andrew

Joewono and Hartono Pranjoto

26

Multi Sensor Fire Detection in Low Voltage Electrical Panel Using Modular Fuzzy Logic

Dian Sahid and Mudrik Alaydrus

31

Network Structure Routing Protocols of WSN: Focus, Review & Analysis

Mohammad Gaballah, Mariam Alfadhli and Maysam Abbod

36

Operation Analysis of Automation System Terminal Implementation in LPG Terminal

Rachmat Puaries Hadi Wibowo and Andi Adriansyah

42

Performance Analysis of Profinet Network in PLC-Based Automation System

Teguh Imanto and Andi Adriansyah

47

Review on Fuzzy Control Strategies to Improve PEMFC Performance

Triyanto Pangaribowo, Wahyu Mulyo Utomo, Afarulrazi Abu Bakar and Deni Shidqi Khaerudini

53

Determining the Best Graduation Using Fuzzy AHP 59

2nd International Conference on Broadband Communication, Wireless Sensors and Powering 2020 v

Yuwan Jumaryadi, Diky Firdaus, Bagus Priambodo and Zico Pratama Putra

Comparison of Local Binary Pattern and Eigenfaces for Predict Suspect Positive Drugs

Bagus Priambodo, Yuwan Jumaryadi and Zico Pratama Putra 64

Research and Design of Fast Special Human Face Recognition System

Rachmat Muwardi, Huangyao Qin, Hongmin Gao, Harun Usman Ghifarsyam, Muhammad Hafizd Ibnu Hajar1 and Mirna Yunita

68

Mask Classification and Head Temperature Detection Combined with Deep Learning

Networks

Isack Farady, Chih-Yang Lin, Amornthep Rojanasarit, Kanatip Prompol and Fityanul

Akhyar

74

Analysis of DFT and FFT Signal Transformation with Hamming Window in LabVIEW

M Chw Al Fajar, Mutia Fatmawati, Putri Wulandari and Dwi Astharini

79

Performance of Biometrics Recognition System Using Multiple Scales Analysis

Regina Lionnie and Mudrik Alaydrus

84

Multi-Touch Gesture of Mobile Auditory Device for Visually Impaired Users

Zico Pratama Putra, Deni Setiawan, Bagus Priambodo, Yuwan Jumaryadi and Mila

Desi Anasanti

90

Dealing with the Latency Problem to Support 5G-URLLC: A Strategic View in the Case of

an Indonesian Operator

Ari Sadewa Yogapratama and Muhammad Suryanegara

96

Prediction Analysis Sales For Corporate Service Telecommunications Company Using

Gradient Boost Algorithm

Oryza Wisesa, Andi Adriansyah and Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf

101

Classification of Network Status in Academic Information Systems Using Naive Bayes

Algorithm Method

Setiyo Budiyanto and Ilham Pratama

107

Improvement Of Policy Charging Control Flow Based On Internet Sunscribers Behavior

Setiyo Budiyanto and Muhammad Gathmir

113

The Utilization of Information Systems for VSAT Development in Rural Areas

Rio Mubarak, Setiyo Budiyanto, Andi Adriansyah and Mudrik Alaydrus

119

LTE Implementation Model with Combination Carrier Aggregation Based on Area

Demographics

Setiyo Budiyanto and Ahmad Henry Machsuni

123

Feasibility Analysis The Implementation Of The Dual Spectrum Licensed And Unlicensed

Enhanced License Assisted Access (ELAA) On LTE Networks With The Techno Economic

Method

Setiyo Budiyanto and Erman Al Hakim

129

Design of Electronically Steerable High Mode Dielectric Resonator Antenna using PIN

Diode

Chew Kew Wei, M. Jusoh, T. Sabapathy, M.N. Osman, W.A. Mustafa, M. Alaydrus, M.R.

Awal, H.A. Rahim and M.N.M. Yasin

135

The Design of Log Periodic Dipole Array Microstrip Antenna at Frequency 28 GHz

Primadiana Sari, Ahmad Firdausi and Galang P. N. Hakim 140

Design of Reflectarray Microstrip Antenna with Butterfly Patch and Square Ring Elements

for WiGig Applications

Elly Gustina, Umaisaroh Umaisaroh and Mudrik Alaydrus

144

Stretchable Metamaterial Inspired Antenna for WLAN Applications

Yusnita Rahayu, Hauzan Chalwy, M.Fadhlurrahman Hilmi and Rosdiansyah

148

Switchable Beam Antenna with Five Planar Element using PIN Diode in Elevation Plane

F. H. Adan, M. Jusoh, T. Sabapathy, M. N. Osman, M. Alaydrus, M. R. Awal,

H. A. Rahim, M.N.M.Yasin, A.Alomainy, M. R. Kamarudin and H. A. Majid

152

Performance Analysis of IDS Snort and IDS Suricata with Many-Core Processor in Virtual

Machines Against Dos/DDoS Attacks

Dede Fadhilah and Marza Ihsan Marzuki

157

2nd International Conference on Broadband Communication, Wireless Sensors and Powering 2020 vi

Forecast Analysis of Research Chance on AES Algorithm to Encrypt during Data

Transmission on Cloud Computing

Taufik Hidayat, Sianturi Tigor Franky D and Rahutomo Mahardiko

163

Novel Concept for Wireless Power Transfer Modules

Javier Stillig and Nejila Parspour

167

Pocket DC Earth Fault Locator (P-DEL) for Alarm Interference of DC Power Supply using

the Internet of Things

Julpri Andika, Fuad Dwi Atmaja, Muhammad Hafizd Ibnu Hajar, Ketty Siti Salamah

and Ghazella Febrilia

173

A Study on Modular Multilevel Converter based Wind Turbine Generator Connected to

Medium Voltage DC Collection Network

Marwan Rosyadi, Atsushi Umemura, Rion Takahashi and Junji Tamura

177

Outage Probability and Power Efficiency of Quantize-and-Forward Relay in Multi-hop

D2D Networks

Nasaruddin Nasaruddin, Ernita Dewi Meutia and Ramzi Adriman

183

Comparison of DC-DC Converters Boost Type in Optimizing the Use of Solar Panels

Tri Winahyu Hariyadi and Andi Adriansyah

189

Author Index 195

978-1-7281-7450-1/20/$31.00 ©2020 IEEE

183

Outage Probability and Power Efficiency of

Quantize-and-Forward Relay in Multi-hop D2D

Networks

Nasaruddin Nasaruddin

Dept of Electrical and Computer Eng.

Universitas Syiah Kuala

Banda Aceh, Indonesia

[email protected]

Ernita Dewi Meutia




[email protected]

Ramzi Adriman




[email protected]

Abstract—The fading effects that occur on the wireless signal

during its propagation can deteriorate the performance and

increase the power consumption of the system. A cooperative

communication that utilizes other user devices as its relays to

forward the information to a destination can address this

problem. Moreover, a combination of cooperative

communication with device-to-device (D2D) communication,

known as cooperative D2D, is a promising candidate to be

implemented in 5G technology. Therefore, we analyze the

outage probability and power efficiency of a cooperative multi-

hop D2D network using Quantize and Forward (QF) relay

protocol. Then, we simulate the outage probability and power

efficiency with respect to transmitted power, transmission

distance, quantization level, and the number of relays in the

network. The simulation results show that the outage

probability of multi-hop QF relay decreases as the transmit

power, the number of hops, and the quantization level increase.

On the other hand, outage probability increases as the distance

increases. Besides, the number of hops will also affect the

average power efficiency of a cooperative D2D multi-hop relay

network with QF protocol, in which the more hop relays used in

the transmission path, the higher the average power efficiency,

and consequently the better system performance.

Keywords— outage probability, power efficiency, cooperative

D2D, quantize and forward (QF) protocol, multi-hop relay

I. INTRODUCTION

Wireless technology is one of the most popular technologies in the telecommunication system. The number of its subscriber keeps increasing along with the increasing number of features it offers, such as 5G technology with its high data rate and multimedia services [1]. A wireless communication system has ubiquitous nature that allows subscribers to use it anywhere, anytime with high mobility. However, multimedia services consume a lot of power that will easily drain the battery of the subscriber device. On the other side, wireless infrastructure such as Base Station (BS) also consumes significant electric power. Thus, power efficiency is one of the requirements of wireless system reliability. Another factor that affects power consumption and performance of the wireless communication system is fading [2]. Fading is the degradation and fluctuation of received signal power as a result of the radio signal propagation mechanism from a transmitter to receiver [3]. Fading may cause unrecognizable signals at the demodulation process. So power consumption on the device and fading effect on the system are the main contributors to energy consumption on wireless technology that, at the same time, also contribute to increasing CO2 emission that harms the environment [4]. Then, focusing research nowadays on energy efficiency by saving power consumption of wireless devices, especially user

devices, is an urgency [5]. Moreover, system performance and energy efficiency are important considerations for 5G wireless networks.

One way to save energy on a wireless communication system is by applying a diversity technique [6]. Diversity is a method of reducing the multi-path fading effect that occurs naturally on a wireless channel. There is a relatively new diversity method called cooperative wireless communication that can provide high performance and use power efficiently. [7]. It adopts multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system concepts that can significantly increase system performance in terms of wireless system capacity [8]. However, signal processing in the MIMO system requires a lot of power [9]. In contrast to a cooperative communication system, a multiple virtual antenna system can be built without being limited by the size, energy consumption, and cost of a mobile device. So as cooperative communication system becomes one of the solutions for energy efficiency.

The cooperative communication system is a diversity technique that makes use of other devices as a relay to forward information from source to destination. Relays are a very important part of this system since the information forwarding mechanism relies on the type of relay protocol used. Based on the main transmission protocol used, there are several types of cooperative communication, i.e., amplify and forward (AF), decode and forward (DF), and quantize and forward (QF) [10]. In addition, based on infrastructure, there are two categories of relays: fixed and mobile relay. Practically, a mobile relay is cheaper and more efficient compare to the fixed one because the mobile relay is no need to build cooperative network infrastructure. For that reason, the cooperative Device-to-Device (D2D) communication system is a promising candidate to be implemented in 5G technology [11]. Cooperative D2D communication not only can save power consumption but also can provide relays function on a network, which in turn can improve performance, data rate, and broadening transmission coverage. Besides functional relays, sharing the allocation of network resources such as the cooperative D2D network model is also an important consideration for power efficiency. There are two forms of basic cooperative networks, namely multi-relay and multi-hop relay. A multi-relay network is a network in which a source sends information through several nearby relays parallelly and then forward them to the destination [12]. The use of a multi-relay network shows that the more relays are utilized, the higher the network performance. However, using more relays should be paid with a higher level of power consumption. On the other hand, a multi-hop relay is a network in which a source sends information to the destination by forwarding it from one relay to another or to several other relays serially.

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This network, in addition, does not only improve the performance but also can expand network coverage with higher speed [13]–[15].

This research focuses on the cooperative D2D multi-hop networks using QF protocol. In several previous studies of the cooperative D2D multi-hop network, the protocol used was decode and forward [16], [17]. The use of DF on relay requires coding process and channel coding that add complexity to the network. As an alternative, this research examines the implementation of QF protocol on the D2D multi-hop network by analyzing outage probability and power efficiency. This protocol is selected for its flexibility in the level of quantization that can reduce the bit error level without the need to add any component such as the coding component to the relay such as DF. The outage and power efficiency are calculated based on mathematical analysis on the D2D multi-hop network. Then, outage and power efficiency are analyzed using two main parameters; relay distance ratio and transmit power of the source. By doing so, features of QF relay such as the number of relays deployed in the network to get smaller outage and higher power saving compared to those of direct D2D network can be explored.

II. SYSTEM MODEL

A. Multi-hop Relay Network Model

D2D multi-hop relay network is a diversity method for information transmission from a source to destination by utilizing several other user devices as relays in between. A model of this network is shown in Fig. 1. Information sent by a source can reach its destination via two different ways, either directly (shown as dash line), or through 3 nearest relay devices. In this study, the type of relay used is QF for its lower level of complexity compare to DF relay that needs coding process or to AF relay. The AF relay is the simplest type of relay, but since the signal amplifying process also amplify the noise, the network performance becomes lower. In the QF relay, the signal received by the relay undergoes the quantization process before being forwarded to the end destination.

Fig. 1. A cooperative D2D Multi-hop network model.

D2D network model depicted above consists of two

transmission modes, namely: direct transmission and undirect

transmission over multi-hop relay. In the first phase, the

source broadcasts information signal �� to the destination

and relay over several hops. The signal transmitted directly

to the destination and relay-� are expressed as:

�� , (1)

�� , (2)

where �� is information signal from the source, � is signal

power at the source, �� and �� are fading channel

coefficients of the source-destination and source-relay �, ��

and �� are Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) of the

source-destination channel and source-relay � channel,

respectively.

In the second phase, the relay-� carries out a quantization

process to the signal received from the source and forwards it

to the next relay. The quantization process on relay can be

written mathematically as [10] :

�� , (3)

� � ��, (4)

� � �� !"�#� �, (5)

$%& � �� '()(* ( � � ), (6)

where �� is a maximum limit, �� is minimum limit, � is integer index code, � is quantization level, and � is the

number of quantization bits. The quantized signal value will

be limited or rounded to the nearest integer number. The

quantized signal is expressed as:

$�� +�� +�� . (7)

Then quantized signal $�� is forwarded to the next relay

(next hop). At the destination, the signal sent through the

direct link and multi-hop relay link are combined using the

Maximum Ratio Combining (MRC) method. The combined

signal is expressed as follows:

� � �� , (8)

where �� and �� are received signals from the direct link and from the multi-hop relay � to the destination link, respectively.

B. Computer Simulation Model

Based on the D2D multi-hop network model in Fig. 1, a computer simulation is built. It is represented as a diagram block of components of a 4-hop cooperative communication system using QF relay, as shown in Fig. 2. The source sends information in the form of input data, i.e., 100.000 bits that are sent to direct path and relay 1 (hop-1) using BPSK modulation. In the transmission process, the signal sent is affected by fading and AWGN. Relays carry out the quantization process


185

Fig. 2. A simulation model for cooperative D2D multi-hop relays.

TABLE I. SIMULATION PARAMETERS.

No. Parameter Value

1. Modulation type BPSK

2. Number of bits 100.000

3. Number of source 1

4. Number of hop relay 3

5. Number of destination 1

6. Transmission power range 1 – 10 Watt

7. Fading channel Rayleigh Fading

8. Source – Destination distance ratio

0-1.0

9. Path loss exponent 2

10. Quantization level 2 and 4

of the received signal, before being forwarded to relay-2 (hop-2). The signal received by relay-2 is also affected by fading and AWGN addition during the transmission process. This signal is re-quantized and forwarded to relay-3. As the last relay, relay-3 then forwards the signal to the destination where it will be combined with signal arrived from a direct path using MRC. The decision is made based on the SNR value of MRC. After that, the destination carries out a demodulation process to get the output bits. Based on the output bits, the outage probability is performed to find out the average power efficiency of a wireless multi-hop relay network in the QF protocol cooperative communication system. The system parameters of the QF protocol multi-hop relay network used in the computer simulation are listed as in Table I.

III. OUTAGE AND POWER EFFICIENCY

A. Outage Probability

Bit error rate (BER) can be tolerated at a certain value, but if it is above a certain threshold, the system performance will be poor. Assuming the BER level is set according to the SNR threshold of the system. If the channel SNR is below the threshold, the system is in an outage. An outage is a bad condition on the system in which the system fails to send information to the destination. Outage probability (,-.) is a probability of an outage on the system that represents the probability of its failure in sending information to the destination. It is one of the parameters that is used to determine the performance of the wireless relay network. Therefore, outage probability can be used to evaluate the performance of the wireless relay network system. Mathematically, outage probability can be written as follows [18]:

,-. � ) � /012314 , (9)

where ,-. is outage probability, 5.6 is SNR threshold (dB),

and 57 is average SNR (dB). SNR threshold is the threshold

value of SNR of the system. Average SNR is the sum of SNR

values of all signals received from source and relays.

B. Power Efficiency

Total energy consumption of the source and relay on cooperative communication needs to meet the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of a network. QoS requirements are expressed as (R, ,-. ), where R is expected data rate (bits/Hz), and ,-. is outage probability [19].

The energy of the sent signal is closely related to the distance of the communication link. In wireless communication systems, this phenomenon is generally referred to as path loss. Received power & of a signal is written as follows [20]:

& � .�89, (10)

where . is transmission power, � is the link distance, and � is path loss exponent; generally, � > 2. Assume that � as an efficiency factor; the average power efficiency can be formulated as follows:

: � ;<==>;? , (11)

where

� � �%(@A BCD8EF?=G2 H, (12)

I,,FJ# � KEC �%(@A L�%(&�A �&�(@A M LCD8EMNF<==>JN=G2 . (13)

In (13), I,,F is total normalized cooperative power

consumption, � is the number of hops, R is data rate, �%(@ is

the distance from the source to destination, �%(&� is the

distance from the source to relay-� ,�&�(@ is the distance from

relay-� to the destination and � is the path loss exponent.

The average power efficiency is calculated using the following formula:

OP:QR � ;?8;<==>JN;? � )''R. (14)

IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Outage Probability

Outage probability is one of the parameters to determine the performance of a wireless network, in which the smaller the value of the outage probability, the better the performance of the system. In a cooperative D2D multi-hop relay network with QF protocol, the addition of the number of hop relays will affect the outage probability value. In accordance with the simulation model, this study has simulated the outage probability to the addition of the number of relays on the network. The computer simulation of outage probability respect to transmitting power is shown in Fig. 3.


186

Fig. 3. Outage probability vs. transmit power for cooperative D2D multi-

hop relay network.

In this simulation, the distance from the source to destination is expressed as ratio 1, and path loss exponent is 2 for free space or non-LOS area. The simulation result shows that outage probability is smaller when the transmission power is increased. In addition, an increase in the number of hop relays can affect fading, which results in a smaller outage probability. With the same transmit power value, the outage probability of the direct link is much higher compared to that of the multi-hop link with the QF protocol relays. It can also be seen that the more hop relays used, the smaller the outage probability. However, the outage probability for 2, 3 and 4 hops are all the same when the transmit power reaches 10 W, which means that the smallest value of outage probability for D2D multi-hop cooperative network is obtained when transmit power is 10 W. If the transmit power is > 10 W; the power efficiency will decrease because there is no longer any effect on system performance.

Furthermore, the outage probability value respect to the ratio of the distance between transmitter and receiver for multi-hop relay networks with QF protocol has been simulated. The results are shown in Fig. 4. In this simulation, the transmit power is kept at 10 W. Generally, the longer the distance between source and destination, the higher the outage probability. However, when the network is made in several hops, the outage probability decreases, even though with the increasing distance, the outage value will still increase. At the distance ratio of 0.5, the outage probability on the direct path is 0.05747, while on the network of 2, 3 and 4 hop relays, it decreases to SJTSU � )'8V , )J)W� �)'8V and UJ�X � )'8Y respectively. Therefore, the use of relays in several hops is effective in reducing the outage probability to increase system performance.

To see the trade-off between outage probability, transmit power, and distance, a 3D simulation has been conducted using the same parameters used in the previous simulation. Figure 5 shows the trade-off simulation for direct and multi-hop relay networks. The results show that all networks have the same tendency. The outage probability value decreases as the transmit power increases. Conversely, the outage probability increases as the transmission distance increases. Besides, the outage probability decreases as the number of

hops increases. It indicates that the more hops used, the better the performance of the multi-hop relay network.

In a cooperative network, there are fading and noise effects that weaken the signal and destroy the information signal being sent. The use of a multi-hop relay network can reduce the outage probability value, so the information signal received by the destination will be better. Besides, the quality of the received signal is also affected by the distance factor. The outage probability value of a direct network with a distance ratio of 1 is much greater than that of a 4-hops relay network with the distance ratio of each hop of 0.25. That is because the distance between hops is reduced so that the fading and noise effects received are less compared to those of direct network.

B. Power Efficiency

A computer simulation is performed to obtain the power efficiency of a cooperative D2D multi-hop network using equation (11) - (14). In the simulation, it was assuming data rate of 1 bps/Hz, path loss exponent of 2, quantization level of 2, and distance ratio of 1.

Fig. 4. Outage probability vs. distance ratio for cooperative D2D multi-hop

relay network.

Fig. 5. 3D Simulation for cooperative D2D multi-hop relay network.


187

The simulation results are shown in Fig. 6. The results show that the power efficiency is proportional to the distance ratio in which the distance ratio increases, the power efficiency decreases. Theoretically, this is rational, since the more relays used, the more power needed to supply the relays, quantize, and forward the signal.

One of the advantages of QF relay is that the quantization level can be adjusted to obtain power savings. To see the effect of quantization level on power efficiency, computer simulation has been performed, and the results are shown in Fig. 7. In this simulation, the relay used is a 4-hop relay with 2 and 4 levels of quantization. The simulation result shows that the power efficiency is better when the quantization level is lower as the distance ratio increases.

Fig. 6. Power efficiency vs. distance ratio for cooperative D2D multi-hop

relay network.

Fig. 7. Power efficiency vs. distance ratio for cooperative D2D multi-hop

relay with different levels of quantization.

Fig. 8. Power efficiency vs. transmit power for cooperative D2D multi-hop

relay network.

Increasing the quantization level means increasing power consumption needed to process the signal on the relays, and also adding the complexity of the signal processing. Therefore, the best power efficiency in the D2D multi-hop relay network is obtained at a lower level of quantization; in this case, the signal is sent through 4-hops QF relay with L=2.

The simulation result of average power efficiency for cooperative D2D multi-hop network using QF protocol by assuming the distance ratio of 1 is as shown in Fig. 8. The increase in transmit power of the source can increase the level of power efficiency on the network with 3 or 4 hops. The study result shows that the inter hops distance affects the level of power consumption at the relay, in which the more hops utilized in the network, the shorter inter hops distance, that resulted in smaller power consumption. Conversely, a 2-hop network is not effective in improving power efficiency because of its higher power consumption, due to the greater inter hop distance and the further fading and noise effects. For example, a transmit power of 6W, the power efficiency of the network with 2, 3, and 4 hops are 20.08%, 32,8%, and 42,01%, respectively. The simulation result shows that the 4-hop network has the highest average power efficiency, followed by 3-hop and 2-hop networks. The increasing average power efficiency proves that applying the D2D cooperative multi-hop network with many hops can reduce network power consumption. According to the simulation results, the 4-hop QF relay network with the lower level of quantization has the best value of power efficiency and worth implementing in the cooperative D2D multi-hop network for 5G technology in the future.

V. CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we have examined the outage probability and power efficiency of cooperative D2D multi-hop relay networks using QF protocol. The computer simulation has been conducted to analyze the outage probability and power efficiency in the networks. The simulation results prove that the outage probability is strongly correlated to transmit power and transmission distance. Either on the direct link or the link with relays, as the transmit power increases, the outage probability decreases. The number of hop relays in the transmission path also affects the outage probability of a


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cooperative D2D multi-hop relay network. The more number of hops utilized in the link shortens the inter-link distance and reduces the fading effects so as reduces the outage probability. Moreover, the average power efficiency of the multi-hop relay network is higher as the number of relays used is increased. Even though the power efficiency drops significantly as the distance increases, however, the decrease in the link with a greater number of hop relays is smaller. The same trend also applies to the power efficiency level with respect to transmit power. When giving the same level of power, the link with more hop relays improves significantly. Therefore, the cooperative D2D multi-hop relay network using QF protocol can improve the system performance with respect to outage probability and power efficiency, and the number of relays used has a significant role in decreasing outage and increasing power efficiency.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This work is funded by the Ministry of Education and Culture, Republic of Indonesia, under grant number: 69/UN11.2.1/PT.01.03/DPRM/2020.

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outage probability and power efficiency of quantize-and

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