our ancestors in their successive generations

Our Ancestors in Their Successive GenerationsAuthor(s): Judith A. AlexanderSource: The Canadian Journal of Economics / Revue canadienne d'Economique, Vol. 28, No. 1(Feb., 1995), pp. 205-224Published by: Wiley on behalf of the Canadian Economics AssociationStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/136029 .

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Our ancestors in their successive generations J U D I T H A. A L E X A N D E R Copyright Board of Canada

Abstract. This paper answers the question: how many women have been active in the journals of the Canadian Economics Association and its predecessor, the Canadian Political Science Association. Over seventy-five women were in economics departments before the 1990s; currently there are possibly 200 women. Over 200 women appeared in the journals. The data are scant and may overlook women outside academia. The paper is expository, but it does open up the subject of women in the profession. It concludes that women's attachment to the profession may be looser than that of men and that this fact may affect their visibility.

Nos ancetres de generation en generation. Ce m6moire veut r6pondre 'a Line question: combien de femmes ont pris part aux activit6s des revues de l'Association canadienne d'6conomique ou de I'association dont celle-ci est issue l'Association canadienne de science politique. Plus de soixante-quinze femmes ont oeuvr6 dans les d6partements de science 6conomique avant 1990; elles sont maintenant possiblement 200. Plus de 200 femmes ont fait une apparition dans ces revues. La documentation est limit6e et il se peut que des femmes oeuvrant hors du secteur acad6mique aient e oubli6es. Notre m6moire est exploratoire et constitue un premier effort pour 6tudier le r6le des femmes dans notre profession. On arrive a la conclusion que l'attachement des femmes a la profession est peut-etre plus lache que celui des hommes et que ceci peut avoir affect6 leur visibilit6 dans la profession.

The purpose of this paperl is to establish where women have been active in the economics profession in Canada since the birth of this journal in 1935. Women

Many people steered me in the right direction for information on women named in this paper. Among them are H.C. Eastman, Lorraine Eden, Pierre Fortin, Gideon Rosenbluth, Anthony Scott, Irene Spry, and Sylvia Wargon. Others made helpful comments on the text. I did not heed all advice; the remaining errors and inelegancies are mine. The views expressed are mine, not those of the Copyright Board of Canada. I thank the board for the time of a student assistant, Ines Havet.

1 The title is taken from 'The Eulogy of the Ancestors,' Ecclesiasticus, 44, The New Jerusalem Bible (New York: Doubleday 1985); 'Next let us praise illustrious men, our ancestors in their successive generations.' The King James version renders this passage 'Let us now praise famous men and our fathers that begat us.'

Canadian Journal of Economics Revue canadienine d'Economique, XXVIII, No. 1 February f6vrier 1995. Printed in Canada Imprimr6 au Canada

0008-4085 / 95 / 205-24 $1.50 ? Canadian Economics Association



206 Judith A. Alexander

have not figured prominently in reviews of Canadian economics. That there were no women, or that nothing they did is interesting, defies good sense. The only current sources of information are the directories of the Canadian Economics Association (CEA) (1990) and the Women Economists' Network (WEN) (1991). Both sources are recent and give us no idea of the flow of people through the profession.

The paper will sketch the part women played in the early life of the association and document their presence in the profession up to the present. The paper's goals are limited; it will not try to describe the activities of women outside the ambit of the journal, nor will it evaluate individual contributions. This information would be useful to anyone wishing to delve further. This approach demonstrates that, although women have been present in universities, albeit in small numbers, since the beginnings of the association, they seem not to have been visible.

I. EARLIER STUDIES

Harry Johnson (1967) surveyed Canadian contributions to the discipline since 1945 at the first meeting of the new Canadian Economics Association (CEA). Articles on the birth of the original journal and the first fifty years of the association appeared in 1960 (see Bladen 1960; Taylor 1960). References are made to 'a number of men,' graduated from Toronto before the Second World War, who contributed to economics, and to the 'founding fathers' of Canadian economics. The only uncertainty appears in a note that 'about twenty-five persons' attended the meeting of the association in 1929. Smiley's article (1967) summarizes activity in the combined disciplines of economics and political science up to that moment. He comments on the intimate links between the two and mentions many economists who are still with us today. No woman, whether economist or political scientist, is mentioned.

Another symposium was held in 1992, to mark the twenty-fifth anniversary of the CEA.2 Pierre Fortin noted 'women's limited interest and slow entry and progress, in the economics profession and academic departments,' while Lipsey predicted that 'women will play an increasing role in all aspects of Canadian economics.' He trusts that Fortin's results are just early points on a logistic curve that will grow until women's contributions are in line with their labour-force participation. Only Scott adverts to women who were active in the early part of our period. He also notes their low profile in the profession.

Deciding what it means to have been active in the economic profession in Canada is addressed in the articles cited above. Scott notes the problems of a population that moves freely across the border. Johnson interprets a contribution to mean 'a piece of work of general interest to the international profession of economists, one that can be said to have contributed something to the general advance of our subject,' while mentioning only one woman who meets his criterion - Mabel Timlin. He

2 See the 'CEA Twenty-Fifth Anniversary Symposium,' this JOURNAL 26 (1993), 1-76. This symposium consists of an introduction by Peter Howitt and five papers by Robin Neill and Gilles Paquet, Anthony Scott, John Helliwell, Pierre Fortin, and Richard Lipsey. Full titles are given in the references.



Our ancestors 207

notes that this ignores contributions on policy or in areas of Canadian economics and in teaching.

This criterion is arguably too restrictive. Being an economist is not necessarily a competitive activity. One need not be the 'best,' 'first,' 'the most visible,' or the 'most prolific' to make a contribution to the discipline. This is, of course, a very old debate. I merely quote Isaac Todhunter (1873), who was clisagreeing with those who claimed that a mathematician must necessarily be outstanding, not merely technically competent, to deserve the name. The language is dated but the sentiment is sound: 'I say that the man who possesses these [technical abilities] is a mathematician. He may never have the leisure which official dignity and emoluments ensure, he may be shut out from every academical advantage on account of his father's creed, he may be compelled to occupy his time in constant drudgery for the sake of subsistence, or he may devote his ability to objects of deeper than scientific interest; for all these reasons he may contribute little to the advancement of the subjects that he is qualified to handle, but he is potentially a mathematician.'3

Anyone fit to teach or to appear on the pages of this journal can call herself an economist, and I shall include all women noted by the association, including those teaching in Canadian universities or writing in or serving on the Canadian Journal of Economics (CJE) or its predecessor, the Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science (CJEPS).

Johnson calls the latter journal 'defunct' (1967, 130), but this is hardly the right characterization, since it lives on in the two daughter journals, the CJE and the Canadian Journal of Political Science (CJPS).4 He comes to the erroneous conclusion that no woman has ever been president of the CEA. Mabel Timlin was the president of the earlier Canadian Political Science Association (1959-60); she was an economist and, on a sensible interpretation of what the association is, she is one of our past presidents.5

II. WOMEN IN THE CJE AND THE CJEPS

Surveying the appearances of women in the CJE and the CJEPS does present problems. Some arise from casting the net too wide and including women who should probably be left out. The earlier journal ranged over the sister disciplines of sociology and anthropology, as well as political science. I have used my discretion in dropping names of women who worked in the first two areas. Many academic departments made no distinction between the disciplines of economics and political

3 The Conflict of Studies and other Essays on Subjects Connected with Education, quoted by Joan L. Richards in Mathematical Visionis (New York: Academic Press 1988), 235.

4 There is now also a separate journal of anthropology and sociology, but that publication need not concern us.

5 Lorraine Eden reached this conclusion in her report to the Social Science Federation of Canada in 1990. The SSFC published a report on the status of women in Canadian universities (Lambert 1992). For comparison, the first woman president of the AEA, which was founded in 1885, was Alice Rivlin (1985-6).




science, and indeed there was much overlap. Some of these women were not Cana- dian economists by even the most expansive interpretation, and they themselves would probably have objected to the classification.6

Omissions are even more worrying. Many women economists who come to mind do not figure in the pages of the journal. They include many who worked within the public service - Frances McLean, Jenny Podoluk, and Margaret Fleming - and who are discussed in a parallel paper by Sylvia Wargon (1992).7 There has been no systematic treatment of women in the public service, although a forthcoming history of Statistics Canada by David Worton (1994) may remedy that deficiency. They also include a handful of contemporary professional female economists who have no, or only episodic, ties to academia and the association: Marie-Josee Drouin, Dian Cohen, Kathleen MacMillan, Louise Dulude, Judith Maxwell, Caroline Pestieau, Robyn Allen, and Wendy Dobson.

It is difficult to submit the data to close analysis for several reasons. The change in the discipline over the last fifty years makes classification of articles by subject suspect. What was theory then would not be theory now, and many current special- ties - econometrics or even women's studies - did not exist. The absolute numbers are also too small to allow for statistical analysis.

Four lists have been produced.8 The first is a list of female academics, by the year in which they were first mentioned in the journal. Until 1968 the journal included in each November issue, under 'Current Topics,' a list of faculty appointments and changes. These names were probably submitted by department heads, their style is not consistent, and there is no guarantee that all faculty appointments appear. Using these figures, the median tenure for a woman at university was fifteen years. Fifty-four women were mentioned between 1935 and 1968.

'Current Topics' was not published after 1968. Information can then be gleaned from two sources; the CEA Directory (1990) contains the names of 117 women out of 1,460 listed members. Sixty-six were listed as faculty in Canadian universities. The WEN Directory (1991) lists 185 women, of whom twenty-nine were students in Canadian universities in 1991-2. Since these lists do not overlap and are out of phase, we can conclude only that there were between 156 and 222 women teaching in Canadian universities between 1990 and 1992. Some women with only a toehold in academia - sessional lecturers, and part-time instructors - are also included. The CEA Directory lists 1,009 economists (as distinct from members) teaching at university. This suggests that at least 15 per cent of faculty in 1989-91 were female.

A new phenomenon that cannot be picked up from either the WEN or the CEA Directory is the growth in the number of non-academic economists, both male

6 Enid Charles, Joan Robinson (both English), and Nancy Schwartz all are economists but no doubt they do not consider themselves Canadian. Mary Lennox and Marjorie Tucker are Canadian but apparently not economists.

7 This paper sets out to summarize the work of women demographers, many of whom were economists. She notes, 'only a few were "super-stars"' and 'some made only "one-time" contributions.'

8 These lists are included here as an appendix (p. 214).



Our ancestors 209

and female. The membership directory of the Canadian Association of Business Economists (CABE) (1992) lists as many women as there are in the WEN Directory. There is as very little overlap between the two lists. No more than a dozen women belong to both the CEA and CABE.

Impressions can also be gained from the annual reports of the AEA'S Committee on the Status of Women. The latest report states that 9.2 per cent of economics faculty in graduate degree-granting departments in the United States are women.9 There is no information on the comparable figure in Canada, since the numbers above are for all departments, many of which do not have graduate departments.'0

The second lists authors of papers in the journals, gleaned from the decennial and annual indexes. The number of articles produced in each year by women has grown and the increase is consistent with that established by Pierre Fortin for papers presented at the annual meetings. He compared the periods 1967-74 and 1989-92, the first eight years of the new association and the last four. The proportions of papers published by women were 2.0 per cent and 9.7 per cent in these periods, respectively, while he found women's involvement in the meetings to be 2.9 and 11.1 per cent for the same periods."I He concluded that women are slowly increasing their profile within the profession, although their level of participation is still low.

Non-Canadian economists also publish in the journal. Of ninety-six articles seventy-two, or just under three-quarters, were by Canadians. Non-Canadians are Susan Rose-Ackerman, Jaquelene Browning, Penelope Hartland-Thunberg, Barbara Mann, Rachel McCulloch, Joan Robinson, Nancy Peregrim-Marion, and Esther Gal- Or. Jean Mann Due and Margaret Reid, both born and educated in Canada, have lived permanently in the United States and have been included as non-Canadians.

The leading publishers in the journal are as follows: Mabel Timlin, who published eight articles; Sheila Eastman and Irene Spry, four each; Lise Salvas- Bronsard, Esther Gal-Or, and Nancy Peregrim-Marion, three each; and the fol- lowing - Jacquelene Browning, Lorraine Eden, Nancy Gallini, Penelope Hartland, Sylvia Ostry, Evelyn Forget, Shelley Phipps, Joan Robinson, and Margaret Slade - two each. Most also figure as reviewers of books. Majorie Tucker published seven papers, but all were reports commissioned from the Dominion Bureau of Statis- tics (DBS). Again the caveat that comparisons are misleading is in order; for some women these are lifetime scores, while others are still in midstream.

The third list is of reviewers and authors of reviewed books. This list of authors is much less 'Canadian' than the others, primarily because it reflects the desire

9 The report for 1993 is contained in the CSWEP Newsletter. (February 1994), 2-7. Earlier reports can be found in the Papers and Proceedings volumes of the AER.

10 The decennial Indexes for 1935-44, 1945-54, 1955-64, 1968-77. Annual indexes for 1965, 1966, and 1967 were used, and also those for the years between 1978 and 1992.

11 In the first period, 396 articles and notes were published of which eight were by women. In the second, 226 articles and notes were published of which twenty-two were by women. I defined a paper written by a woman as one whose authors included at least one woman. By this method both a paper written by a woman and a joint paper with at least one female author count as one paper.




of the journal to keep its readers abreast of general developments in the field. Non-Canadians, such as Mary Paley Marshall, Joan Robinson, and Irma Adelman, appear alongside Margaret Reid, Helen Buckley, Irene Spry, Sylvia Ostry, and so on.12

Table Al gives the statistics on publications. The periods used were dictated by the publication of the decennial indexes.

Finally there is a list of women members of the executives of the association and the editorial board.

111. THE ASSOCIATION AS A SOCIAL INSTITUTION

Professional associations serve functions beyond the professional. They allow members to renew old acquaintances and make new friends, especially at their annual meetings. The forums are varied, from the hearty camaraderie of the beer tent to the more genteel exchanges of kudos in the paper sessions and the sometimes very formal addresses. Precisely because they are a mixture of the social and professional women may find these meetings ambiguous and difficult to navigate. Women are always in the minority. I suspect that women lead professional lives that are a little lonelier than those of their male colleagues. Activity in the association, professional advancement, what is now called 'networking,' and publications are mutually reinforcing; women's low profile within the association may contribute to their generally lower visibility and activity. Economics may be no better or worse in these areas than other academic disciplines are.13

Only one of the papers published before 1968 had more than one author, a col- laboration between a widow and another to produce a posthumous bibliography.'4 Between 1968 and 1978 three out of ten articles were written jointly, and between 1978 and 1992 twenty-four out of fifty-five. Of these papers, five were by husband and wife teams that I could identify. The information may support no firmer conclusion than that there has been a secular increase in the number of joint papers. The proportion of women employing this strategy seems a little higher than it is for men, and only three were written by two women. The first result contradicts that of McDowell and Smith (1992), who found that economists tend to write papers with others of the same sex, although women collaborate less often than men. They were using data for the 'top twenty' u.s. institutions.

12 One notable absence from the books reviewed is Agatha Chapman's Wages and Salaries in the United Kingdom, 1920-1938, assisted by Rose Knight, Studies in National Income and Expen- diture of the United Kingdom No. 5 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1952). It was favourably reviewed by Stanley Lebergott, American Economic Review 43 (1953), 192. It does appear in the list of books received by the journal.

13 The current 'chilly climate' discussions would not have surprised women of an earlier era. See Veronica Strong-Boag (1988). She does not comment on differences between the academic disciplines when describing university life, but she does choose to mention Stephen Leacock by name (see p. 25).

14 Inga Thomson and Marcella Dafoe, Bibliography of J. W. Dafoe (1866-1944) Canadian Joumrnal of Economics and Political Science 10 (1944), 213.



Our ancestors 211

IV. MOVING ON

Nothing puts closure to a career so neatly as an obituary. In the period under review there were numerous notices of resignations and deaths and more than fifty published obituaries. An obituary is not routine; death notices are more common. Neither is common for women; indeed, the first and only obituary I could find was that for Mabel Timlin.15 There were two retirement notices, in 1992, for Muriel Armstrong and Sheila Eastman (who died shortly afterwards). Several women died young, including Rosalind Blauer, Agatha Chapman, and Lucy Morgan; their deaths were not noted in the journal.'6

Other information is available on the careers of twenty-three of the women who taught at university before 1968. Irene Spry is listed as professor emeritus in the CEA Directory, and she must be the oldest living female Canadian economist and probably the oldest living Canadian economist, demographics being what they are. 17

She has enjoyed an attachment of fifty-two years to academia. Mabel Timlin and Aranka Kovacs each spent thirty-one apparently uninterrupted years in university. Kari Levitt has been in the university for thirty-one years and is still teaching.18 Sylvia Ostry's career spans forty-one years, much of it with the federal government. The shortest spans were one year (B.B. Robinson) and two years (Irene Elliot).

Many economists move from the university to government. Among those appearing in the lists in the 1950s and 1960s were Elizabeth Bond, Roslyn Kunin, and Marian Bossen. Elizabeth Bond, who became Elizabeth Parr-Johnston, spent some years as a petroleum executive in Calgary before becoming president of Mount Saint Vincent University.19 Alison Kemp-Mitchell resigned from York University in the 1960s to take a position with the IMF; she is now retired and living in Ottawa. Sylvia Ostry has enjoyed a long career with the federal government and, in the late 1980s, in university administration. Pauline Jewett went on to politics and university administration.20 Sylvia Thrupp resigned her position in 1945 to accept a post at

15 Written for this JOURNAL by Duff Spafford (1977). This is recommended reading. It is also sum- marized in Wargon (1992).

16 Lucy Morgan served on the journal's editorial and executive boards. She wrote the iron and steel study for the Royal Commission on Canada's Economic Prospects (the Gordon Commission). Her obituary appeared in the Globe and Mail of 6 December 1960. When she died she was chief economist for the Bank of Nova Scotia, where she had worked for eighteen years. Patricia M. Mohr, vice-president, economics, of the bank, pointed out in a letter that most of her work was not attributed. This seems to have been standard practice in government and industry almost to the present. Betty Ratz (Mrs Jack Hearn) was Dr Morgan's predecessor. Her work also was not attributed. There were several students at the University of Toronto in the early 1930s, just before our period, namely Lib Leitch, Jane Ward, and Helen Spence. Rosalind Blauer and Agatha Chapman died in the 1960s.

17 Of all the birth dates in the directory, hers is the earliest, by quite a margin. Professor Spry recently received the Order of Canada.

18 Kari Levitt has concentrated on economic development and has spent a lot of time at the Univer- sity of the West Indies in Mona, Jamaica.

19 This can be confirmed by checking the listings in the AEA Directory (1978). For Elizabeth Parr- Johnston, the information is taken from the Canadian Who's Who for 1987.

20 Obituaries for Pauline Jewett appeared in several newspapers on 6 July 1992, including the Globe and Mail, the Toronto Star and the Vancouver Sun. The Canadian Journal of Political Science did not publish one.




the University of Chicago. Livia Thur spent most of the 1980s as a member of the National Energy Board of Canada and then returned to university administration. Lucy Morgan became chief economist for the Bank of Nova Scotia.

Information on women who did not establish themselves in academia before moving on is very difficult to find. Many were nameless contributors to government publications or were published in other forums.

I have no idea, though, of what happened to Elizabeth Orr or many others who appeared briefly in the pages of this journal.

V. PROBLEMS

It is not always clear from the journals who is and is not female. The practice, now unacceptable, in the earlier issues of including 'Miss' or 'Mrs' was a definite help. On the other hand, many of the women now in the profession I know personally - the profession is still that small.

Women are publishing elsewhere, so this survey should not be taken as an indication of any individual' s activity, or even as an exhaustive listing of economists during this period. Among the earlier names that do not appear here are Beryl Plumptre, Agatha Chapman, and Phyllis Ross.21 It is more useful as a global marker of the presence of women. Many Canadian women have also moved to the United States and they are completely lost to the present survey.

In attempting to collate as much information as possible, the paper confounds longitudinal and point-of-time effects.

VI. CONCLUSIONS

Women have not attached themselves as closely as men have to the academic world. Those who have done so are not as visible. Many women economists must lie in the literary equivalent of unmarked graves; their passing has not been marked in the journal. One can name a dozen grand old men of the profession, whose names have been appearing, off and on, for the last thirty years. Women, with some exceptions, appear for only a few years before their names disappear. This pattern may change with the younger women.

No mention has been made of the families of these women. Many had hus- bands and children, who surely affected the ways they approached their careers. Many were involved in what we now call 'two-career' marriages, often to fellow economists. Even the name changes that followed marriage could affect their visibility. This author stumbled on several occasions before making the link between maiden and married names.

21 Phyllis Turmer-Ross was at the War Time Prices and Trade Board and later had a long association with the University of British Columbia. Agatha Chapman worked for several years at the Bank of Canada and the Dominion Bureau of Statistics. She moved to Cambridge in 1946, where she worked with Richard Stone. Beryl Plumptre, known to most of us for her work at the Food Prices Review Board, led a long, varied life before that. She was born in Australia, did postgraduate work at Cambridge, and was a member of the Tariff Board and the Economic Council.



Our ancestors 213

The existence of women in the profession since the 1930s has been documented. Between 1935 and 1968 fifty-five women were listed as working on university faculties. Since 1935 ninety-six articles by women appeared in the journal and twenty women are noted as working on the executive of the association or the editorial board of the journal. Even with the overlaps in the three lists we can conclude that before the 1990s over 100 women had been actively involved in the profession and that least seventy-five had spent some time in Canadian universities.

The 1980s boasted a cadre of productive female economists, who appear both in the list of publications and in the two directories. Since many are in their thirties and forties, it is hard to assert much about their ultimate contribution to the discipline.22 The current proportion of women faculty in Canadian universities is at least 15 per cent.

Scott wrote that women are geographically mobile. This assertion rnay be true, but it appears that a larger proportion of young female economists have home- grown doctorates than is the case among young men. Only in the last twenty years has a Canadian doctorate been an option.

The 'rules of the game' in academic economics were established at a time when this was a male profession. The only woman who was outstanding then under those rules was Mabel Timlin. If women's contributions continue to be evaluated on the 'male model' of long-time and intense attachment to the profession, women may certainly continue to feel that they are undervalued. The recent initiatives by the WEN to establish a presence at the meetings and to organize some sessions run by and for women may well raise women's visibility. These meetings may start to build for women the kind of community that has existed for men for many years.

Given this working list of 200 women, it would be comparatively easy to search the electronic database of the Journal of Economic Literature.23 This is available for all years since 1969.

It would be useful to survey university departments to gather more information on the women who appear in the early years. This would have to be done soon, before all memory of them is lost. Information on the current crop of women academics could also be gathered. This could certainly be done by asking for more specific information, such as gender, when the new CEA directory is compiled, or when another women's directory is compiled. Efficiency suggests that both directories could be compiled from the same information. This would avoid the non- comparability problems encountered by this author. The problem of documenting the activities of non-academic women, especially those who are not members of the CEA may be less tractable.

22 They include Kathleen Day, Lorraine Eden, Nancy Gallini, Alice Nakamura, Nancy Olewiler, Barbara Spencer, Roberta Robb, Lise Salvas-Bronsard, Lucie Samson, Margaret Slade, and Myrna Wooders.

23 This excellent suggestion was made by one of the referees. It would deal with the lack in this paper of a rounded view of the work of women, especially the younger ones. Coincidentally, the database starts in almost the same year as the Canadian Journal of Economics.




REFERENCES

American Economics Association (1978) Biographical Listing of Members 68, 34-519 - (1992) Women in Economics, the CSWEP Roster, April Canadian Association for Business Economists (1992) Membership Directory and Salary

Survey: 1992-1993 Canadian Economics Association (1990) Membership Directory, supplement to this

JOURNAL 22 Bladen, V.W. (1960) 'A journal is born: 1935.' CJEPS 26, 1-8 Fortin, Pierre (1993) 'Where we were, where we are: the first eight CEA meetings and the

last four.' This JOURNAL 26, 55-69 Helliwell, John (1993) 'What have Canadian economists been doing for the last twenty-

five years? This JOURNAL 26, 38-54 Johnson, Harry G. (1968) 'Canadian contributions to the discipline of economics since

1945.' This JOURNAL 1, 129-46 Lambert, Carmen (1992) The Status of Women in Canadian Universities (Ottawa: SSFC)

Lipsey, Richard (1993) 'A crystal ball applied to Canadian economics.' This JOURNAL 26, 70-6

Neill, Robin,, and Gilles Paquet (1993) 'L'economie h6r6tique: Canadian economics before 1967.' This JOURNAL 26, 3-13

McDowell, John, and Janet Kilholm Smith (1992) 'The effect of gender-sorting on propensity to coauthor: implications for academic promotion.' Economic Enquiry (January), 68-82

Ostry, Sylvia (1968) The Female Worker in Canada (Ottawa: DBS)

Robb, Roberta (1991) Directory of Women Economists in Canadian Universities (Toronto: University of Toronto Press)

Scott, Anthony (1993) 'Does living in Canada make one a Canadian economist?' This JOURNAL 26, 26-38

Smiley, Donald V. (1967) 'Contributions to Canadian political science since the Second World War.' CJEPS 33, 569-80

Spafford, Duff (1977) 'In memoriam: Mabel Timlin.' This JOURNAL 10, 279-81 Strong-Boag, Veronica (1988) The New Day Recalled: Lives of Girls and Women in

English Canada, 1919-1939 (Mississauga, ON: Copp Clark Pitman) Taylor, K.W. (1960) 'Economic scholarship in Canada.' CJEPS 26, 6-18 Wargon, Sylvia T. (1992) 'Women in demography in Canada: the 1940s to the late

1960s.' Canadian Studies in Population 19(2), 181-215. (Note: For a reprint of this article in its original, complete form, contact the author at 4-B8 Jean Talon Building, Census and Demographic Statistics, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON, KIA OT6.)

Wonnacott, Ronald (1993) 'Trade liberalization: Canadian contributions since the 1960s.' This JOURNAL 26, 14-25

Worton, David (1994) Draft chapters. History of Statistics Canada Project (Ottawa, Statis- tics Canada)

APPENDIX

1. WOMEN IN ACADEMIC POSTS, BY YEAR OF FIRST MENTION

A single asterisk identifies women who are arguably political scientists, a double asterisk women who were still associated with a university in 1992. The dates in parentheses give the date of the last notice in current topics.

1937 Miss I. Wilson



Our ancestors 215

1938 Irene Biss (Mrs Graham Spry)(**) 1939 Miss Mabel Timlin (1977) 1940 none 1941 none 1942 Miss R.L. Savage (*) 1943 none 1944 Miss Sylvia Thrupp (1945, joined University of Chicago)

Mrs K.W. (Kathleen) Klawe (1948, resigned from University of Toronto) 1945 Miss G.M. Goodspeed

Miss E.M. Rosengren Mrs Eleanor G. Torrens (1952)

1946 none 1947 Miss Sheila D. Davies

Miss Pauline Jewett (*) (1967) Miss M.E. Luyten

1948 Miss Ruth Albert (1962) Miss B.B. Robinson (1950 resigned for graduate studies at Duke University)

1949 Martha Harrower (1953) Alison Kemp (later Alison Mitchell) (1964) Mrs O.K. Swallow

1950 Miss E. (Elizabeth) Orr 1951 Winnifred Beno

Miss M.J. Grimmer (1963) Patricia Norsworthy Katherine Simcock (1954) Mrs S. Wiseman (Sylvia Ostry) (**)

1952 Mrs Irene Elliott (1953) Miss Agnes Y. Fleming (1957) Marguerite Mathieu Margaret Peck Claire Rousseau

1953 Mrs G.A. Cave 1954 none 1955 none 1956 Miss Gailene Sheila Lonergran

Miss Paule Verdet (resigned from University of Montreal for University of Chicago) 1957 none 1958 none 1959 Renee Caron (resigned from the Universit6 de Montr6al) 1960 none 1961 Mrs Muriel Armstrong (1992)

A.E. Kovacs (**) Mrs Kari Levitt (**)

1962 Isabel B. Anderson (**) Mrs Frances Bairstow Sheila Baldwin Eastman (1992) Susan McCorquodale (1964) Nancy C. Morris Norma E. Walmsley (*)

1963 Geraldine E. Fulton (1967) Patricia O'Donnell McKenzie

1964 Betty B. MacLeod




Beverly Tangri (retired in the late eighties?) 1965 Marian Bossen (1967)

Lillian G. Buchanan Livia M. Thur (**)

1966 (appearing in the February 1967 issue) Rosalind Blauer Roslyn Kunin

1967 Elizabeth Bond (Elizabeth Parr-Johnston) (**) Shirley Goldenberg

1968 (appearing in the February issue of the new CJE) Carolyn Clark Bernice Wright

11. CHRONOLOGICAL LISTING OF ARTICLES IN THE JOURNALS WRITTEN BY WOMEN

Names marked by a number sign belong to women affiliated with foreign universities.

1935-44, CJEPS (1-10) Biss, I.M. 'Recent power legislation in Ontario.' 2, 212 - 'Recent power legislation in Quebec.' 3, 550 Charles, Enid. 'The nuptiality problem with special reference to Canadian marriage statis-

tics.' 7, 447 - 'The trend of fertility in Prince Edward Island.' 8, 213 - 'Differential fertility in Canada, 1931.' 9, 175 Morgan, Lucy. 'The impact of war taxation on eighty Canadian corporations.' 8 566 Thomson, Inga, and Dafoe, Marcella. 'Bibliography of J.W. Dafoe (1866-1944).' 10, 213

1945-54, CJEPS (11-20) Eastman, Sheila. 'Analysis of multiple-employer collective bargaining based on three case

studies.' 18, 464 'The influence of government on labour relations in France.' 20, 296

#Hartland, Penelope. 'Private Enterprise and International Capital.' 19, 70 Spry, Irene M. 'The Royal Commission on Prices.' 17, 76 Timlin, Mabel F. 'The economics of control.' 11, 285 - 'Price flexibility and employment.' 12, 204 - 'General equilibrium analysis and public policy.' 12, 483

'General equilibrium analysis and public policy: a rejoinder.' 13, 285 'John Maynard Keynes.' 13, 363 'Theories of welfare economics.' 15, 551 'Economic theory and immigration policy.' 16, 375

Ward, Jane. 'The published works of H.A. Innis.' 19, 233

1955-64, CJEPS (21-30) #Bowman, M.J. 'Educational shortage and excess.' 29, 446 #Due, Jean Mann. 'Consumption levels in Canada and the United States, 1947-50.' 21,

174 Eastman, Sheila. 'An economic analysis of the Goldenberg Report.' 30, 116 #Hartland, Penelope. 'The treatment of gold in the Canadian balance of international

payments.' 21, 76 Ostry, Sylvia W. 'Inter-establishment dispersion of occupational wage rates, Ontario and

Quebec, 1957.' 26, 277 Spry, Irene M. 'Energy sources in Canada: a further comment.' 24, 272



Our ancestors 217

Timlin, Mabel F. 'Canada's immigration policy, 1896--19 10.' 26, 517 Tucker, Majorie. 'Recent developments in the work of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics.'

25, 497; 27, 85; 28, 147; 29, 90; 30, 1 10

1965-7, CJEPS (31-33) Lennox, Mary. 'Recent developments in the work of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics.'

33, 88 Tucker, Marjorie. 'Recent developments in the work of the Dominion Bureau of Statis-

tics.' 31, 118; 32,66

1968-77, CJE (1-9) #Browning, Jacquelene M., and Edgar K. Browning. 'Externalities from government and

non-profit sectors.' 8, 574 #- 'Welfare analytics in general equilibrium theory: an improved geometry.' 9, 341 Clark, Carolyn, and David E. Bond. 'The behaviour of the aggregate reserve ratio of

Canadian chartered banks revisited.' 5, 435 Eastman, Sheila, 'Uncertainty and the time profile of wages.' 10, 472 Lennox, Mary. 'Recent developments in the work of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics C

114 #McCulloch, Rachel. 'When are a tariff and a quota equivalent?' 6, 503 Ostry, S., and R. Platek. 'Some methodological aspects of the 1971 census in Canada.' 3,

95 #Robinson, Joan. 'Capital theory up to date.' 3, 309 #- 'Capital theory up to date: a reply.' 4, 254 #Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 'Effluent charges: a critique.' 6, 512

1978-8 7, CJE (11-20) Blackorby, Charles, David Donaldson, and Maria Auersperg 'A new procedure for the

measurement of inequality within and among population subgroups.' 14, 665 Brander, James, and Barbara J. Spencer. 'Tariffs and the extraction of foreign monopoly

rents under potential entry.' 14, 371 Christensen, Sandra. The impact of the Anti-Inflation Board on negotiated wage settle-

ments: comment.' 14, 327 Coates, Mary Lou, and Kumar Pradeep. 'Occupational earnings, compensating differen-

tials and human capital: an empirical study.' 15, 442 #Connidis, Lilla Arnet. 'The effective rate of protection for motor vehicle manufacturing

in Canada.' 16, 98 #Daniel, Betty C., and Harold 0. Fried. 'Currency substitution, postal strikes, and Cana-

dian money demand. 16, 612 Eastman, Sheila B. 'Labour markets, trade unions, and the order of market moves.' 15,

263 Eden, Lorraine A.B. 'Vertically integrated multinationals: a microeconomic analysis.' 11,

534 Transfer pricing policies under tariff barriers.' 16, 669

Fisher Gordon, Michael McAleer and Diana Whistler. 'Interest rates and durability in a linear expenditure family.' 14, 331

#Flavin, Marjorie. 'Excess sensitivity of consumption to current income: liquidiity con- straints or myopia?' 18, 117

Gallini, Nancy T. 'Demand for gasoline in Canada.' 16, 299 Gallini, Nancy T., Tracy Lewis, and Roger Ware. 'Strategic timing and pricing of a

substitute in a cartelized resource market.' 16, 429 #Gal-Or, Esther. 'Strategic and non-strategic differentiation.' 20, 340




Houle, Rachel, et Loffaine Ouellet. 'L'influence des facteurs socio-6conomiques sur la demande priv6e d'enseignement universitaire.' 15, 693

Kamien, Morton I., and Nancy L. Schwartz. 'Conjectural variations.' 16, 191 #Mann, Barbara S. 'Capital heterogeneity, capital utilization, and the demand for shift-

workers.' 17, 450 #Marion, Nancy Peregrim. 'The exchange-rate effects of real disturbances with rational

expectations and variable terms of trade' (symposium on flexible exchange rates). 15, 104

#Marion, Nancy Peregrim, and Lars E.O. Svensson. 'Adjustment to expected and unexpected oil price changes.' 17, 15

#- 'Adjustments to expected and unexpected oil price changes: corrigendum.' 19, 816

Nakamura, Alice, and Masao Nakamura. 'Part-time and full-time work behaviour of married women: a model with a doubly truncated dependent variable.' 16, 229

Osberg, Lars, R.L. Mazany, Richard Apostle, and Don Clairmont. 'Job mobility, wage determination, and market segmentation in the presence of sample selection bias.' 19, 319

Robb, Roberta Edgecombe. 'Earnings differentials between males and females in Ontario, 1971 .' 11, 350

#Ruane, Frances P. 'Spatial bias and the location of footloose industry: a simple regional model.' 20, 506

Salvas-Bronsard, Lise. 'Notes sur l'utilisation des variables duales en politique 6conomique.' 13, 35

Salvas-Bronsard, Lise, and E. Bastien. 'A note on the estimation of complete demand systems from Canadian household budget data.' 17, 48

Samson, Lucie. 'A study of the impact of sectoral shifts on aggregate unemployment in Canada.' 18, 518

Slade, Margaret E. 'Taxation of non-renewable resources at various stages of production.' 19, 281

#Stewart, Marion B. 'Uncertain demand and product quality in a price-regulated market.' 14, 507

Wright, Randall, and Janine Loberg. 'Unemployment insurance, taxes, and unemployment.' 20, 36

1988-92, CJE (21-25) Alvarez, Yvette, John Burbidge, Ted Farrell, and Leigh Palmer. 'Optimal taxation in a

life-cycle model.' 25, 111 Berkowitz, Michael K., Nancy T. Gallini, Eric J. Miller, and Robert A. Wolfe. 'Disaggre-

gate analysis of the demand for gasoline.' 23, 253 Bordo, Michael D., and Angela Redish. 'Credible commitment and exchange rate stability:

Canada's interwar experience.' 23, 357 Bronsard, Camille, et Lise Salvas-Bronsard. 'Anticipations rationelles, fonctions

d'anticipations et structure locale de Slutsky.' 21, 846 Cardia, Emanuela. 'Crowding out in open economies: results from a simulation study.' 25,

708 Clark, J. Stephen, Julia S. Taylor, and John Spriggs. 'The effect of new price information

on crop supply.' 25, 172 Day, Kathleen M. 'Interprovincial migration and local public goods.' 25, 123 Dupont, Diane P. and Shelley A. Phipps. 'Distributional consequences of fisheries regula-

tions.' 24, 206 Fauvel, Yvon, and Lucie Samson. 'Intertemporal substitution and durable goods: an

empirical analysis.' 24, 192



Our ancestors 219

Forget, Evelyn. 'The Ricardo debates: Hollander and Garegnani on natural price and output determination.' 23, 434 'The debates continue: reply to Mongiovi.' 24, 724

Friesen, J., S. Capalbo, and M. Denny. 'Testing short-run factor demand models in Cana- dian and U.S. agriculture.' 24, 624

#Gal-Or, Esther. 'Warranties as a signal of quality.' 22, 50 #- 'Excessive retailing at the Bertrand equilibria.' 23, 294 Jones, Ronald W., and Barbara J. Spencer. 'Raw materials, processing activities, and

protectionism.' 22, 469 Kandil, Magda. 'Some evidence on demand fluctuations and the increased stability of the

post-war American economy.' 25, 839 Mossetti, Giovanna. 'Inside money, output, and inventories in business cycle.' 23, 381 Mayer, Francine, et Paul-Martel Roy. 'La relation ch6mage-sant6: une 6tude longitudi-

nale.' 24, 551 Maynes, Elizabeth. 'Reallocation of voting rights and shareholders' wealth.' 25, 538 Phipps, Shelley. 'Behavioural response to ui reform in constrained and unconstrained

models of labour supply.' 24, 34 Slade, Margaret E. 'Strategic pricing with customer rationing: the case of primary metals.'

24, 70 Welling, Linda A. 'Satisfaction guaranteed or money (partially) refunded: efficient refunds

under asymmetric information,' 22, 62 Young, Denise. 'Cost specification and firm behaviour in a Hotelling model of resource

extraction.' 25, 41

Ill. WOMAN LISTED AS MEMBERS OF THE BOARDS OF THE JOURNALS OR

THE EXECUTIVES OF THE ASSOCIATIONS

1935-44 Miss M.F. Timlin 1945-54 Miss S. Thrupp, Lucy Morgan, Mabel Timlin 1955-64 Mabel Timlin, Mrs Doris Boyle 1965-7 Pauline Jewett, S. Ostry 1968-77 Muriel Armstrong, Sylvia Ostry, Gail C.A. Cook 1978-87 J. Alexander, L.A.B. Eden, R.M.E. Robb, N. Gallini, L. Salvas-Bronsard, A.

Nakamura 1988-92 A. Nakamura, L. Salvas-Bronsard, N. Gallini, S. Phipps, M. Slade, A. Redish, J.

Alexander, M. Slade, N. Olewiler, L. Welling, M. MacDonald

IV. CHRONOLOGICAL LISTING OF BOOK REVIEWS AND REVIEWERS

DECENNIAL INDEX, VOLUMES 1-10 (CJEPS) 1935-44

Bowley, Marian. Nassau Senior and Classical Economics 4, 133 Clapham, J.H., and E. Power. The Cambridge History of Europe from the Decline of the

Roman Empire Vol 1: The Agrarian Life in the Middle Ages. 9, 99 Gettys, Luella. The Administration of Canadian Conditional Grants. 4, 277 Myrdal, Alva. Nation and Family: The Swedish Experiment in Democratic Family and

Population Policy. 8, 273 Neuendorf, Gwen. Studies in the Evolution of Dominion Status: The Governor-

Generalship of Canada and the Development of Canadian Nationalism. 10, 93 Robinson, Joan. Essays in the Theory of Employment: Introduction to the Theory of

Employment and Essays in the Theory of Employment. 4, 585 Timlin, Mabel F. Keynesian Economics. 10, 102




Whitton, Charlotte. A Hundred Years A-Fellin': Some Passages from the Timber Saga of Ottawa in the Century in which the Gillies have been Cutting in the Valley 1842-1942. 10, 530

Reviewers Brookstone, Mildred. 10, 115 Morgan, L.T. 2, 252; 3, 296; 4, 131, 255; 10, 515 Spry, I.M. 6, 107; 7, 610 Timlin, M.L. 8, 624; 10, 246

DECENNIAL INDEX, VOLUMES 1 1-20 (CJEPS) 1945-54

Burwash, Dorothy. English Merchant Shipping, 1460-1540. By Sylvia L. Thrupp. 15, 269

Carter, Gwendolen M. The British Commonwealth and International Security. By H. Gordon Skilling. 14, 129

Cleverdon, Catherine Lyle. The Woman Suffrage Movement in Canada. By Norman Ward. 16, 543

Digby, Margaret. Agricultural Co-Operation in the Commonwealth. By V.C. Fowke. 19, 272

Duffy, Doris. The Role of Government in Labor-Management Production Committees. By W.R. Dymond. 14, 575

Farnsworth, Helen C. and V.P. Timoshenko, World Grain Review and Outlook, 1945. By L.A. Skeoch. 11, 638

Howard, Sister Jane Mary. Some Economic Aspects of the St Lawrence Project. By J.H. Dales. 16, 282

Lewis, Cleona. The United States and Foreign Investment Problems. By J.S.M. Allely. 16, 559

MacLeod, Margaret Arnett, ed. The Letters of Letitia Hargrave. By W.T. Easterbrook. 14, 407

Marshall, Mary Paley. What I Remember. By V.W. Bladen. 14, 282 Nixon, Edna. John Llilton. By John S. Morgan. 14, 127 Parten, Mildred B. Surveys, Pools, and Samples. By W.H. Poole. 17, 576 Penrose, Edith Tilton. The Economics of the International Patent System. By J.E. Smyth.

18, 543 Rosengren, Elizabeth M., ed. Readings in Money and Banking. By F.A. Knox. 15,

118 Thrupp, Sylvia L. The Merchant Class of Medieval London. Postan. 15, 563

Reviewers Eastman, Sheila. 20, 551 Hughes, Elizabeth M. 18, 396 Klawe, Kathleen W. 12, 105 Muttitt, Kathleen. 12, 538 Orr, Elizabeth. 17, 423, 575 Rosengren, Elizabeth M. 13, 630; 14, 148 Smith, Marian W. 15, 560 Thrupp, Sylvia L. 15, 269 Timlin, Mabel F. 11, 144, 285; 12, 204; 13, 136, 305; 14, 263, 270 Wargon, Sylvia T. 15, 257; 20, 262



Our ancestors 221

DECENNIAL INDEX, VOLUMES 21-30 (CJEPS) 1955-64

Allen, G.C., and Audrey G. Donnithorne. Western Enterprise in Far Eastern Economic Development. By C.A. Ashley. 21, 129

Baker, Helen, and Robert R. France. Centralization and Decentralization in Industrial Relations. By Stuart Jamieson. 23, 138

Cleland, Sherrill. The Influence of Plant Size on Industrial Relations. By Stuart Jamieson. 23, 138

Cork, Ella. The Worst of the Bargain. By Fred W. Voget. 30, 138 Cowan, Helen I. British Emigration to British North America. By A.R.M. Lower. 28,

444 Davies, Margaret Gay. The Enforcement of English Apprenticeship. By Karl F. Helleiner.

23, 582 Erickson, Charlotte. American Industry and the European Immigrant. By David Corbett.

27, 120 Karmel, P.H., and Maureen Brunt. The Structure of the Australian Economy. By Craufurd

D. Goodwin. 24, 247 Neu, Irene D. Erastus Corning: Merchant and Financier, 1794-1872. By Barry E. Supple.

27, 419 Peacock, Alan T., Ralph Turvey and Elizabeth Henderson. eds. International Economic

Papers. No. 3. By H. Scott Gordon. 21, 131 Reid, Margaret G. Housing and Income. By A. Asimakopulos. 30, 301 Robinson, Joan. The Accumulation of Capital. By B.S. Kerstead. 23, 555 - Essays in the Theory of Economic Growth. By H.A. John Green. 29, 386 Seeley, John R., Alexander R. Sim and Elizabeth W. Loosely Crestwood Heights. By

M.-Adelard Tremblay. 22, 557 Taeuber, Conrad, and Irene B. Traeuber. The Changing Population of the United States. By

Nathan Keyfitz and Y. Kasahara. 26, 179 Woods, H.D., and Sylvia Ostry. Labour Policy and Labour Economics in Canada. By

A.W.R. Carrothers. 29, 569

Reviewers Banfield, Jane. 29, 273 Eastman, Sheila. 23, 155; 26, 652 Hughes, Elizabeth M. 24, 436 Kovacs, A.E. 30, 455 McCormack, Thelma. 29, 398; 30, 467, 612 Murphy, Mary E. 23, 141 Ostry, Sylvia Wiseman. 21, 273; 23, 163; 26, 183; 27, 116; 28, 320, 474; 30, 287, 622 Podoluk, Jenny. 21, 260 Robinson, Joan. 26, 488 Timlin, Mabel F. 24, 422 Ward, Jane. 25, 102

ANNUAL INDEX, VOLUMES 31-33 (CJEPS) 1965-7

Friedman, Milton, and Anna Jacobsen Schwartz. A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960. By Harold T. Shapiro. 31, 606

Gilpatrick, Eleanor G. Structural Unemployment and Aggregate Demand: a Study of Employment and Unemployment in the United States, 1948-1964. By Noah M. Meltz. 33, 311




Kuznets, Simon, and Elizabeth Jenks. Capital in the American Economy: Its Formation and Financing. By T.K. Rymes. 31, 151

Taylor, Audrey M. Gillets, Bankers at Banbury and Oxford: a Study in Local History. By Barry E. Supple. 31, 613

Thrupp, Sylvia, ed. Change in Medieval Society: Europe North of the Alps, 1050-1500. By Natalie Zemon Davis. 31, 608

Reviewers Coburn, Kathleen. 33, 156 Davis, Natalie. 31, 608 Kovacs, A.E. 32, 125; 33, 638 McCormack, Thelma. 31, 449; 32, 273, 404 Ostry, Sylvia. 31, 458; 32, 398 Rosenbaum, Naomi. 33, 486

DECENNIAL INDEX, VOLUMES 1-10 (CJE) 1968-77

Adelman, Irma, and Cynthia Taft Morris. Economic Growth and Social Equity in Devel- oping Countries. By A.L. Levine. 8, 135

Bradford Jr., Colin I., and Caroline Pestieau. Canada and Latin America: The Potential for Partnership. By B.W. Wilkinson. 310

Buckley, Helen, and Eva Tihanyi. Canadian Policies for Rural Adjustment: A Study of the Economic Impact of ARDA, PFRA, and MMRA. By T.N. Brewis. 1, 659 Politiques Canadiennes De Rajustement Rural: Etude Des Re'percussions Economiques Des Programmes ARDA, PFRA, et MMRA. Par R. Jouandet-Bernadat. 3, 651

Crabbe, Philippe, and Irene M. Spry, eds. Natural Resource Development in Canada: A Multidisciplinary Seminar, Social Science Study No. 8. By T.S. Veeman. 8, 459.

Denton, F.T., and Sylvia Ostry. Historical Estimates of the Canadian Labour Force. By A.E. Kovacs. 2, 473

Denton, Geoffrey, Seamus O'Cleireacain, and Sally Ash. Trade Effects of Public Subsidies to Private Enterprise. By W.T. Hunter. 10, 330

De Podwin, Horace J., and Barbara Epstein. The British Power Transformer Industry and Its Excursions into the United States Market: A Case Study in International Price Discrimination. By Donald Eldon. 3, 635

Doxey, Margaret P. Economic Sanctions and International Enforcement. By I.-D. Pal. 5, 459

Howson, Susan. Domestic Monetary Management In Britain 1919-38. By W.M. Scam- mell. 10, 168

Levitt, Kari. Silent Surrender. By I.A. Litvak. 5, 451 MacLeod, Betty, ed. Demography And Educational Planning. Monograph Series, No. 7.

By B.G. Spencer. 4, 425 Maxwell, Judith. Energy From The Arctic: Facts And Issues. By Paul Bradley. 8, 302 Morris, Cynthia Taft. See Adelman, Irma Nevitt, Adela Adam, ed. The Economic Problems of Housing. By Lawrence B. Smith. 1,

661 Ostry, Sylvia. The Occupational Composition of the Canadian Labour Force. By A.E.

Kovacs. 2, 473 - Provincial Differences in Labour Force Participation. By A.E. Kovacs. 2, 473 - Unemployment in Canada. By A.E. Kovacs. 2, 473 Pestieau, Caroline, and Jacques Henri. Non-Tariff Trade Barriers as a Problem in Interna-

tional Development. By Ralph Kolinski. 6, 623



Our ancestors 223

Pike, Ruth. Enterprise and Adventure: The Genoese In Seville and the Opening of the New World. By Paul J. Hauben, 1, 154

Polenske, Karen R., and Jiri V. Skolka, eds. Advances in Input-Output Analysis. By George A.B. Kartsaklis. 10, 731

Robinson, Joan. Economic Philosophy. By William D.G. Hunter. 1, 495 Economic Heresies; Some Old Fashioned Questions In Economic Theory. By A. Asimakopulos. 5, 314

Salvas-Bronsard, Lise. Les Techniques Quantitatives de la Politique Economique. Par Pavel Pelikan. 6, 626

Singer-K6rel, Jeanne. La New Economics et L'expansion Americaine. Par Alban D'Amours. 7, 531

Walters, Dorothy. Canadian Income Levels And Growth: An International Perspective. Ottawa: Economic Council of Canada, 1968. By Benjamin Higgins 4, 164 Canadian Growth Revisited 1950-1967. Ottawa, 1970. By Benjamin Higgins. 4, 264

Watkin, Virginia G. Taxes And Tax Harmonisation In Central America. Cambridge, MA.:

Law School of Harvard University, 1967. By H. Shibata. 2, 150

Reviewers Anderson, Isabel, B. 10, 522 Blauer, Rosalind. 3, 636 Eastman, Sheila. 4, 427 Houle, Rachel. 10, 349 Kovacs, A.E. 2, 473; 4, 590 Salvas-Bronsard, Lise. 4, 422; 5, 323; 7, 693; 8, 456 Spencer, B. 9, 185

ANNUAL INDEX, VOLUMES 1 1-20 (CJE) 1978-1987

Darby, Michael R., James R. Lothian, Arthur E. Gandolfi, Anna J. Schwartz and Alan C. Stockman. The International Transmission of Inflation. By David Laidler. 17, 182

Deane, Phyllis. The Evolution of Economic Ideas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. By H.K. Betz. 12, 761

De Vries, Margaret Garritsen. The International Monetary Fund 1966-1971, Vol. 1, Narrative; Vol. 2, Documents. By H.H. Binhammer. 12, 120

Dow, Sheila. Macroeconomic Thought: A Methodological Approach. By John N. Smithin. 22, 192

Johnson, Elizabeth S., and Harry G. Johnson. The Shadow of Keynes. By Phyllis Deane. 13, 506

Kamien, Morton I., and Nancy L. Schwartz. Market Structure and Innovation: Cambridge Surveys of Economic Literature. By Roger Ware. 16, 729

Kipnis, Kenneth, and Diana T. Meyers, eds. Economic Justice: Private Rights and Eco- nomic Responsibilities. By Scott Gordon. 20, 204

Lackner, Irene, and Gerald Prodrick, eds. Directory of Economic Libraries in Canada. By Terry Clark. 11, 787

Maxwell, Judith, and Caroline Pestieau. Economic Realities of Contemporary Confedera- tion. 14, 535

Robinson, Joan. Aspects of Development and Underdevelopment. By G.K. Helleiner. 13, 515

Rugman, Alan M. and Lorraine Eden. Multinationals and Transfer Pricing. By Steven Globerman. 20, 209

Steele, Marion. Canadian Housing Allowances. By R. Andrew Miller. 19, 837




Reviewers Alexander, Judith, A. 24, 723; 26, 170 Deane, Phyllis. 13, 506 Eden, Lorraine. 15, 562 Enders, Alice. 16, 736 MacKinnon, Mary. 18, 923 Robinson, Joan. 12, 118 Salvas-Bronsard, Lise. 17, 873 Wogin, Gillian. 15, 555 Yarbrough, Beth V. 18, 217

ANNUAL INDEX, VOLUMES 21-25 (CJE) 1988-92

Gunderson, Morley, Noah Meltz, and Sylvia Ostry. Unemployment: International Perspec- tives. By David A. Wilton. 21, 208

MacFayden, Alan J., and Heather MacFayden. Economic Psychology: Intersections in Theory and Application. By Stuart Mestelman. 21, 930

Stokey, Nancy L., and Robert E. Lucas, Jr, with Edward C. Prescott. Recursive Methods in Economic Dynamics. By Miguel Faig. 23, 964

Reviewers Doiron, Denise. 22, 949 Redish, Angela. 22, 952 Wilman, Elizabeth A. 25, 250

TABLE Al Papers, notes, and book reviews published in the CJE and CJEPS: 1935-92

Papers Books Papers by 'non- Joint Joint Reviewed written

Papers by Canadian' publi- by Books by by Years published women women cations women reviewed women women

1935-44 (10 years) 378 7 0 6 1 421 10 8

1945-54 (10 years) 404 12 1 5 0 508 19 15

1955-64 (10 years) 401 12 3 11 0 765 21 16

1965-7 (3 years) 105 3 0 4 0 225 10 5

1968-77 (10 years) 520 10 6 88 3 431 10 27

1978-87 (10 years) 526 30 11 176 14 287 11 12

1988-92 (5 years) 279 23 4 108 10 75 3 3

TOTAL 2,613 97a 25 398 28 2,712 84a 86a

a Summing these three figures gives 267 instances of women's work. The ninety-six papers were written or cowritten by fifty-seven different women.

