ou leverhulme gt
TRANSCRIPT
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Grounded Theory Grounded Theory AnalysisAnalysis
Dr. Anne [email protected]
ac.uk
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OVERVIEWOVERVIEW• Background to Qualitative and GT• Quality issues• Applying GT (coding stages)• Problems and solutions• Applications
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Quantitative methodsQuantitative methods
• Experiments
• Questionnaires
• System logs (producing data for statistical analysis)
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Research Paradigms:Research Paradigms:QuantitativeQuantitative
• Imposes prior theories (discovery)
• Reliant on hypothetico-deductive method to establish causal relationship (justification)o Operationalised (reductionistic)
o Measured
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Research Paradigms:Research Paradigms:Quantitative LimitationsQuantitative Limitations
• Validityo Inappropriate fixing of meaningso Imposing external system of meaning
for internal subjective structures• Complexity of data lost through
reductionistic approach
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Qualititative methodsQualititative methods
• In-depth Interviews
• Focus groups
• Observational studies
• Open ended data
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Research Paradigms:Research Paradigms:QualitativeQualitative
• Generates working hypothesis by producing concepts from data
• Represents participants reality in its complex context
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Research Paradigms:Research Paradigms:Qualitative LimitationsQualitative Limitations
• Subjectivityo Data collection procedures
o Analysis
• Reliabilityo Across context & researcher
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GT BackgroundGT Background• Developed by Glaser & Strauss (1967)
o Glaser quantitative / Strauss qualitative
• Grounded theory developed from Systematic data collection & analysis
• “Both qualitative and quantitative approaches share a common concern with theory as the goal of research” (Henwood & Pidgeon, 1992 p.101)
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Potential ApplicationsPotential Applications• Qualitative Analysis Method• Method to support triangulation of
qualitative / quantitative data sets• Approach to requirements gathering
o Grounded Design (G. Cockton) http://osiris.sund.ac.uk/~cs0gco/CHI_ILF.htm
• Tool to generate scenarios
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GT StrengthsGT Strengths• Phenomena Complexity
• Unknown phenomena
• Structured / Focused approach to Theory Building
• Integrating mixed data sources
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7 Quality rules7 Quality rules1. Importance of fit with the data 2. Integrated at all levels of abstraction 3. Reflexivity4. Documentation5. Theoretical Sampling & negative case
analysis6. Theoretical Sensitivity7. Transferability Henwood & Pidgeon (1992)
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GT ChapterGT Chapter• A Qualitative approach to HCI
http://oro.open.ac.uk/11911/Adams, Anne; Lunt, Peter and Cairns, Paul (2008). A qualititative approach to HCI research.
In: Cairns, Paul and Cox, Anna eds. Research Methods for Human-Computer Interaction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 138–157.
• Questionnaires, In-depth interviews and focus groups http://oro.open.ac.uk/11909/
Adams, Anne and Cox, Anna L. (2008). Questionnaires, in-depth interviews and focus groups. In: Cairns, Paul and Cox, Anna L. eds. Research Methods for Human Computer Interaction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 17–34.
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GT ApplicationGT Application
Data in whatever form is :-Broken down, conceptualised, and put back together in new ways.
Analysis Stages - 3 levels of coding :• open, • axial, • selective (with process effects)
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Open coding Open coding 1. Concepts are identified.
2. Concepts are grouped into categories
3. Properties and dimensions of the category identified
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Open coding: detailedOpen coding: detailedConcepts are:- Conceptual labels placed on discrete
happenings, events, and other instances of phenomena
Categories are:- where concepts are classified and grouped together under a higher order – a more abstract concept called a category.
Properties are:- characteristics pertaining to a categoryDimensions are:- Location (values) of properties along
a continuum
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Open coding: exampleOpen coding: example
“ When I want to have a personal conversation, I encrypt the message. I think that makes the email private. Stops people from listening in”
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Open coding: analysisOpen coding: analysis“ When I want to have a personal conversation
(private interaction), I encrypt the message (security measure). I think that makes the email private (Securing privacy). Stops people from listening in (Surveillance).”
Concepts are:- private interaction, security measures, securing privacy, surveillance
Categories are:- Interaction, privacy, security
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Open coding (5)Open coding (5)Category Class Property Dimension Dimensional Range
surveillance Being observed
frequency often ........never
scope more ........less
intensity high.........low
duration long .........short
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Coding HeuristicCoding HeuristicTo support Saturation or Identifying Relationships
1.Frequency – codes that frequently occur
2.Fundementality
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Axial Coding (1)Axial Coding (1)1. High level phenomena identified.
2. Phenomena conditions identified (causal, context, intervening).
3. Phenomena action / interaction strategies and consequences identified
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Axial Coding (2)Axial Coding (2)Phenomena are:- central ideas, events.
CONDITIONS
Causal conditions are:- events that lead to occurrence or development of a phenomenon.
Context:- The specific set of properties (and location on a dimensional range) that pertain to a phenomenon.
Intervening conditions:- broader structural context.
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Axial Coding (3)Axial Coding (3)A / I SEQUENCES
Action / interaction strategies:- devised to manage, handle, carry out, respond to a phenomenon under a specific set of perceived conditions
Consequences:- Outcomes or results of action / interaction
For example:
“ When I want to have (context) a personal conversation (phenomenon), I encrypt the message (strategy). I think that makes the email private (consequence).”
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Selective Coding (1)Selective Coding (1)1. Define the core category & high-level story line.
2. Relate subsidiary categories by its properties
3. Relate categories at the dimensional level
4. Iterative validation of relationships with data
5. Identify category gaps
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Selective Coding (2)Selective Coding (2) Core category is: The central phenomenon
around which all the other categories are integrated.
Story is: A descriptive narrative about the central phenomenon of the study.
Story line is: The conceptualisation of the story - the core category.
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PROCESS EFFECTSPROCESS EFFECTS
Process is the linking of AI sequences over time
CHANGING CONDITIONS (over time)
Action / Interaction Strategy
RESPONSE from A/I
CONSEQUENCES of response
CHANGE TO CONDITIONS affecting A/I
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PASSWORDS & PROCESSPASSWORDS & PROCESS
Password disclosure I
D Information importance D Perceived threats
Security I
perceived
Security D
perceived
A B
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PRIVACY AND PROCESSPRIVACY AND PROCESS
4 1
3
IS
TRUST privacy secured
based on assumptions
Users
IR
Contexts
IU
Technology & its implementation make assumptions inaccurate
Increased perceived privacy invasions
2
Decreased trust in organisationEmotive reaction Reject technology
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DIGITAL LIBRARIES & PROCESSDIGITAL LIBRARIES & PROCESS
Status determines information accessibility
(High status: accessLow status: poor access)
Reversed information accessibility (High status: poor access low status: access)
High status clinicians reject technology
Training NOT status determines information
accessibility
DL introduction
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Initial ProblemInitial Problem
• Lines between each type of coding are artificial– Data presented at dimensional level– Action / interactions & conditions present.
“ I find computers always break down for me when I have a lot of things to do. So I try not to use them when I have a lot to do. Which slows everything
down a bit”
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Solution Solution • Code both open and axially together
• Qualitative analysis tools – Nudist / NVIVO
– Atlas TI
• Keep relationship coding notes in open coding / analyse without loss of detail
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Problems & SolutionsProblems & Solutions
P:P: Complex method to applyS:S: Ease up on yourself
P:P: Focus of researchS:S: Data collection and analysis
tightly interwoven
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SUMMARYSUMMARY
• Powerful for appropriate issues
• Application Complex
• Rewarding – ‘Convincing Theories’