OTTOMAN-TURKISH by V. H. HAGOPIAN Classic Literature Collection World Public Library.org CONVERSATION-GRAMMAR Title: OTTOMAN-TURKISH CONVERSATION-GRAMMARAuthor: V. H. HAGOPIANLanguage: English Subject: Fiction, Literature Publisher: World Public Library Association Copyright 20 , All Rights Reserved Worldwide by World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.net The World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.net is an effort to preserve and disseminate classic works of literature, serials, bibliographies, dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other reference works in a number of languages and countries around the world. Our mission is to serve the public, aid students and educators by providing public access to the world's most complete collection of electronic books on-line as well as offer a variety of services and resources that support and strengthen the instructional programs of education, elementary through post baccalaureate studies. 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Box 22687 Honolulu, Hawaii 96823 info@WorldLibrary.net Copyright 20 , All Rights Reserved Worldwide by World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.net METHOD GASPEY-OTTO-SAUER. OTTOMAN -TURKISH CONVERSA TION -GRAMMAR A PRACTICATJ METHOD OF LEARNING THE OTTOMAN-TURKIRH LANGUAGE. RY v. H. HAGOPIAN, M. A. PROFESSOR OF THE TURTaSII, ARABIC AND PERSIAN J.lANGUAGES IN ANATOLIA COLLEGE, lIERZIFOUN, TURKEY; AUTHOR OF ENGLISH -ARMENIAN DICTIONARY etc. LONDON. DAVID NUTT, 57-59 Long Acre. DULAU " CO., 37 Soho Squa.re. SAMPSON LOW, MARSTON " CO., 100 Southwark Street. NEW YORE: BRENTANO'S, 5-9 Union Square. DYRSEN 8& PFEIFFER (F. W. Christem) 16 West 33rd Street. G. E. STECHERT & Co., 129-138 West 2(\th Street. E. STEIGER & CO., 25 Park Place. BOSTON: C. A. K-. ,:) ) . ) A ) b P t s . J Cll d z r z 1 2 2 40 See 29. Tur., Pers. 500 i Arabic. 3 3 Tur., Pers. 8 Arabic. 600 4 700 200 7 7 Arabic. Persian. 1 2 I Nanles I Isolated i II SIn il ...r II shin il A ~ I ...r sad ,I II ~ dad il . I, ~ " Il zi I aYll I t. I ghayn il . t I fe I . '-' qaf .. ..., kef !! !J gef L 5 ~ II J lam I: ,I li mlm II \ :i noun II . I ~ vav I J I I he r 0 I' ye II (.$ .1Letters of the Alphabet. I 'Proper Numer-Final I Medial Initiall d leal I I I ~ I -I ! l-I A ~ -I I I ~ ..a-I . . ~ ~ .6 J l t I I , tl ...;1 OAI .. .. ~ OAt.l ~ ~ f : : : f::: J 1 r .. CJ "" -' -' 4 f t ~ I "" .. Isoun 8 values .-.I S 60 .. sh 300 .-.I I I I I i 90 ,,:J I S I I Id . z: 800 I ~ I ' I I t I ! ~ I t, d I 9 l; I z i 900 I , ~ I ~ t .. , , J , .. I I I , I 70 I I I gh : 1000 i : I f I 80 i , ! q 100 k .20 g 20 I 30 I m I 40 I I 11 I 50 v 6 h 5 Y 10 , Remarks Arabic. Arabic. 35. Tur., Pers. 2. The letters of the Ottoman-Turkish Alphabet are 32 in 11umber, and cOllsist of 28 Arabic lettera, together with some which tl1e Persians llave added (6j r '-"'). The Turks, as most other Oriental nations, ~ .. read and ,vrite from right to left, instead of from left ,. Letters of the Alphabet. 3 to right as we do; and a book eonsequelltly begins lrhere it would end in English. lettera are unlrnown, and the punetuation marks llave been adopted reeently. They are the same as in English. 3. There are four kinds of writing: I. Riqa, whieh is the ordinary eurrent handwriting used in letters and in all kinds of civil and offieial documents. II. Nesikh, is the eornmon print of books, news-papers etc. III. Di'vanee, is a st yle of large hand,vriting used in the Imperial Chaneery for engrossing letter8-patellt. IV. TqJiq, is the Persian model of Arabic eharacters, it is used by Persians, and also in doeulnents of the Ottoman eanonieal eourt. Examples of these and otller forms of rarer oecurence are given at tlle end of this work. . 4. There is always more or less diffieulty in representing the 80unds of one language by those of another. This is true also in the ease of the Ottoman-Turkish language. It belongs to a family or group of tongue8 different from the Englisll, possessing sounds entirely foreign to English earA. To express these sounds, we have. made some modiflcations of some of the Englisll vowels and eonsonants. It is neeessary to master these sounds before going on. They must be pronouneed fully; all having onlyone regular sound. For insta.nee: ahas onlyone sound, and not five or more as in Eng-lish: e has onlyone, as in pet, tllOUgh the name itself will cause some blunder. i, 0, U also have onlyone sound eaeh. There are eight vowel sounds in Turkish. . The vast population of Turkey, espeeially the Christians, do not all use the Ottoman eharaeters in their writing. The Armenians and the Greeks have adapted them to their eharaeters. There are books and papers in Turkisll, in Arlnenian and Greek charaeters, publlshed in Constantinople. of the Englishnlen and Americans, resident in Turkey, find it easier to begin Turkish with English or Armenian characters, and after mastering the pronunciation and the elements of the language, tlley turn to begin it with tlle Arabic 1* 7 ,I o 4 Letters of the Alphabet. eharacters, "rhich they find veryeasy then. The method adapted by us in this "Tork, will remove all these diffi-eulties. Single and Double Vowels. 6. In reading the names in the above Table and in pronouneing the proper sounds, written in the English characters, the learner must always remember: 1. Not to prononnee a, as in fate, mo'rtal or all; bllt as in far, art or ta.tller. 2. e is always as e in met or sendi Take eare not to pronouIlee it as in 'Jnere, ve'rb or eane. 3. i is /i, as in pin or ship; never as I, or as in tire.r.' " '( I 4. i must be pronounced as 0 in seldo1n and e in hea.ven. . 0 must not be pronouneed long as in oat, prose; but very short as iIl no. 6. ou pronounee always as in YO'llth, bOltquet, root; and not as in p01tr, eouple, about. 7. tU is not as that of p'llre, turn, t-u1e; it has no equivalent in Englisll, but is the Freneh tu, SUf'. 8. eo has no equivalent in English, it is in French feu, coeU1'; or Gernlan in Zllner, vllig. Compound Consonants. 7. Turkish orthography does not employ eOlli-binations of t\\l'O or three eonsonants and vowels to represent a single sound; we are under the necessity, ho,yever, of lnaking use in this work of SOlne combi-nations to represent Turkish sounds, for which there is 110 equivalent in English. Tllese combinations are made by the additioll of sonle vo\vels and eonsonants to h or y. klt llas the SOUIld of ch, as in the Scotch 1och.. gh, as the Greek ,,(, ... 'L . .J. zh must be pronounced as z in azure. ) 8. Tlle cOlnbinations telt and dj, so often to be seen in the transliteration of 1'urkish words, are but French notations of the English ch and j in chu'rch and joy. 9. y must al\vays be considered a consoIlant, and never allowed to degrade the sound of any vo\vel that lllay preeede. it; particular care lnust be takeIl by Letters of the Alphabet. 5 Englishmen in this mattere It is al,,"uys as In yrll, yoke, buy. 10. Y is eombined with otIler vo,ve)s to form a diphthong as be seen in tIle next Table. ay Ex.: qaynlaq j as in linle, high, I. ey deY11lek; fute, prey, lley. iy cltiy; elear. iy qiyma j oy - lloynlaq; boy, toy, gOillg. oU/II douYl1laq; eooing, doing. uy g(tya; Fr. Guyot. y roylin; Fr. deuil. 11. In the transliteration of Ottonlan ,,,,ords, I, must be emphasized at the beginlling, nliddle and end of ,vords; at tIle end of the syllables it is gellerally accented; as: Al-lall,', qah' Vf, hekinl. 'fhis is a most particular rule and requires a good deal of attention and practice in Englislunen; as a pernicious lnode of orthography prevails aUlong Englislunen, of in tro-dueing h mute very frequently at the beginlling 01" end of ","ords; as in Itonest, Jeho'l)alt etc. ( 49 \T.) R is used as in Englisll; execpt that it lllUSt never be allowed to be uttered obscurely; it must be pronouneed fully and strongly; it is generally aceented at tlle end of syllables. ( 17.) Take eare not to vitiate the pure sound of any vowel tIIat may preeede it. G is always haru; as in gite, got, get. Numerals and Numeration by Letters. 12. The nUlllerical figures, ten in nUlnber, Ilave been adapted by the Ottomans fronl tlle Arubs. They are the same that ,vc make use of, ealling thelU .l\rabie, beeRIIse we took them froIu the Arabs. Tllcir forn1s, ho,vever, differ considerably frolll tIIases, ,,'hieh our digits have assumed, aA tlle tablc ShO""H: t , r ;. , V ,. ' ,. ' ,.. t 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 ; 1 0 , 20 , 30 ; 100 They are con1pounded in exactIy tlle sallle ,,,,ay as our numeraIs. "., = 1902. 13. The apparent strangencss of the fact that those numbers seem to be ,vritten and read not from 6 Lettera of the Alphabet. , right to left, but from left to right is due to the circum-stance that, in Arabic, the smaller numbers are read as weIl as written first. Thus an Arab would read t,. , etwo and nine hundred and a thousand'. This, however, a Turk does not do. ( 691.) 14. If the Arabic alphabet is arranged according to numerical values, there appeares the ancient order, which is stiIl used for notation and numeration. In this order, that of the old Phoenician, Hebrew, Syriac, Greek and Latin alphabets: the first nine letters represent tIle units; the second nine the tens; the third nine the and the last one b.. one thousand; compare the Table of the Alphabet. j.Y' A F Ebjed, hb/vez, hout'ti, keMmen, safes, qaresluJt, sakhez, dazighi. Therefore the numeration by letters, is .called E bjed 15. The method of numeration by the letters of the alphabet was a great task; it is fast going, if not entirely gone, out of practice, as puerile; but formerIy great significance was attached to any combination of letters that expresses in one or more words an event or date. Thus kharab is 600 + 200 + 1 + 2 = 803, the Hejira date when Timurleng laid Damascus in (ruins'; and beldeyi tay'yibe is 2 + 30 + 4 + 400 + .- . 9 + 10 + 2 + 400 = 857, date of the year when the eBeautiful Constalltinople, was taken by the Ottomans. Exercise 8. W rite and give the names of the following letters; tlley are arranged according to their numeraI value: :..' i J 6' !l ,.s .k j JO#> E..c::.. O..;J I t j; .) t u':..) J! J t.'-" DiTlsion of the Letters. 16. The Ottomall alphabet is divided into four classes: vowels; hard, soft, and neuter letterso v Pronunciation of Lettera. 7 Vowel Ietters: 0 J " which are vowels generally, when they are the second letter of the sylIable. Hard letters: J t t. j; .k t C: . 80ft letters: If, .:) !l ...r N euter letters: r J J Jo j j J ; .) E.. O..;J ":" and 4.s .J " when at the beginning of the syllables; as is the ease with y and 'U) in the English language. DJ. Pronnnciation of Letters. 17. All the Ottoman letters in the AlphabetjcaI Table are to be consonants, except 0 J " which are often used as vo"\\yels, and calI for further elucidation. ( 29 ff.) We now proeeed to the phonetie vaIue of the consonants: be has the value of English b, as:.lJ bed bad, ))'..1. . .. birader brother. But when ending a syIIabIe or word, it sometimes, anomalously, takes the value of p, as: '-:' 'r sltarap wine, iptida beginning. Especially is this the case with the Gerunds In ....,JJ-, as: . . gidip, alzp. ( 435.) pe is the English p, as: peder father. y te is the German t, as: ta.tar a Tartar; courier. j. It is sometimes ehanged into d in derivation when it - ;;:; . ;::::; is originally final; as: git go, .) gider he goes. M M Also demir iron, depe a hill. se is found in Arabie words only, and is pro-nounced as 8; as: sabit firm, Jt.., emsal proverbs. is pronouneed as j, as: jtIn souI. 8 Pronunciation of Letters. ohim, has the value of the English ch, in ChU1ch; as: ,\:: cham the pine, chali bush. ( 8.) e ha has the harshly aspirated sound of English _ h, in horse. It is chiefly used in Arabic words; as: b. haji pilgrim. t kh,i has no equivalent in English. It is the counterpart of the Scotch ch in loch alld German Rache. It is generally transliterated kh. But there are a good many words in which it is commonly pronounced as h, as: 'Y- hoja teacher; 4i \;. hane house. ;) dal is German d, as: derd . .) zaZ is found in Arabic words alone; its value is as: oJ; zer' re atom. o' 0 J re is in all positions a distinetly articulated tingual, r as in rain. There are two important remarks, however, which is necessary for the Englisll student to bear in mind with respeet to this, to him, peculiar lettere Firstly, it must always be pronounced and accented (never dropped or sIurred over, as in the pronunciation of part, pa't); and secondly, the value of the vowel before it in the same syllable must never be corrupted (as when it is pronounced pot pat; for far; cu'r car), but always kept pure, as with any other consonant; thus J; gor', qir', J'j zar'; not go', qi', za'. ( 49 V.) j ze. is English z, as: gez. j is only found in Persian and French words; it is of the value of the English 8 in and is transliterated as: tidings, azh'der dragon, J zhour'nal journal. It is often pronounced Pronunciation of Letters. 9 j, as: jenger verdigris, 0.i.) jiva quieksilver, jandarrna a eounty polieeman . ...r ain is a soft s, al,,"ays follo,,"ed by a soft vowel in all Ottoman words, as: j -'-' seos ",Tord. shin is English sh, as: J:. , ish work. sad is a hard 8, it designates a hard vowel, as: Lk> sagn right, Jr' sol left. dad is used in Arabie words only. It is geller-ally pronouneed as a hard z, but sometimes as a hard d; thus: razee content, .... zaptiye a gendarme, gaeli judge, u-'\dt kitidir elyas St. Elias. 1, ti is pronouneed as t, thus: top ball. But 801netimes in Turkish words it is pronouneed as d. tlb (t!,)) dagk illountain, J,)I (\,:))1) oda rOOill. j; is used in Arabie words only, as a very llard %, thus: t Il; zaUm cruel. t ayn, t ghayn, J gaf, !l kel See 33-36. le is the English f, in all cases, \;j {ena. J lam is the Englisll l, in all cases. \ mim is tlle Englisll '1Il, as: JL. 1nal. nou"f, is !ike tlle English n, as: nan bread. But before be '-'" it is pronouneed as 'In. TIlus . . ".. pbnbe light rose rolour, J \:-" istaulbul Constantinople (Stambul). 18. Kote. TIle reason ,vhy so many .'1 and sounds occur in ttolllan is tIlat Arabie ,\Torus intro-10 The Orthographic Signe. t duced into the language have to be writteIl as in Arabic. In the latter tongue the sounds of ...r ' ...p and again those of 1; , , j are quite distinct froIu one another, as are those of e and 1/1, of , and t But these distinctions are not observed by tlle Ottoman. e 1. The Orthographic Signs. 19. There a.re five kinds of orthographic slgns used in Ottoman -Turkish. 1:'he vowel signs, J eZlna, Medda, Shedda and Nunation. These are put under r over the letters. The Vowel Slgus. 20. There are three kinds of vowel signs: 'Ilstun, eS'J"e, ootre. These are named hareke cmovements"; but by the Europeans they are eOInmonly called vO'loel points. 21. These three vowel signs have two values each. I. With a soft or neuter consonant, ust'ltn has the value of e; and with a hard consonant a. II. With a soft or neuter eonsonant, esre has the value of i; and witll a hard consonant i. III. With a soft or neuter consonant, eotre has the value of U, eo; and with a hard one 0, ou. a) Hard Vowels. 22. Hard vowels are used with hard letterso I. (rstun is adiagonaI stroke drawn right to left, placed above the letter thus it indieates that the hard letter over which it is placed, is to be followed in pronunciation by a, as in English bar, star. JtlJ; 1 Key. Ha ustun ha., khi ustun klta, ayn ustun a, etc. II. This sign - is ealled es-re, under hard letters it is pronounced i, as e in heavene Key. Ha es-re hi, khi es-re kki, sad es-re sl, etc. t t The Orthographic Sign8. 11 III. This sign is ootre, over tlle hard letters it is pronouneed 0 or ou, as in cold, could. ,'," , , , , , J tt.j;.k UD UD te .Key. Ha ootre ho, hou, kW ootre kho, kllou, dad ootre do, dou, etc. b) 80ft Vowels. 23. Soft vowels are pronouneed ,vith soft or neuter letterso l. Usfun when put over a soft or neuter letter, is prollouneed like e, as in rnet. Key. Sin llstlln se, kef ustlln ke, gef llstun ge, etc. II. Esre when put under a soft or neuter letter, IS pronouneed i, as in pit, kiIn. Key. Mim esre mi, lam esre li,- ze esre zi, etc . ........ III. Eotre when put over a 80ft or neuter letter, is prollouneed U, OO, whieh have no equivalent iIl English. ( 6, 7. 8.) , '. '. " 'L" le' , .) .) ...r :!J U* ;) -" .. .. Key. Dal ootre dit, doo, pe ootre pil, 1)00, slun ootre shu, shoo, etc. Exerclse b. , " , , , , , .. .. .. A A 4.J 4.J U* U* U* UD ...p , , '. , , 1, , , , .k .k !l !J . . .. .. .. ) ) ) \ \, \ 'A ,. " , , le , 1; , . " le le j; j; . le le ) ) ) uM uM , . , . . , . . , 4s J c-'-' t. The Connectlon of the Letters. 24. The letters of the Ottoman alphabet are divided into two other divisions: connected and unconnected letterso 12 The Orthographic Signe. I. The uncollnected letters are J) j) ; .) " which are never joined to the following letter, and when they occur the word is broken; tllat is, the pen is taken up, and the second part of the word is resumed unconnected. They may be joined only to the letter preceding them, as thus exhibited 0)\')' idare (adlninistration) , bt"aqdtnt (I left). II. The connected or joinable letters are those which be joined to the letters which follow or precede them; the remaining letters are connected letters; as: nzunfas'll (unconnected). Exerclse c. ,. ,. A ,. Jj ,. !J; .. '-'J JJ V") A Jj !J,) ..J) )J W) .J') \: , ,. -,. , , , , , Jj , , , le .. ..J) )J V") Key. Dal kef ustun dek, dal kef esre dik, dal kef ootre duk, deok. 25. In dealing with the letters of the Ottoman alphabet on the preceding pages, we have shown only the shapes they take when standing alone; when they are combled with other letters, they are sometimes slightly modified, according as they stand at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the word. These various changes will be seen from the Table of the Alphabet (P. 1 and 2). 26. There is also a compound character in use, ,vhich is always to be found inserted in alphabets, and which, for that reason, cannot be passed over in silenee. It is the character called larn elir, being, in fact, nothing more than J laut joined calligraphically to a following , elir, in a similar manner to that whereby the English printers continue to join the f and l in fl, or f and i in fi, etc. Whell this double character is ,,.. The Orthographic SignB. 13 connected with a preceding letter, it 11RS the sllape of )\, as: bela (evil). .. Exerclse d. . .; t. , l:oc ; ; .i Key. ye illitial; noun initial, tl final; te initial, klli medial; noun initial, te medial; noun initial, ye, fe, lam, be, se, ye, noun, pe medial, elif fina!. Exerclse (Connected l-Ionosyllables) e. ,. , ! r=: (j r:: ! {' (r ! J ! i ! (.; J Y 'L t ",. ,., L t ' ! J!. ( r") (,:!J) J-!. (:!J \!:!'" (c:. c! ! ) (' J) Key. Be shin ustun beslt; pe re ustun lJe-r; te lam ootre tul, etc. Vowel Letters. 27. Besides the vowel signs, sOlnotiInes the vo\\"el letters 45 0 J , are. used, to indicate sounds. I. EliI indicates the hard t'O'lt'el 'itst1tn, provided that it is the second letter of tlle syllable. Instead of j; 1. e is written U; lk here elir is substituted for usttl.n. II. Ye, sOlnetimes ,,,,hen it is the second letter of the syllable, indicates the vowel esre. Instead of c:. : is written J, 45.5; here ye is substituted for esre. ITI. Vav, generally "",,,hen it is the second letter of the syllable, indicates the fOtre. Instead of :.; 'r is written -,oP Jj .JA; here Ivav is substituted for eotre. IV. He, ,vhen it is tlle second letter of tlle syllable, generally indicates the ustun, eitIler hard or soft. Instead ,. of ; is written 4J 0) 0.); here /te is substituted for .,. .,. ustun (pe, re,. de). 14 The Orthographic Signs. 28. Note. The Arabic and Persian long vowe]s are represented by the Letters ofProlongation 4$ J l. These letters correspond respectively with the vowel points: ustlln, esre, ootre ( 29 -31). But there are no letters of prolongation in purely Turkish words; the use of these letters is limited only to indicating the vowel signs, as has been said above. Therefore they are called in Tnrkish orthogralJhic letters also, as they serve only for the correction of the orthography. Exercise f. Read and write the following exercises: l.) r 4.-.u \..-1 .;, J 4i r 4A l. .i. I. J J J \t ;, .,; J 4i \;' J.) 4$.) ,,; Key. Be elif llstlln ba, be he (Istun be, be ye esre bi, be vav etre bou, bo etc. ';, ,; , u':\; = JJ JJ; = Jt ' = ;. , J\; = jt II. , , J:. 'J JJ ' ....;:t ' J J; = J-i ' J. = 0::- ' , i\::- ! i;" , rf ' rl;. ! J.1. Key. Qaf lalu llstun qal, which is equivalent to qaf elif lam ustun qal; qaf la.m esre qil, or with a vowel letter qaf ye lam esre qU etc. ! J I.. J.1. ! ";" J::- ) J::- ! J.; J -,'" Short sen tences. III. j). J J::- ! JJ! jI.) ! .::.,L,.:, ir ! .:..,,( ";" j ! )IJ JJ! Key. Sad vav lam ootre sol, qaf vav lam ootre qol, sol qol etc. , J'J; , J'.).i. ' , , , , Jb ' IV. .. .. .. .. . ... , , , , , ' , Jb- ' ' , Key. Chim elif llstlln cha, qaf ye esre q', cha-gl, etc. ! JJ; jy:-Jl jjJ' ! jrJ' J).J' jj' V. :Jj)! :JJ..,... ! !;,.1. ! te Pronunciation of Letters. 15 Key. Te vav etre tu, te vav noun etre tu n, fll-tun etc. DI. Pronunciation of Letters (continued). 29. 'Eli/. There are four kinds of elif in Ottoman: a) The initial or herilze elif, which is a consonant, not a vowel. Like any of the initial consonants, it ,., takes the three vowel points and letters; as: et meatt -.::.-,1 it dog, ot grass ( 38). .. . Note. Initial elif is not generally indicated in transeription, it beillg understood that whenever all Ottoman word begins with a vowel, in the original it begins with aif. b) Orthographic or vowel elif, which stands to show only the hard ustun vowel: it is used exelusively for Turkish and foreign words; as: bal honey, paris Paris, \'.J);r a'l'ropa Europe. . ., e) Shortened elif, which is written generally in the shape of ye, but pronouneed short; it is used only in Arabic words; as: ':J JA or J JA 'Inevla God, L-e or .. ee-sa J esus. d) Elongated elif, which is found only in Arabic and Persian words; it lengthens the hard ustun vowel; as: p. pasha, a. 'mcen, p. 'bad. 30. J Va". There are four kinds of 'vav in Ottoman: a) Consonant'l vav, it has the phonetie value of v; as: , ev house, ';';J vaqit time, JT alev flallle. b) Ortltographic or vowel vav, ,,,hich stands for the yowel ootre; it is used only in Turkisll and foreign ,,"orda; as: JJ! yol way, O).1J) londra London. e) Elongaled vat', whicll lenglltens the vowel ootre, 16 Pronunciation of Letters. " .RIld is found only in Arabie and Persian words; as: p. ":'.-.MJ;) do st friend, a. rnemnoon glad. d) Silent vav, which is found only in so me Persian 1\"ords, bet,veen the letters t khi and \ elif, and is not p.ronounced; as: khaje teaeher, khanende sInger. 31. 4.s Ye has three sounds: a) Consonantal ye, whieh llas the value of the eon-sonant y, wllether it be initial, medial or final, shnple or reduplieated; as: J! yel ,,"ind, seyr looking, 'flley win e. b) Orthogral)hic or vOlcel ye, ,," hieh stands to show only the esre, it is used only in Turkish and foreign words; as: Jo .. ; qish ,vinter, Du,blin. e) Elongated ye, ,vhieh is used only in Arabie and Persian words and lengthens the esre; as: p. J\J peer -.. old lnan, a. J'J valee governor. 32. He has three sounds: a) Consonantallte, which is a guttural and aspirated .as the It in !torse; as: p. jA lUlner skill, 0 Jf qahve coffee. b) Orthogral)hic or kl;, which stands for ustun; as: 4.;\ astna vine, p. 0 bende slaveo The vo,,"el he, ,vhen in the middle or at the end of ,vords, is never joined to the next letter in writing; .as: gelf>jeyim, "':. 4...,;\ asmaya. e) Substitutive he, ,,"hieh is ehanged fronl te, and is found only at the end of .L\rabie ,,"ords; as: ltikyazye for 4: hikyalyet story. 33. J qa!, !l kel. Tlle Ottomall alphabet J\.jJ\ '" r:::5 j-' r .!l (.:\ , J\jJ\ Y J'jJ' .;f! J" .;.;J;) 0 J!' JJ' to 1 ):> !l)!.1. J-; ,. .):> J' \ .. '" A :1):> .. .u Mitkialeme, Conversatlon. J 'r Sival, Question Sen zengin'mi sin? Qardash faqir'mi dir? Ogh'-lan e-yi'mi dir? Sen e-yr nli sin, kentd' md sdn? Qiz qardash e-yr mi? Bou dagh ydksek'mi? Onlar genf mi dir? Siz faqir'mi siiiiz? Aq-Deiiiz booydk' mil? Aq baba booydk bir qOl1sh'mou dour? Jevab, Answer Ev' vet, zengin'im. Ev' vet, faqir' dir. Ev'vet, oghlan e-yr dir. Ben e-yr yim ( 53). Ev' vet, qiz qardash eyi'bir qtz dir. Ev' vet., ydksek' dir. Ev'vet, genf dirler. Biz zengin'iz. Qara- kdchdk ddr. Ev'vet, booydk bir qoush'd0!lr. translated, or an annotation, 'whereas brackets [. . .] signify ve out". 1 In such answers the predicate cannot be omitted. Jt must be evvet, sija, dir. rt The Substantive Verb. Sl r Lesson 2. The Substantive Verb. 68. The Turkish PluraI is formed by adding the affix ) to the singular. This affix is prollouneed lar, afterhard vowels, and ler nfter soft ones. Ex. : deynek stiek: deynekUr sticks. kedi eat: kediler ests. bridge: .JJ qapou door: r--=;' khi-sim relati ve : )!...JiJA Y:; deyir mi dir? ? deyil'mi yie? ?j.G r..fY:; deyil'mi silliz? ? ).J:l '-' y:; ? deyil'mi di,,.ler? Am I not? art thou not? is he not? etc. Note. It is very useful for the learner to conjugate the :adjective with the verb and to write the latter in both its forms, the full and the abbreviated ones; as: i!\ or ';'JJ! 'J:l w';'JY. or ?,!\ c.:f 0JS:..)J! or? 0';'JJ! ' -etc. .! J..b.. ! khayr' no! t. I ev'vet yes! J.!S} qon-sllou' neigh bour p. dttsh-men' enemy p. ":="'-.J:l dost friend Words. ! r'x';\ khayr.' effendim! No, w Slrl [Sir! ! rJ..:J\ ev't;et effbndim! Yes, J \.A. yapraq' leaf p. bah,'-je1 garden aeda island 1 This is the COOlmon pronunciation, the correct pronun- is: khas' -ta, ikh' -ti-yar, khosh' -nolCd, bagh' -ehe (p. 8). The Substantive Verb. 38 8. asker soldier J'; qah've coffee J.,...J -ver' gi ve !;j\ Arti" Pascal , 4;; tepe, depe hill 80U water a. J:.!! yeshir green tnek very 'f r W';'JY,. yorghoun' tired :lJ y:- jeomerd' generous 8. p. Jts:" .... l=t tama'kiaravaricious p. .jL; tase fresh w \i aJ chali8hqan diligent Jl:-;'\ ih'-ti-yar 1 old (age) P &. hosh'-noud1 content, happy p. hasta'1 sick y..\ pek egi very weIl I Exerclse 8. r;\ )':';'1 ! - ' . '.fo\L. Jj)Y .):>.Jit r' .j tr yo t. I .J. J:-J:>.Jit ' Jr(,; j 'I'" J.:"! 0 .jt" , J:> ojt" YD - 0""; J , J:!! 1 - , , ul:S 1 - J.:!) ft.r.y: ' .!.I, ! r..l.:i1-1 y .j):> L:1.1.' J' A J )L:;-' J. " , J.:.5 - J.::l \. ..3:.' , rw- " \ T r J.:!) ! ,-ci' \ \ J.:!) (Artin) ''I'" J '::'-'J:> - \ t. .),) J rl} - \ 0 .),) r' J 1 J....ci' S; ! r.cil 1 See the N ote page 32. Turklah Conv.-Grammar. 8 r u-Jl LesBon 2. t J Translatlon 4:. 1. Little hills. Red Howers. The green leaves and the beautiful gardens. 2. Is not the house large? -Yes, Sir, it is large. 3. The islands are small. That island is not small. 4. The coffee is very. good. It is not 3(a) 1 very 2good ,coffee. 5. The gardens and the trees are very nice. 6. Is the coffee ready? - No, Sir! 7. Are you ready? - Yes, gentlemen 1 I am ready. 8. Who is Mr. Charles? - He is a good neighbour. 9. Is the water fresh? - No, Sir, it is not fresh. - Gi\Te (a) fresh water. 10. Is the garden very far? - No, Sir, it is not very far, it is near. 11. Ahmed Bey is a good soldier. 12. He iS,a generous man. 13. That gentleman . is not 14. Master Georgie is very young. To be corrected. ..1.>\ 1 - .;AY': S-ci\ \ )Jj) JiJ\ 'I"" .S;):> r;f.J. Jj) 0 t. .J);:,)..;\ 1 J):> V , 41 Conversatlon. '-:""' '.r. Jevab A n s w e r rl.,.,...p." r.d\ r.d\ .)l .V"':'" ,,\ ""', t .).J.O l J! .Jl Ja !JY:'.J ! .)l !J .J!.,,! Ja ! , ."'-';.J!\! r.d\ .)l ..:-;. ! r.d\ J'j-, Sival Question ? lJ ! ($..L:i\ ? \ Y. t-e.J ?.).J..:e t. J. .!l.J!y. ? , .).J..:e l Ja !J.J!Y. l ? J .,.,.;, .,,-.i y.. \ ) . \- .. .)l The Substantive Verb. 73. The Preterite or Past Tense Oi Verb is as follows: \ j: biz' idik Wt.. -'-!' :r- siz' idilliz you , 35 ben' idim I W8S v- sen' idilf, thou WRst J\ 0' idi he was );J\ onlar' idilertheywere. - .. The Negative Past Tense. : ben d/yil' idi,n \ fi j. biz deyil' lik ,:.,- sen degil' idin fi .;- siz degil' idiftiz J\ 0 degil' idi ),-'-!' fi );J\ onlar d/yil' idiUr. A: I W8S not, thou wast not, he was not, etc. 'rM Interrogative Forms of the Same. Ben' tni idim? sln' mi idift? 0' tAOU idi? Biz' mi itlik? siz' mi idiiliz? onlar' mi idiler? Was it I? W8S it thou? etc. Be" dlyil' mi idim? sen deyil' mi idifl? 0 d/gil' mi idi? . Biz tUgil' mi idik? siz d/gil' mi idi11iz? onlar dlyil' nl ,i idiUr? or d/gil' ler miyidi? Wae it not I? was it not thou? etc. ". 74. The Numerals are used just like all other adjectives. Like them, they precede the nOUD. The " noun qualified by cardinals al\vays remains in the ( 71). Ex.: i;iJ. bir adem a man, 111 chojouq two boys. iki two jT alti six 1:' .J \ mk th ree '- dtort four blsh five yldi seven sekiz eight jp dOfJoUZ nine 36 ,., LeSSOll S. ,." WJ\ on ten J. WJ\ on bir eleven 0.JI on ikl twelve, etc. .1 75. The English word is expressed in two ways, by r.Ayarim and by bouckouq ( 207). Yarim is used before a noun like an adjective: yarim gun half a day, yarim sa'at half an hour, \1.1 yarim elma half an apple. Bouchouq is always used in connexion with a number. Ex.: iki bouchouq two and a half, JJ=:-J! e' uch bouchouq sa'at three hours and a half, JlT alti bouckouq gun six days and a half. 76. The English phrase is, there are" etc. is express ed in Turkisb by 1 J'J var (there is, exists': its negative being yoq is not' ( 126 a). . - ';\.J '';\.J var, var dir there is, .;J.i y. ' Jy. yoq, yoq aour there is not. JI JJ:> o:>JI o...ul) J I r...l:tl - J!' V J , 0\:--' .,.; A !.Jf- J.al:- I i..cil - 4SJS" , \. .):> \\ 4S-,!1 - 1 L. J! \ t. 1 JS':> .:., J:> ' 4s -'! 1 ..; J! .::.,):> I f..J'f- - J:> J. JjJ)" ... J! ! r Declension of N ounl. 89 J.J! . 0.) 0 J' J '-'-!' y. . t. .) .li .1. -..:.. L.., .J. 0t:..Iii.J.!Jr .u CODTersaUon. Selat)l, Salutation Sabah'lar khayr' olsoun! Akh'shamlar khayr' olsoun! v' aqltIar khayr' 0180un! N a' stl stDtz, eyi' mi siliiz? Eyi'yim, teshek'kllr ederim. Siz na' sll sUitz, eyi'mi siiiiz? Choq' eyiyim effendim. EI-ham'dlll-lah' eyi'yim. Rija' ederim, otourounouz'. Theshek'ktlr ederim. Bouyou' rouli effendim,otou' rou li. Baasan' Effendi, nererle siniz? Bouyou'rouli effendim! Gejeler khayr' olsoun! Hoah' geldifiiz. Good morning! Good evening! Good day! How do yon do? I am ",'ell, thank you! Howare you? are YOll AI? I am very weIl, Sir! Thank God, I am very weIl. Please take aseat. 'fhank yon! Come in, Sir; take aseat. Mr. Hassan, ,,-here are yon? Yes, Sir. Good night! You are welcome. t Lesson 4. r-\ J \ r \ Declension of Nouns. 79. There are two numbers in Turkish: Singular and Plural; and six cases, expressing the different relations ofwords to each other; namely: the Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Aecusative, Locative and Ablative cases. 80. The Nominative case (or the Subject) anS\\Ters to the questions: u'ho? 01' what? f' kim? 4i ne? as the subject of the verb; as: Who is learning? - The boy ogk'lan. 81. The Genitive (or Possessive) case answers to the questions: tehose? or of 'U.'lnc1t? kimin? 40 ... 'J'Jl Lesson 4. .... nenin. Ex.: Whose book? - The boy's book J \:s' ogklanin 1 kitabt 82. The Dative answers to the questions: to whom? townich? Wkime? ne-ye? Ex.: To whom shall I .. .. give it? - To the boy oghlana. 83. The Aeeusative (or Objeetive ease) marks the objeet of an action, and answers to the questioDs: whom? or wkat? kimi? nCyi? Ex.:!Whom or wh.do you see? - I see the boy, the house ogk-lani 1, evi 1. 84. The Locative answers to the questions: where? wherein? 0;)0; nerede? Ex.: Where is the boy? - He is in the school mektebde . . 85. The Ablative answers to the questions: from fro1n wltat? kimden? neden? Ex.: .. From whom did you take this book? - FrOln the boy oghlandan. 86. There is onlyone declension in Turkish, with four variations: First Form. 87. The first form comprehends all nouns ending in consonants (except !l k, and J q): a) Nouns ending in soft syllables. Singular ;,;... Mufred' PInraI e. Jem' N. J.J..; pidlr' I i pederler' I ; G. pUIT"'''': of pederleri,,, of D. pedere' to 1i .JJ.J..; pederUre' to .s 1 The Geniti ve and the Accusative do not al ways take the telminations -in, -i. These are required only when the DOUll in .... DecleDsioD of N ounl. 4! A. tS.)4 pederi' \ L. ..).)-'1 pldlr,u' in I A. .JtUrtUn' from IS pldir Uri , l S _J '.;.1" pidirllrde' in "r' .. '.J " , .... 0J).)-'1 from ! N. G. D. A. b) Nouns ending In J"u. tash' tasheR' of tasha' to hard syllables. ,... -ID J! U. ttJIhlar' .!l)! ttJIhlan' of -.F ut tashlara' to tasliia"' L. ..1!u.., tashila' in -Jj!u.., tashlarda' in A. 0.1!U. tashdan' from wJ)!u.., tashlarda,,' frc! e) Nouns ending in syllables wbich have the hard vowels ou or 0 in them. N. rJ. moum' G. moumou,i' of -D. 4.A.,. m01lma' to e aS co; A. ",oulnoa' j...r mOllmla r' .!JJ .,. mourIllari,;' of _j..,. moumlara' to ..sj...r moumlarf ..c L. fJloumda' in .. _Jj...r nw",nlarda' in A. w.J.A..r moullldan' from W Jj...r nloumlardan' from d) Nouns ending in syllables whicll have the 80ft vowels eo or 1t in. them. N. Jr 81ld' G. .!l Jr stldtl,i' of !l) Jr Slldierin' of . aD -Jr Bude' to .:1lII -)Jr 81ldlire' to JId D. -.--,.. ,.. 8 -A. tS J J- suda' t.S JJ r sudUrl/ .c: ,... -L. -JJ J- s iul lIe' in -J) Jr 8'lidlerde' i n A. WJJr Budden' {roIn wJ)Jr 8udlertlen' from the Genitive or Accusathe is definite. \\'hen the -ifi or -i is omitted, the Genitive or .. A.ccu8ativA i8 the same the NOlllinative in form ( 109, 251). \Vhen the Indefinite form of these t,,o C88e8 i8 to be described, it is styled by some Orientalists the Nominatival form of the Genitive or Accusatiye. But the indefinite form8 of those two l"a8e8 are called by the native grammarians 42 'J'Jl Les80n 4. Second Form. 88. The second form of declension comprises all consonants. ending in J q. The difference from the first declension is this, that J q is changed into t gh, whenever it is followed by a vowel ( 52, 2). Ex.: J. ba-liq: here J q is not followed by a vowel, because it stands at the end of the svllable. ba-li-qa: here u the third syllable begins with J q and is vowelled, therAlre it changes into t gh, thus we have ba-li-gha. This change takes place in the Genitive, Dative and Accusative cases: in the Locativa and AbIative cases and in the pluraI the J q remains unchanged, because in those cases q is not followed by a vowel. No ts. In Arabic and Persian ,,"orda and in all words borrowed from foreign langusges, the J q remains nnaltered. Singular jA M'tl.f'red' PluraI l5 N. G. D. A. L. A. . ba-ltq ).l ba-ltq-lar ba-U-glf,ill of .!l).l ba-liq-la-rtn of .' . . ba-l1,-glta to ..c: .).l4 ba-liq-la-ra to oo c= ba-li-gltt Q,) ba-liq-la-ri ..c: . ..Lil ba-liq-da i n .l).il4 ba-liq-lar-da in c:"J....iJ ba-liq-da'n from ba-ltq-lar-dan from . The fire-place " . o-jaq-dan o-jaq-da o:;ja-ghi o-ja-glta o-ja-ghbl o-jaq. The boy c.:f;..Y:-Y:' cho-jou-ghou " cho-jou-glf,a . .. CJ y:-.J": cho-jo-uq-dan cho-jou,-ghoutl : ..u y:-Y:' cl,o-jouq-da. .,=;-cho-jooq li ..c aa c= Q) ..Q .a at thb Declension of Nouns. 48 Third Form. contains all the soft syllabled "' letter kef is changed into is, when the syllable 1]e k is cbanged into nong, for therefore the k DJ .. "lot vowelled, it is ,,\ ror-de-ke is \\'ith !l k; , ror-de-ye . unciation, Ja.f ( 34). ( 2, 2). This is as tbere are no different . I In the pluraI and in the L,-: k is unchangeable, 8S a vowel L I follow the k ( 88). I . Singular Mu/red' N. G. .!Jl.).J\ eor' -dlk the duck eor' -dl-yin of the duck '" .J). eor' -dl-yl to the duck " A. fi.).J\ {jjr' -de-yi the duck L. eor' -dek-de in the duck Lative cases imnlediately A. eor' -dlk-dln from the duck. Plural Jl'm,' N. foJ.J\ {jjr' -d/k-ler the ducks G. .!Jfo.).J\ lOr' -dek-llrill of the docks D. {jjr' -dek-ll-rl to the ducks A. {jjr' -dekelleri the ducks L. lfo.).J\ {jjr' -dek-llr-dl in the dncks A. wolfo.).J\ eor' -dek-ll-r-dln from the ducks. The bread ,-,:':'- sln-denfrom thee. 0.)";- liztlln from )'OU .. Third, Person. Singular JA Mufred' N. .J\ 0 he sbe, it G. cmouft, anift his, hers, its 48 r,J'Jl LesBon 5, D. ts"T ' t":- slnin var idi, sendi var idi, e J\J c J\" onou1i var idi, onda var idi, V 7. , \ .;\., rY.' \ ';\.J Y. bizim var idi, bizde var idi, , ($ \ .; \.".!l.;- '($ \ .J \., 0 j- t;ar iai, sisae var IlU, .. ';\.J .!lj;.,,\ ' .)\., onlarill var idi, onlarda "ar itJ1 1 had,. thou hadst, he had a - etc. The Negative Form. , > y.. J- y.. 132. Cf:Not any, not at all" is expressed by k-ick . ..);) J..:.- ... \ n..A : .)-... hicA parasi 'Yoq-J y J. \!... J. dour; hich I-yi degil choq hasta dir. Htl bns not auy money; He is not at all ,,ell: he is very sick. 133. t(How many?" is expressed by Ei qach? ( 174). Ex.: How many piastres have yoo? How many books has he? ? .);) J \.J [.li ? .);) .)\.J [.\i 134. ((How mueh?" is expressed by )-lAj , qadar? ( 179); 88: How much sugar have you? How much bread have we? 135. ((Some" is expressed by sr.1. bir ae (a little, a small pieee of anything', in referenee to iuanimate objeets ( 182); as: j\ J'. bir az lkmek some bread. But in referenee to animate objeets ba'ei, bir qack is used ( 181); as: ba'zi adAmIlr some people. J!;';";\ ;::\iJ'. bir qach' lfflndillr 80me gentIemen. '-j;\,r.> ba'zi hayvanlar some anirnals. 136. (tBoth" is rendered by p. J1I ltem -ltent ( 469); 8S: r \ I have both bread and saIt. .)\.J j..,k r .J r My aunt has both paper and pen. Jl JU r.J r .!.l.J Turklsh Conv.-Grammar. 5 66 V Lesson 7.' " 137. CCEither ... or ... " is rendered by p. ga -ya- ;' ., .... CCNeither ... nor ... '" is rendered by' (472); as: I have neither bread nor saIt. J\.J You have either pen or paper. . JlJ f . 1378 . HaZ Present . .)l blnde dir, Jl" ol): biedl dir, Jl 0'>':- senal dir, Jl olf siedl dir, .)l onda dir. ..)l di,. I have the -, thou hast the -. ' he has the - etc4 Negative Form. blnde d/yil dir, sindi iUyil dir, onda dlgil dir etc. I have not the - etc. 137b. Masi Past (Preterite). c.s .1!, \ 0 l): biede idi, \ e'>':- sendi idi, . \ Ol";- sieM idi, oJ.j.J\ anda id-i. c.S"J.!\ Ol...);.J\ onlarda idi. I had the -, thou badst the -, he had the - etc. Negative Form. blndl dlg" idi, slndA deY'il idi, onda degil .idi etc. I had not the - etc. Examples. J. \ \:S""" \:S""" J.:., \:S""'I havethebook .)l el Jl 0 Jl 0 . etc .. ? . \ \:s""' 'l \:s""' ? . \:s""' H a v e I t ILe . oJ:lJ 0.1.:.- b 0 0 k ? etc. ? Olj- sizde deyil miyidi? Did yon not ha va the hook? etc. lt\ Il,na apple lY}' armoud pear I-rik plum Words. li qa-yi-si a pricot p. J l:.i! she(-tci-li peaeh r .Jj) \ n-zum gra pes The verb To HA VEo 67 kirtlz cherries J tJishnl (commonly f. ,!ishHI) the morells w.J!} qoyoun sheep cherry (Slavonjc) c1wban shepherd f. JG..,;.;y. 'portouqal orangcs ,J,;..r y. youmourta egg f. 0r-J Umon lemon .s' sirU vinegar f. patates . ply-nir cheese f. tomatls tomato f . j l:..S"'" kAstani chestn ats [Gr.] , Jo '..i tlrl yaghi batter.. r . W ,'\)r - ).J.(' ' I.>..(! - 'I ).> .J,:)J!I ..),:))(0,:).;- ..),:)).1i S:..q ,. - )1) J..Ii4i 'l" .),:) J!\ 0'> J: iJ rt:!' : J,:) J!I .;,;) .;" jAljf - J.\! .c:-;. V JI) J. -1 JI) JJJ.ts"',:) J! \ '(k:!' I 0,:) \ J! I - 1 JJ,:) 88 t. u- Lesson 10. u; J Translatton 21. 1. How many lessons have the boys? They have five lessons every day. 2. There are many thieves in these mountains. 3. God is the father of all men. 4. What kind of a young man is he? - He is a man sometimes good, sometimes bad. 5. has its time". h8S its place". 6. Who were with Mr. Joseph? - His wife and some of his grandchildren. 7. There were two thieves: one on one side, the other on the other side. 8. Are Maryand Ann here to-day (this day)? _. Neither of them is here. Have yon any friend in this village? - Yes, severaI of the rich families iIl this village are my friends. 10. Ras Nejibe a white rose? - No, but she has a red one. 11. Are there many mosques and churches in this country? -Yes, Sir, every cityand village h88 some churchea or mosques. .u Conversation. .Jl y.r Y.,\ J:,4.! J ..-? JJ.:- .J!' r.)' J\" ,. J Y. ft:A r-eJ .Jy.J! y.\ JJ.\(.) 4.-.-(' J. .JY. ei Ji;. .,) lS..;! '(t..A .,) .; l IS .!li. IS.; to .),) ? JJ..::- JU CQui vive?) ?.J\ r.J\ ? J\" r . ? \:Jf' (.;/' .:. biner' a thousand eacb. 214. When there are hunqreds or thousands in the number, the a14 or shar comes after the numeral expressing the number of hundreds, or thousands, and nothing is put after 'gUS or bin. ..r:u'.)Y. '!Jus erUsher bifi 150000 each. JJ! . ../!: '\ . - LA 0.)).) : J 0) l; .).) J - t. 0:> 0: - j-: rJ:>\;: 0 1 J:> 0)- oj-' (.1 JIJ J.1. JJ\; J .,lj .:. - J.,lj:> l..:a:.. 4!f! f' J.-.f. t.lJ J I 0"';lr' 4!- .1. \.Q.. J V ,. f."J' 0.pY!"J':' \ J..b,;:- ! J:> \SC! A oJ 0:> IS. !.J.J YD E!I o-'J:> \. '.J'..J J.:!$: JoJ) 0 J Translatlon 2. 1. April is the fourth month of the year, October the tenth and December the twelfth. 2. He is in his sixtieth year; and my father is in his 68th year. 3. Give them ench 10 piastres. Give those children a present of five piastres each. 4. A pars is one fortieth of the pinstre. A IDonth is one twelfth of the year. 5. Com e su by six. In the middle of the year. 6. Six per cent, 7* 100 tr- r..,r.J:l LeeBon 13. t. 50 per tllousand. 7. We are in the third year of the twentieth century. 8. Is Ali a good ln8n? - No, Sir I he is in prison four fifths of the time. 9. At twelve o'eloek, or a quarter to twelve, I shall be here (I am). 10. (Leon VI., the 2last sking of 1 Cilieia, died at Paris in 1393, Nov. 19th, in the 60th year of his age . .u Conversatlon J\.J J J...J..;'- .. u=...:J\ Jt; co . J:l .;. . J:l ';\.J JJ.i ... jJ! eJ:l ($JL.. ojJ! j \ . rl::- .;J.!.J';' Jy;- \ 3(" rJJT .J\ jJ! ... w.lp' "l J\.J t.:t"' .!l "l J:l';.J.L; .!lOj L ., '? j\.J ... 0.,1, ol:.... \!.. . J. .J '? JH jy' ...il ,.; ? t.:: J \.J rl \ J.J=t 0 l .Jj.J \ '! J:l 0.Jj.J\ j.J...: '! J;';.J '- ,- &.\ '!.!lJJT "! jJ! '1' Lesson 13. Degrees of Comparison 222. In Turkish, as in English, there are three degrees of conlparison, the Positive, the Comparative and the Superlative. 223. The Comparative degree is generally ex-pressed by putting the word with whieh the comparison is maue in the abIative ease, and leaving the adjective unaItered. The word \A.) daha (!more' is Bornetimes put hefore the adjective, for the sake of emphasis, or to prevent amhiguity; as: Degrees of Comparison. 101 yo 0'>':- bln Benden btoyug"um (beoyu' yum) } I am older lA.)...l7.- bAn slndln daha' btoyug unt than you. lJ la') \.JA 0J) qourshoun lead. kl skin sharp. J..>";\! baqaraq looking, in cOlnpa-8. d \ elbet' te of course. t..S .y. boy stature. Proper Names w.J..>k Haroon Aaron. t..S.;k Hanri Henry. Noori Luke, Lucas. ,,!..>y Noorlye I .. ucy. " '\ Exerelse 26 . !JI - , .. t,)"-!I1. }.J..A .0 !.lI T S:f r" !.lI !.lI ')').,l;\b ! - .1,.1 .(" JI\'" ! i..l:tl - )IJ o!j .... -I .. J;.)kl !.lI t JY:' - 0,) r 0 1oS.ciIIoSJ \/I> !.lJ!J! !.lI !J\ J !Jt .,rl.J'JJI J-li V .J.) 4i)L} Y::J ).,LjJ)JI )..Ii (-.1. r! A \, J'J .. ::\ J\ \. JIJ j. Jjr" .k;; , JJ)' JjJ'; !.lI 104 tr- LesBon 18. "(V J Translatlon 27. 1. Mr. Luke is taller than I am, but ha is not the best in the class. 2. To-day is hotter than yesterday. 3. Iron is heavier than stone. Gold is more precious than silver, but iron is the most useful metal in the world. 4. Which is lighter: a pound of "Tool or a pound of lead? - Of course a pouud of wool is as light as a pound of lead. . Your knife is as sharp as mine: but it is not as long as mine. 6. This young gentleman ismuch gayer than his friend. 7. The last week has been the worst of the year; it was very cold. 8 .. What kind of a man is Mr. Joseph? - He is a very good 'and useful man. 9. That mountain is higher than the other mountains of the country. 10. Henry is rich, Hassan is richer, and Ali is the richest of all. .u Conversatlon. 4s;.. ..r.-,' .J\J Jo ..hd! e J J! & Jo OJt. eJ..Y., CJ- Jo eJl tSJ.J-::-' .Jl J."lt JL.; 'l" .. T 'l" U"."k I .Jl vol; ! ... -e JJ.i.J! cJ....;! \ \.. \ rJJ\ JliJ\ ? jJJ..; ? yo f !I.J!Y. .!I \ ? t..I J'.:;'\ ? t.:I J\.J ..c... ? J.J-. . . rJ'; ? (./ JU t;. 'l J;f tS'''; ? tS";'."k j ? ? c.:f J\-' wJ.f\ 'l !J JJ, ..: j\. - 0 onn "'ith Prepositions . 105 't Lesson 14. oll r-' '..f."" .j..r Noun with Prepositions. 230. In the Turkish language there are no repositions, properly so called, but their place is lpplied hy words or syllables, eaIled post-positions, after the \vords whieh they govern. 231. Post-positions, as weIl as prepositions, are lrticles which serve to show the relation whieh exists two words. These relations being of different luds, the post-positions indicating them are used with lfferent cases, nalnely the Genitive, Dative or Ablative, ld also with the uninflected form of the noun. 232. 1. Post-positions appended to the un-lfteeted form or stern. 4,. , e -e, -a to. (Sign of Dati ve ease.) ( 82.) .. L \ e J -ile, -le w i th, by. (Sign of Instrulnental cS8e.) ( 82.) U.fl!\ ichin, ichoun for, in order to, for the 8ake of. (, ef' gibi I i k e, 80 th a t. (.$ -i, -i. (Sign oC Acc. case.) ( 83.) e.) -dl i n, on. (Sign of Locative case.) ( 84.) w.) -den fro m. of Ablative case.) ( 85.) 0;':'; za, ftnda d uri ng, i n the s pae e 0 f. 233. But \vhen the ohjeet, whieh the post-positioDS >vern is a Pronoull (personal 01' delnonstrative), it ust be in the genitive except }J' olllar. M'isal'lpr EX8ll1ples. r. beninl' ichin for Ine. l! \ para' ile with llloney. \ .!Jj- or ..(; ... sizifl'le with yon. Wfl.! \ ..,t.J \ oma)" ichi n for thern. si"ik' gibi like a fly. qouv'1:etdein the strength. 106 t'L. I.,J'J:l Lesson 14. t-a 234. 2. Post-positions with the Dativa case. w!l:l dik } until, till, as ur; deyin far as. ($.}-J1, doghrou towards, straight. dayir concerning. yaqin near. J qadar until, as much as. (,)!jt; qarshi against. Oj.r goore according to, after. Misal'ler Examples. j..k;_ ' ' w!l.) .. Istambola' dek,lstambola' dllIin,-'qadar - up to Uonstantinople, as far as Const. Oj.J' aqUnza' glOre according to my judgement. Bize qarsht against us. Shehre' doghrou toward8 the city. "Senden oltzaq' Al'laha yaqtn'" far from you, near to God. Kitaba' dayir concerning the book. 235. 3. Post-positions with the A.blative usa. J\jJ\ ouzaq far. dishart out of. a. ma'da \ . JJ\ ev'vel before. I exeept, beSldes. !. bashqa 0 h tlfl soIJra after. Jj';J' lOturu t regarding, , J J'. berou, beri sinee. dolayi f about. \ i-se instead of, rather than. 4..\.J \ lOte on the other side of, beyonrl. Misal'le1 Examples. Shehirden' ouzaq far from the city. irmaqdan {te heyond the river. Sizden' ma' da, onlardan bashqa except yOll, them. Yirnti selleden berou for the last 25 years (25 years ago). Bou itshdin' dolayi, -' {tuni concerning this busines8. Renden' eo' veZ before me. Benden soflra after me. Gelmesinden' i-se germemesi eyi dir his not eoming is better than his comingo 236. 4. Declinable Post-positions requirlng the Genitive. Ojj.J\ Uzrc on, upon. dT alt undere arqa behind. lOll belore. ($jl!!:l dishari out of. ($ \ . ichen inside. TE' ich in ga", by, near. Noun with Prep08itions. 107 ' ."Jj.J\ ' .... uzeri",l, tUmm l on Ine, - thee, him ,jjjjJ\ ' .-'Jj.J\ ' .l,.J.J.J\ Uzenrllde, mirt'uU J or it. h\' ichimize, ichitlizl, l in us, in you, in . . . ichUritle them. ';';h\' ' ... ichimizdl! ichitliZde'l among us, you, tehlerinde thern. yatti.da at, by my side. yanima to my side. 237. These eigbt post-positions, wben in the locative case, indicate a state of loention or rest., and answer to the question 0;)0; ne,"ede? where! They require the dati ve after the question whither! or where tol nkreye? with a verb denoting direction or .. motion from one place to another. Examples with the Locative [rest] . 1o".,Jl:.)"' Kitab sofranttl werinde dir. . The book is on the tahle. 1. 2. )l Qoushoun yavrousou youvanin ichincU dir. 'fhe birdling is 3. in the neste Shth'ritl disharisinda otourdou-lar. They dwelt [oo] [the] out- _ _ Ride [of] the city. 4. Ohojouq aghajtn saq-landi. 1'he boy hld hlmselC 5. 6. 1. behind the tree. Pede.,itl eoltundtI dourdoufll. I stoorl in front of my father. .!JJ.r Baliq geoluff, ichinde dir. 1.'he . .. ... fish is in the lake. Examples with the Dative [motion]. \ d l:.)"' Kitab' sofranin atdtt'll. .. . I threw the book on the table. 2. ... =...,:..\ d;\.Jy. Qoush yavrousounou 1/ouvanitl '" - - - ichine qodou. The bird put 4. 5. its young into the neste .!lK Sheh'rifi disharisina ch'qdtlar. .... 'l'hey went [to the] out{side] oC the city. . \i t3 y:- Chojouq aghajiff, ardina qachdi. y.. t' The boy ran behind the tree.

t.S ...:.S:J\ !l.J.1.t Pederiff, lOliune doghrou, gitdim. . I went towards the Cathere 108 ''L. (J'.J:l I.lesson 14. 6. \ .!jJ.J J:l B,!liq ichine atUdi. The fieh Jumped loto the lake. Motion, ,,-here to? \\7hither? nereye? J,.r.\:""\' :. ,. , & , .,,>', " .". I ,. \ '0 \ ,I " l .. l. I':. O.J '-'!,J'"A ;;J.J '-'!n" Loeation, where'l ne1oede?' oJ.i:.4 ' ' \:5" , , , O:l')l.Jl'i ' d!,J'"A , ' ' , .:l.J' ..1.1 \:5" .,b. 0 '< A herelse 28 . cl4kJ' .:.,-,41,J' \ " J\ 0)\ T ' _ _ _ 1 _ 41:.' ' = J' = rjf' j)'" , cli \..))\ \..J)\ ' o "":=:=! \ cli \..))\ t. = 1 _ _ _ = ' 0 ' .L.JJ' \:s' '\ 1 .t:=:. \:s = -* \ J: \:5'. -* I fo \:5' r! v t.SJ)) ... yo J') Jj) ..;':.); o..l::-IJ J.; A r! 1 "sj 1 \ .. )-' ,,-,yD 4SJi J Translation 29. . 1. To\vards the mountains: on the mountains; by the mountains (rest), by the mountains (motion). 2. From the door: by the door; with the door; for the door. 3. For me, for him; like you, like them; with me, with him. 4. As far as Sivas; as far as London; until 1 If are added to nouns to which the pronominai affixes of the 3rd .person Sing. and Pl. are attached, the il omitted, but the sound i is retained. The Substantive \" erh. 109 to-day. 5. There is nobody except us. 6. What have in your purse? - There is nothing in my purse except ten paras. 7. After to-morrow come at half past eleven. 8. He went ten days earlier than my father. 9. There is a thief among you. 10. Come among us (motion). Con'fersatlon. . ';\J ? .; \.J); l:!'"' ? J' .\. if .!l\ d\ j, L!. ($\ .!l \ . ... -." J\j.J\ J I r.J.:,j\ )\.J c.SJli J'. -J y. ! c.S.J.:,j\ d! J., f r- ..k' Jft ! r""' - .. - . '! J \j.J \ Jy;- ? ';\.J r '! ";\.J .r.- '0 Lesson 15. The Substantive Verb. (Continued.) 238. We have already treated of the Present and Paat (Preterite) tenses of the substantive verb. ( 65, 73.) The Perfect and Conditional tenses of the verb remain to be spoken of. \!' = isem = isen = ise The Conditianal. = isek \ = \ islfl,iz == iselir. If (or though or perhaps) I 81n, if thou art, if he is -. etc. The Negative Conditianal. r--\(.l = deyilsem = tUgilsek = .!l .. -! \ dJyilzen = \ dJyilse1liz 110 t. Lesson 15. t t = \ deyilse = tUgilsll". If I am not, iC thou art not, if he is not -, etc. Perfect (Dubitative). \ imishilll, .. .. (They say that) imish-sift i1nish-si1f.iz I was or I have been, imishiz I o \ etc. \ imish A' imishler This tense, which is also called in Turkish Dubi-tative, denotes mere hearsay or report, founded on the authority of others ( 312). The Negative is r!:' deyil imishim (They say that) I have not been. Remarks. 239. a. When ., -de is added to the Conditional tense of the substantive verb, it expresses the maaning of ee but" or eeyet,,: r-!\ ' ' "-!\ ' j.('-!\ ' e.) isem de, isefl de, ise de; isek de, isefliz de, islUr tU If (0 r though) I am -, yet -; thou art -, yet -; he is -, yet -. 240. b. By the addition of the 3rd person sing., to the Past tense ( 73), the Past Condit.ional is obtained: .. ' ' ! ' ' .) idimise de, idinse dl, idiyse de; idikise de, idi1f.izise de, idiUriBI tU Though I was -, yet -; thou wast -, yet -; he was-, yet-. Examples. Pederifl, evde' -ise, gilB10ft. PedeTim evdl isede gllemlz. Biraderifl, nl,.1 dl imish? Evde' imilih. Chojouqlar hasta'mi imishllr. Ev'vlt, hasta' dirlar. Qonshoumouz zlnqin' ise dl, eyi bir adem dlyil' imish. Bln genj' im, sln ise ikhtiyar' stll. If your father is at home, let bim come. My fatber is at home, but he cannot come. Where is your brotber? (I beard that, they say that) he is at home. Were the children iIl? (Did you hear anything?) Yes, they are iil (I know). Our Dpighhour is rich, but they say that he is not a good man. I am young, but thon art old. 'tt The Sabstantive Verb. The Conditiooal and Dubitative tenses of the verb To HiVE. 111 241. The Conditional and Dubitative tenses of the verb To HAVE are ohtained by the addition of .. ise and imish to J'J 'Var. 242. The Conditional of To HiVE [with an indefinite ohjeet] 1. JU J\.J blnde var benim. var J\.J oJ.:- J\" sendi var seniII var isa I J\.J \ J\.J onda var onoun var = bizim var sizin va,. isa J\" .,)./. '-! \ J\" .,) j- J\" 0'));.J\ \ J\.J r./. ';\.J .!lj- .;\; .!l J;.J\ bizde va,. sizde va,. isa onlarda t:atisa onlarffi varisa 4-:f.J! oJ.:-'--!--"- 0.J.: .J \ 4-:f.J! .,)./. The Negative. y- r. bende yogho'Usa y.. d:.- sende yoghousa y- d;.J\ onda yoghousa r./. bizde 'goghousa benim yogho'usa s/nin yoghou,sa onoull yoghousa bizim yoghousa 0,) j- J! .!l j- sizde yoghousa sizin yoghousa .... I .. o r:l '-f J! .').}.J\ .!l);.J\ onlarda yo.qhousa onlarifi yoghousa ct-4 243. No te. a. The ahridged form of 4.-,' JJ!. yoq ise .. .. IS J!. yoghousa whieh is much used. .. .. b. 4-J' JJ!. yoq ise, 4-,.,.&, J!. yoghousa or 4-,;' J!. yokhsa, when used without object" 0; subject, is considered as a conjunction: meaning or, otherwise; as: ?J.J..:t ' 0.1.:- Kitab sende' mi, 'gokhsa qardashillda' midir"? Who has the hook, you or your brother? 244.. The Conditional with a deflnite object. 0.1.:- ' 4.-!\ 0.,1j.J\ o')./. ' g')j_ ' 0'));"\ btnde ise, send'; i"e, onda ise; bizde ise, sizde ise, onlarda ise Ir I have the -, iC thou hast the -, etc. 1 Vide 119, 122, 127. 112 ,. Lesson 15. 4.-!\ f! , r.f. .!lj- .!l)i.J\ beni1n ise, seniii ise, onoull ise; bizitn ise, sizill ise, otllarfll ise If the (hook) is Illine, tbine, etc. The Negative. ..l:-' bendl deyilse, Rende -, onda -; bizde deyilse, sizde-, onla,.da - , - benim deyilse, seni", degilse, etc. IC I have not the -, etc. IC the - is not mine, etc. 24. Remark. -de is added to the conditional of the verb To HAVE, it expresses the sense of bu t. I have a -- but- , 4-}-y.. bende yoghousada, I have not a -, but -o \ seni", ise de, : .. senifl deyilse de, o..liJ\ onda ise de, o..liJ\ onda deyilsede, It is yours, but -It is not youre, but He has the -, but -Ha hae not the -, but -. 246. The Dubitative tense of To H.lVB [with a definite object]. , oJ..:- ' , e.)j_' e.));.J\ bende imish, sen de -, onda -; bizde t'mish, sizde -, onlardtJ-. . ':'t. \ . I e . ':'t. \ t \ \ .':'t. \ ".':'t. \ .!l . _ ' . \ .!l \. \ v-:; ('. v-; u-.. .J v-:; r ...r. v-:; :..) v-; 'J4'.J beninl imish, senifl -, onoun -; biziJIl nish, sizifl. -, onlarill -. I have the -, thou haHt the -; (That) was mine, tbine, his -. 247. The Dubitative teose of To H.lVE [with an indefinite objeet]. ";\.J , .J\.J o..l.:'-' .J\.J be",a,e 'lJar i",isA etc. .J\" f! ' .J\.J , .J\J benim Mr imis" etc. (They say that) I have a -; thou ha8t a -, etc . .JU\!,. Exam ples. Benit;. parall varisa. lneyiiliz t:artsa. Paraft varisa, bafla besh !lhOll-,,.011811, vere Parwm var' isa da l.'ermem. If thou hast money. If you have a cow. If you have money, gi,"e me flve piustere. I have money, but I wi1l not give. 'fhe Subatantive ,. erb. 118 yoghousa aliA. .l{itablar' yoghousada -Qa/Im bb1tU is/de "ermem. A ti "ar' idi isi -If you ha ve not bread, take . 'fhey have not hooks, but -I ha ve the pen, but I will not give it. Ir he had a home - gogh' Otltiou isAde - he had not a donkey, yet -. ! )::J Words. ':r-:f.J'! .,r..J\,J yoghoufftOtU' aH that we have. r U.T almam' I do not take. a. 0 LJ lisan language. klskin sharp (knife). ;r tu les8. agM1' bashlt sedate (man). 8. kt=;'miI8ober, wise. Proper 0:>\-;\ Arsian Leon. a. J,)l,. Sadiq Justin, Justus. 8. Nooriye Lucy. "" Exereise 80. ;;-:. 4,-;'J! , ! Ji:? 45..6" - JA( ;..f.J! 1J1J T J..IS'" ;;..:. !.II SO;)O; J..\i.J! ;"J!.f. , )J.!Jj AI j:t ;.!i i Y. to JoU It tl:. ' I , \II;) 0 .j.1iJI ! 0;) "-! I J..\i - ! JT "-f.J! J.: 1 JJj J ! JJj )IJ Y illT 0;)"-f.J! ! i)J.J..1 j:!:; -'J;) &.!;) ./" "--f.J! ! &-J;) f .J> .)-' .-' &-J-' ' "::'--"'J.) J...vJ-' &-J.)) A }. , ).) ...vj.) &.!.) J ).) )-' ., Y. ).Ji .) y. }. \:s'" - r Turkl8h Conv.-Grammar. 8 t' , , J 81. "I. The' are sweet; the pears, are the"grapes ,are the sweetest. 2. Your' maid servant is diligent, but [I heard that] my lleighbour (womsn) is more diligent than she. ,3. Though Mr. Justus is a rich mall, yet [they say that] he llas not a good name. 4. Miss Lucy is the llandsomest girl in tOWll, is 1 ,The strength of the strongest man is far lee8 than that' of all elephallt. 6. I am as tall, as you, but my brother Leon is not so tall 8S you. 7. Is your fruit as fresb as ours? - .Yes, ,Sir, it is. as good yours, but it is too . little [in quantity].. 8. Your knife is as large' as mine, but it is not as sharp as mine. 4L Conversatlon. r ..;!J!.J .t.-! \ .;\., rJ.:.i\ J.,! )J.!,.Jj; .r-:f.J! j:.J\.J . u?Sj. Jy;- J.J\ 0.J\ o').J\ . oJ-.ii rJ..:j\ ! rJ..:i\ c..t \ 1 J'...J )"' Jo .J\.J .l:-? .J .. i- [.li A--.J! .;s:;JI.J ? .; .\S" - \.; if .!l...f.ri\ efeu(limiziii gelishi' the coming of our Lord. 293. lf the Infinitive is to be ueed as the object, it lllay be put in three different cases: With neuter verbs following it is alv;ays in the dative; with active veres, if the object is definite, in the accusative; if indefinite, it assumes a llominatival form ( 83, Note); as: .,;." oqounlaglta bashlamaq to begin to read. A yazma bilmez' he does not kno,, how to write. jJ: yazmaql1ghi biitllez he does not kno,, the writing. 294. The first Derivative forrned fronl the lnti.-nitives denotes the act, the actioll. The negative of this form is composed in two ways: yaz' t"amaqliq and j gaz' mamazliq Mektoubon yazmamazliq etme Don't fail to the letter. 29. But the negative, dative and ablati\?e forme when used "yith some verbs mean to beha ve as if: GlOr' mlmezlikden geldi, gror' 1nemezliyl toUJdOlt He pretended not to see. Taninta111azliq eltnek To hehave as if not acqaainted. 296. The second Derivative of the lnfinitive is 4Ar sevm{/, yaztna' the mode of writing, the manner of loving; loving, writing. Always accent the last sy 11a ble. 297. The pronunciation and the spelling of this second form is jllst the salne as that of the second person Imperative negative singular; but the accent is decisive. The second Derivative has the accent on the last syUahle, while in the Imperative the penultimate (the syUable before the negative suffix) is accented: 138 , .. Lesson 19. .... yazma' writing, to "'rite: yaz'ma don't write (thou). 4..A r sevme' loving, to love: sev'me don't love (thou). 298. TIie English Impersonal verbs and those verbs whose objeets are not mentioned, but understood, are rendered in Turkish as follo,vs. The subjeet of the ImpersonaI verb and the oldeet must be meiltimed; as: yazt 1/azntaq to write. yaghmour yaghmaq to rain. geok gurlemek to thunder. qar to snow. dikislt dikmek to sew. dolou to haile tuhin ichmek to smoke. shinzshek chaqmaq to lighten. '!lemek ylmek to eat (food). is1& ishlemek to ,,ork. The Infinitive used as a Substantive. 299. It has been severaI times mentioned that the Infinitive is regarded as a nOUD, and that, like a nOUD, it is Iiable to every kind of change whieh the nun undergoes ( 289). The student wiIl understand these pecllliarities from the study of the following examples. o.;j.J\ , yazmaq i cltil" , yazmaq (J,zre the purpose of wnng. :-i.j'.1 ' yazmaqs'iztn, yazlnaqsCz without or be--' oo _.. fore writing. yazmaq'la, almaq'la by writing, by taking. JY.. yazmaya niyeti yoq he .has no intention to wrlte. yazmaqdan' 1naqsedi,,!,. my intention in wrltIng. \ yctzmaqdan' ise } - - / instead of writing. A-!, \ 0 yazulJadan' ise dushmeni sev1nekdt!' in loving the enemy. gel' mede1l, yaz"madan without, before com-.. ing, writting. ..... :f" 0 .... \(' I). bize gel' meden git' me do not go before you come to see us. o \ douva et' 1niden berore prayer [praying]. yazma.qda' iken while I WRS "priting. A::J.J.J\ gelme' si' lizerine on his comingo .... :f' ..l.:-...... \(' gelnzesiy'le gitmesi his coming and loing. siyleyishi his manner of speech. The Derivative form. of the Infinitive. 189 300. The Continuative tenses are forllled from the Infinitive as in the following examples: r! , , lIasmaqda'yim, -'sin. -'dir, -'yiz, -'siniz, 'dirlar. I am writing ... yaghmafJda' idi it was ralDlog. !lemek yemekde' imillh (I heard that) be W88 . .. -!, A.) dikish dik,lleI-de i .. if he is sewiog. Jij qar'!lagmaqda it 800\\"8. 301. SOlne of the derivatives of the second and third forms are used as common nouns ( 443); as: OUCMll,-ma akite. .... - ,,,e\ 1sitma nlslaria. basma print, calico. bllme partition. ... ; 10.1') d J illumination. _\OI onanma, fl t a ee. sllikerlime sUjlar-plums. .:. .:. IT vlr-ish business u-!..J!J U-: transaction, trade. .... qavourma fried meat. !lafHi.-;h a mistake. dogllousk hirth . !Iapma Inade up . dondolinna iee-Crealll. .. . qazma a pickaxe. .. .. ya1"'ma crushed ,,heat . qizartma roasted meat. asrna (hanging) a ville . Words. p.JtGJJ rUzgiar wind. 8. kiatib clerk. , ..!Ja & .i! yetlhmek to reaell. . a. J,)lj qadir able. to wait. l;....,:- posta-hafle post offiee. a. '-"""""" sebeb reaso n. eSHlek to blo,,- 0 !/lljbela hardly. at. khayrlt better. a. tlkUf propositioll. - anjaq only. a. ,) \f mitrad intention. 8. tahsil learning. Proper Names: Shahin. 0L:...\ lhsan Grant. 140 t .. 1.J'):l Lesson 19. fo' Exereis8 41. y,I'Jf\ ' f! \ 'I'" -,!I cl:- r- ,. !1.;r;)'.f- 0.)').J. t. .)) J'J \A) 0)')6) ;.:. ! 0 )..ljJ=-='\ . itT J. \ '..T 'V'.. J '-". .T.. J ' Jj] ' 0)\' ;, -:1)) 4, ... v . 'v' -' ,.. \ J .. .._. ! 4 v 4i Ijl; .;'..J ;.:Ij\; ! c!: c.lfl J:. 1 - ! "!' , - 4i LS)..\.!;.I " .).1l)$ Jy:"J' ;.:;; , o...L. - 4i 0.)1))1 ! jty::-y:; !J)::) y o:? )-);) fI - j)J! 1..)):.)1 Jo.1. I r..cil ' - '1 4{ '"" 0 r I.J..ji , j.\jl! yazar idim yazar idifi UJ.l\ yazar idi ,;\j\! yazaJ idik yazar idiftiz \ yazar idi1er I used to write, I ahould I should have written, etc . Negative and Interrogative. \,;-J- or r.)';-J- sevmez' idim, sev111ez' dim; se,'mez' i ditl I u8ed not to love or would not love or would not have loved, etc. 156 rr Lesson 22. t." ? r..l.:-.)r SetOer'miyidim? ? r..l.:-;. r sevmez'miyidim? U sed I not to love? etc. Did I not use to love? etc. 336. 3. The Narrative Aorist. \ J.J- sever' imishim, \ Jr sever' imishiz, \ Jr sever' imishsi11, J.J- SeDer' imishsiiiizt Jr sever' imish, Jr sevbr' imishler. (They say that) I used to (Percbauce) I love ... 337. 4. The Conditional Aorist. r r6.-Jr sever' sem, .!.i6.-Jr sever' sffl, sever' se, If I love, If thou lovest, etc. sever' sek, r stver' slftiz, severUr'se. r sevmez'sem, 'sen. If I do not love 338. Note. The Conditional Aorist is abbrevia-ted sometimes by omitting the characteristic re, and then resembles greatly the Suppositive tense 378; as:. sf:vsem, sevse. 339. Further: oJ..A6.-.)r sever' semde Though I love, yet -oJ.5 6.-';' r sevmez'8eftde thou dost love, but - r het' kim' gelirse w hoever comes. 6,j her nt oloursa whatever it may be. 0 gelir' sede gelmlz' side w hether he comes or not. 340. When two or more verbs follow one ano-ther in the same tense, number and person, the personal ending is generally ornitted in all but the last: r.;o..?:; fl.!\ ' J. yer, ichlr ve gezet'inl, for yerim, iehelim vi gezerim. I eat, drink and promenada. 10V The AORIST. 157 Peder her akh' sha1n sise gidiyor '1:1 yari gejeyedek otourou-1/01oudou, for gidiyoroudou. My father used to go every night to your house and stay there till midnight. p. ki that a . .)L... musalir guest p . ..)(\ eyeT if a . .;\..fi kraT again a. J taraf place, side ! eoyle ya! certainIy I Words. a. sunbul hyacinth J...::- sachmaq to spread a. r-"". mevsim season sUrmek to plough ekmek to sow yazin in the summer. t V Exerclse 4:7. ;.;)./' - J..l!1 -.;:.G \ .jh : CM' ,,-!I .::,&L.. iR:Jlj':l\ JJI ;S jI T J.:I JIJ jL. yo '4....j..t('jI t,;1 '.J'..J jj' ":";J ! - 'J.tJJ t (' j. 'I"" jy")It.tJJItj- iY...J'..J t)J' .... .,.p t JJ!\:; \ j. t Jj) J. Jj) r 0 ')\ii jL.)}t :; A:- '}IS' *0 ' JJ ./' ! 0:,)\r. '\ Jj; JjJ J.. ./' 'J-!0 J '--JJlJ)y.J,-jl. 0:,))) ';'XoJ JL. 4.-..( v 158 rr LeaBon 22. tlA t A J TranslatloD 48. 1. I know Armenian. Thou knowest German. Does he know Greek? 2. Before you rame here, yon did not know us (assertive). 3. Before seeing the property (rnal) , I cannot give the money, but if I see and approve, I will give the money. - WeIl, Sir, if I can make you like it, then I hope you will pay. - 4. At what o'clock do you go to bed? - I eat at 12 o'eIock Turkish time, and lie down at 3 o'clock, in summer, but in winter I eat at one 0' clock and go to bed at five. Sometimes, if I have guests, I sit up until six o'clock. o. I do not do sol leat early and I retire early. I rise early in the morning. While otbers are sleeping, I read and write my lesson. Sornetimes in the fresh morning air I take a walk in the fieId. 6. Well done I my boy; you do weIl. 7. Can yon ride on horseback? - Yes, I can (ride), but yon cannot ride. 8. What do they e all this boy? - They eall him Nejib. . 4t ts::: Conversation . ? ? . \ j\lG J(' W.J\ )Jr.!l ..;..l.S'"' ? JJ\ w,;:,f' iJ.J\ );'0../'...1 0J\ ? Jr y- )Y-./...J r..r.)l 'J.)}.,,\ ? ! ,.1:;\ f' ? 0,).1\ G l. .. !..)b r .lo'; 0l .;$ '.1\ yo j-.;J\) Reading Eurelse. J}' ):>Jr";' ;J ';JI JJj- J ... J ':'J!} 'J:.S , };')j- ..w. J\;JI J JIJ !1:>JJI ' , r:> 4S:>Jj'l ).lJ' J'J .. Hayvanla'Mn sealeri. Butun kayvanlarlii kendilerine makk' sous 1 sesleri var dIr, ve ol sesi ichill de birer ta'blrleri t var dir; Mesela. s -At Kisll'ner", esMk antrtr5, inek hoogurur 6, arsla geomurder 7, ayi khotnaurdar8, qourd oulou'I9, keopek hav-lar10, tilki htOr sesle siniler11, qoyoun ve kechi meler11, leedi IS, khoros ooter 14, tavouq gtdaqlar 15, pilijler ve oufaq qoushlar jiv1lder 16, hind tavou,qhou 17 goulou goulou eder 18, papaghan 19 laqird';' eder2 0, gooyerjin 21 dem. balbul2s oordek vaq va.q eder2f) 0 Words. 1. Espeeial. 2. term. 3. for instanee. 4. Ki,/J-nin,lk to w hinny. 50 aitirmaq to bray. 6. blOyurmik to moo. 7. gromuraJmik to roar. 8. KhomurdanJaq to grow 1. 9. ouloumaq to howl. 10. havlamaq to bark. 11. siililemek to squeak. 12. me-lemek to bleat. 13. ,niyavlamaq to mew. 14. ltmek to erowo 15. giaaqlatnaq to eaekle. 16. jivildlmek to chirp. 17. turkey (Indian) hen. 18. to gobble. 19. parrot. 20. to chatter. 21. pigeon. 22. to cOOo 230 nightingale. shaqimaq to ,,"arble. 25. to quaek. The Past Tenses. 341. There are two tenses denoting the Past. 342. One is the Oategorical Preterite called by the natives Maziyi shouhoudi eeye-witness past', which depicts the speaker as having been present or as having witnessed something with his own eyes, so as to know it for certain without any doubt. Hence it corresponds 160 ,,.. Lesson 23. n with the compound tense forrned with the Past Parti-ciple and the auxiliary verb eTo have'. For in s tan ee yazdi, not only means he wrote (in the presenee of the speaker), but also he kas written. It may also be transIated by the English Paat, forrned with did; as: yazdi 'Jni? Did he write? - ga-zd" he did write. 343. The other is the Dubitative Past. Maziyi naqli ilnplying or expressing doubt. The speaker is not sure about the matter, he may have heard it from others. This tense ean be correetly used only when the truth of an assertion is not guaranteed, and when the speaker maans to state that he believes what he says, but cannot vouch for it; as: yazmisk the wrote (as others say) he has written (I believe), I am not sure about it'. This tense is used in telling stories of the past or aneedotes ,\?hich the speaker has heard from others or read in books. 1. Indicative Past. J..::( ':"J:> - , .;"iJ 4i 1.S..ci1)l! ,. .:> i..l::!!1 Jj) ;"'J:> "(' r.1.'"!I-'!:> - !I::> )J.i 4i y. t. 0 r..JJ1 ;l! 4. 0 0 4. "M",,!I JY. ;,.,,t,) .. I;i ')!.::( , i.)j,t,) - !I..JI .. .)J'.r r.:)\! yo ,Jj)L." JlI.JI I... yo l.lb.. Jy:" 0:> t '" .J.lI.JI 1...1 i;f 0 JJI ..::..r.L.. yo .? 4i to j):> )A '\ ..; wY:!' J4UJ\ ! JJ! 4i y..:> r4-'?1 ytl JJ! sGJ..lij - 4i y 1 184 rv lJ'.Jl LesBon 27. tA\' .:. J ' 'A 4.jI!!1 yo ).""'!I J\lT (i ;;.,!J} ;,; )1) fi yo \. .):> )IJ J'. - ( ' t A) J'J J: o A J Translatlon 68. 1 .. You must have eome to us as soon as you bad heard this news. 2. What sh all I do? - If you bave not learnt your lesson, you should learn it DOW. 3. What had your wife to do? - She bad to write aDote. 4. Have they to go this way? - No, Sir, they are to go the other way. 5. Who has to work all the day? - The poor man has to work all the day. 6. Who had to give all his money. - The baker had to give all his money. 7. What have you to do to-day? - I have to write a lettere 8. What has the shoemaker to do? - The shoemaker bas to mend my shoes. 9. Am I obliged to com e here? - Yes, you must come, your coming is necessary. 10. The teaeher ealled the pupils, saying, Come. Conversatlon. (u-, Jl.>\k.J.r Y.. y. ' J!J'-'.J! J!'; .J.Jl :J J .... (u- .J!l ( ? (oti' :J ? r ? Jl s:, \ -4 :..s' r-1: 1.\ : (t ? .J\.J .Jj; J. (IJ' ! 0.J\ ._a!\ (, Jo I rJ.:j\ (E. ( ... ) J!l,;.J! r..Li.t( I J tAa. The Participles. 185 , ..:J I) Readlng Exereise. The Jlarriage of the Teacher. J).]J\ .,.j.) \;lJj.1. %)1 ' ox:-I} )..)LI 4!:-Jjji , 4.-!'J)J)} A)\; J!J;.1.. !l}.)\; 5);)JI J!);.J! Jj) ! 8t.l!.) ..; e 7J:;-J)J' 0;' 4-!' 10J..l:P.:'" ! Jr).J. 9\i';,k I , 12(..r.J)) 4('1 11(.4. J) ....rl ! 0.1. - J!,-- lSl.)\.J. .1..::' ! WJ)) J)) 0.) 4tJ)) U::::; , 15 r 16,. tr .. . (""'" ... ).J' '-?.. ..:J J Words. 1. bash' bouzouZI1laq (to be put out of order) = to be a widower. 2. to be anxious. S. aditde" al." to be usual. 4. yabanji stranger. 5. to veit 6. to cause to 8wallow, to decei ve. 7. rortu veH. 8. 'ne dlfi! (what do yon say) = what wonder I 9. aaeta simply; really. 10. his soul was oppressed = ha was angry. 11. to unveil (her face). 12. to veH. IS. eaa arrogance. 14.