Period 4: 1450-1750Period 4: 1450-1750

Osman: The Founder

Mehmet II: The Conqueror

Suleyman: The Magnificent

Determine which group is most likely to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean and give three reasons why?

Determine which group is most likely to dominate the Eastern Mediterranean and give three reasons why?

Consolidation of PowerConsolidation of Power

Osman Bey: 1299-1326

•Osman led group of Turks in the Anatolian Peninsula.

•Expands power with superior _______.

•Attracts warriors by accepting others and giving them generous rewards!

•Osman led group of Turks in the Anatolian Peninsula.

•Expands power with superior _______.

•Attracts warriors by accepting others and giving them generous rewards!

military

Consolidation of PowerConsolidation of Power

•Creates capital city at Bursa and rules as a “____________________”

•Bursa becomes major commercial and intellectual center with inns, shops, schools, libraries and mosques.

•Used wealth to establish _____________ cavalry force equipped with heavy armor and financed by land grants!

•Creates capital city at Bursa and rules as a “____________________”

•Bursa becomes major commercial and intellectual center with inns, shops, schools, libraries and mosques.

•Used wealth to establish _____________ cavalry force equipped with heavy armor and financed by land grants!

Leader Among Equals

professional

Mehmet II: The Conqueror

Mehmet II: The Conqueror

Sultan claimed the legacy of the Abbasid Empire as the protector of the faith, the “strong sword of Islam”

Constantinople was the ultimate prize! Constantinople was the ultimate prize!

“Conquering Constantinople would take a glorious army led by a superb

commander.” - Prophet Muhammad

Mehmet II: The Conquest of Constantinople in 1453

Mehmet II

Mehmet II: 1444-1481- Called “The Conqueror”• 1453 – 80,000 soldiers laid siege to Constantinople

and conquered the Byzantine Empire.• Renamed city ____________and made it the capital.

Mehmet II: 1444-1481- Called “The Conqueror”• 1453 – 80,000 soldiers laid siege to Constantinople

and conquered the Byzantine Empire.• Renamed city ____________and made it the capital.

Canons – Gunpowder Empire

Istanbul

The Conquest of Constantinople in 1453

The Conquest of Constantinople in 1453

“What a city we have given to plunder and destruction.”

Now that Mehmet II has taken

Constantinople, what does

he need to do to create an Empire?

Turns Hagia Sophia into a MosqueTurns Hagia Sophia into a Mosque

•Turns alter to face ____________•Eventually covers up Christian

mosaics and icons

•Turns alter to face ____________•Eventually covers up Christian

mosaics and icons

Mecca

Turns Christian City into a Muslim City

•Added minarets, Islamic symbols and art•Mehmet II equates himself to _______________ as founder of New

Constantinople…. Istanbul

•Added minarets, Islamic symbols and art•Mehmet II equates himself to _______________ as founder of New

Constantinople…. Istanbul Constantine

Religious Beliefs and

Policies

Conversations between Christians and Muslims

• Tolerant of Non-Muslims• Non-Muslims had to pay a tax, Jiyza, but could freely practice religion• Janissaries protected religious minority• Christians and Jews were officials in the government, or leaders of local religious groups, called millets.

Religious and Role of Women

• Ottomans were Sunni Muslims• Sultans claimed the title of Caliph – guided and maintained Islamic Law• Religious advisors – Ulema – set up schools

• Women could own and inherit property• Were not forced to marry and could seek a divorce• Some gained political power as officials and governors• Women in Harem could gain power

Christian boys converted to Islam and forced to serve

Ottoman government.

In special palace schools, they learned Arabic,

Persian, Turkish, math, calligraphy, horsemanship,

and/or weaponry.

The goal- produce high morals and obedience.

Many boys would become guards, gatekeepers,

scribes, pages, governors, soldiers, or even Grand

Viziers.

The Devshirme

The Ottoman Centralized Bureaucracy

SULTANSULTAN

Landowners / Tax CollectorsLandowners / Tax Collectors

MuslimsMuslimsJewsJews

ChristiansChristians

Led by Sultan – Absolute power

Took title of “Caliph”

Chief minister, or adviser, to the SultanGrand Vizier

Viziers (Divan)

Grand Vizier

Viziers (Divan)

Positions were based on merit, not birth.

Timar System –Provincial

Governors (Beys)

Timar System –Provincial

Governors (Beys) Heads of Individual

Religious Millets

Heads of Individual

Religious Millets

Process of succession was not distinct –

could cause conflict

Military elite -The JanissariesMilitary elite -The Janissaries

Local Administrators& Military

Local Administrators& Military

Collected taxes Collected taxes

Sultan’s Household and Harem:

Queen MotherBlack Eunuchs

The Janissaries

Topkapi Palace

•Palace is a symbol of power – Leaders are superior and ceremonies are designed to show Sultan’s power and wealth

•Government bureaucracy is established

•Palace is a symbol of power – Leaders are superior and ceremonies are designed to show Sultan’s power and wealth

•Government bureaucracy is established

Topkapi

•The Palace contained the

Sultan’s residence, his

Harem of concubines, a Mosque and a

school for Janissaries.

•The Palace contained the

Sultan’s residence, his

Harem of concubines, a Mosque and a

school for Janissaries.

•The Imperial Council was located in the Palace•The Grand Vizier and other officials would discuss policies and

welcome foreign dignitaries

•The Imperial Council was located in the Palace•The Grand Vizier and other officials would discuss policies and

welcome foreign dignitaries

The Harem • The Harem “Sacred Place”• Sultan’s wives and concubines resided in private domain• Sultan chose four wives as his favorites• When a son was chosen as a Sultan, mother became “Queen Mother” and gained power

Suleyman the Magnificent

• Expanded Empire into Romania, Hungary, and parts

of Austria.•The Siege of Vienna failed! Suleyman’s forces were turned back in 1529. • Turkish Naval Fleet rules the

eastern Mediterranean• Patron of the arts, built bridges, public baths, schools

and mosques.

Sinan

Architecture – Sinan, most famous architect

Blue Mosque

Major Achievements• Restored city of Constantinople (Istanbul)

•Became successor of Roman Empire –•“Terror of the Turk” – Ottomans replaced Christians as the aggressor.

Islamic Calligraphy

Art work: Picture of Angel Gabriel visiting Muhammad

Illuminated Qur’an

Major Achievements

Scholars in astronomy and

medicine. (Galata

Observatory, 1557)

Bazaars, hospitals, ceramics, silk

Prayer rugs and textiles

The Golden Age of the Ottomans

Decline of Ottoman Empire

• The Siege of Vienna – Suleyman’s forces were

turned back in 1529 – Frontiers – Logistics –

Empire too big

• The Battle of Lepanto, 1571

• Major naval battle between Spanish and

Ottomans• Spanish victory gave

hope to Christian empires that Turks could be

stopped.

Decline of Ottoman Empire

• Sultans lose power to Vizier’s and Janissaries

• Vague process of succession • Internal government corruption

• Empire became too large to control• Loss of loyalty – no more land to

conquer and give away

• Lack of military technology

• Economy suffered• Silk Road Trade

monopoly ended – European water

routes• Inflation due influx

of silver• Did not industrialize

– craft guilds

I’ll stop Jafar! Maybe I can be Sultan!

The Ottoman Empire During the 16c

Ottoman Empire will last until 1917 It’s a whole new world!

The Islamic World

• Emperors neglect people

• Bureaucracy was corrupt

• Army backwards in technology and tactics

• High taxes on people

• Lack of tolerance for Hinduism

• Tried to conquer all of India

• Peasant uprisings

• European intervention

Ottoman Empire

Compare the geography of the

Mughal and Ottoman Empires