other types of memory things that affect memory. baddeley’s working memory model visuospatial...
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Other Types of Memory
Things that Affect Memory
Baddeley’sWorking Memory Model
• Visuospatial sketch pad - holds visual and spatial info• Phonological loop - holds verbal information• Central executive - coordinates all activities of working memory; brings new
information into working memory from sensory and long-term memory
Central Executive
Phonological Loop
Visuospatial Sketch pad
Automatic vs. Effortful Processing• Some information,
such as where you ate dinner yesterday, you process automatically.
• Other information, such as this chapter's concepts, requires effort to encode and remember.
Types of Effortful Processing• Maintenance Rehearsal – go over something
repeatedly till it is encoded in LTM– Shallow level of processing (Craik & Lockhart)
• Elaborative Rehearsal – relate the info to info you already know.– Deeper level of processing (Craik & Lockhart)– Self-reference effect – applies info to yourself.– Visual imagery – vivid images you can remember.
• Levels of Processing framework – info encoded at a deeper level will be more easily remember than info encoded at a shallow level. How can you do this? (See middle of page 246).
Types of LTM
ImplicitNo conscious recall
ExplicitW/ conscious recall
Semantic Memory(General Knowledge)
Episodic Memory
(Personal Events)Procedural Memory
(Skills andProcedures)
Conditioning(CC & OCLearning)
Hippocampus Cerebellum
Two Types of Explicit Memory
1. Episodic information—information about events or “episodes”
2. Semantic information—information about facts, general knowledge, school work
Episodic Memory
• Memory tied to your own personal experiences
• Examples:– What month is your birthday?
– Do you like to eat caramel apples?
• Q: Why are these explicit memories?
• A: Because you can actively declare your answers to these questions
Semantic Memory• Memory not tied to personal events• General facts and definitions about
the world• Examples:
– How many tires on a car?– What is a cloud?– What color is a banana?
Implicit Memory
• Nondeclarative memory
• Influences your thoughts or behavior, but does not enter consciousness
• Three subtypes
Subtypes of Implicit Memory
C lassicalC ond ition ing
ProceduralM em ory
Prim ing
Im p licit M em ory
Priming
• Priming is influence of one memory on another
• priming is implicit because it does not depend on awareness and is automatic
• View this example from Derren Brown – with his ad agency video – 8 min
Perceptual Priming
• Prime enhances ability to identify a test stimulus based on its physical features
• By showing you one thing, I can influence how you’ll see or perceive another.
• Does not work across sense modalities
• Here is a demonstration
Perceptual Priming
• Can you identify the fragmented stimulus to the right?
Perceptual Priming
• What if you were shown the following slide earlier in the lecture?
• Related items clustered together to form categories
• Related categories clustered to form higher-order categories
• Remember list items better if list presented in categories– poorer recall if presented randomly
• Even if list items are random, people still organize info in some logical pattern
Clustering: Hierarchical Organization
German Shepherds
ScottishTerriers
D ogs
Siamese Calico
C ats
M am m als
Hierarchical Organization
Semantic Network Model• Mental links between concepts
– common properties provide basis for mental link
• Shorter path between two concepts = stronger association in memory
• Activating one concept can spread and activate other associations.
Semantic Network ModelSee example at Human Cloud Brain
Red
FireHouse
CherryAppleRose
Pear
Ambulance
Fire Engine
TruckBusCar
FlowerViolet
Hot
Pot
Stove
Pan
Pie
How is Memory like a Computer?