osha unit 1 lectures modified

8/3/2019 OSHA UNIT 1 Lectures Modified

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UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY,

JAMAICA

FACULTY OF EDUCATION & LIBERAL STUDIESSCHOOL OF TECHNICAL & VOCATIONAL EDUCATIONINDUSTRIAUL TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMME


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OCCUPATIONAL/ENVIRONMENTAL

HEALTHANDSAFETY

Unit1:Impactsofindustryandtrade

onoccupaonal/environmental

healthandsafety


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Impactsofindustryandtradeonoccupaonal/

environmentalhealthandsafetyWeekOne:

Environmentalimpacts

Sourcesandimpactsofairpollu2on Sourcesandimpactsofsoilcontamina2on Sourcesandimpactsofgroundandsurface

waterpollu2on

Sourcesandimpactsofnoiseandradia2on


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RISKWORKER


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Introducon

Humanac2vi2es,especiallythoseintheindustrialsector,areassociatedwithrisksfor:

Workers Surroundingneighbourhood Environmentingeneral.Thustheneedfor:

Healthandsafetyprecau2ons/programmes

Environmentalprotec2onregula2onsandtechniques.


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Precauonsagainst

Accidents

Over-exposuretonoiseandradiaon

Contaminaonbytoxicsubstances

Injuries


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Thesurroundingpopulaonandthe

environmentneedprotecon

Proteconagainst

Air

Soilandwaterpolluon

Radiaon

Noise


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IntroduconPolicyissues

Differentcountrieshavedifferentpolicies

concerning:

legisla2on&regula2onsofthenaturalenvironment

workplacesafetyandhealth.


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Introducon

Policyissues

WhatisthesituaoninJamaica?

WhichMinistryisresponsiblefor:

Occupa2onalSafetyandHealth? Companyworkenvironment,plantand

facili2es?.

WhatistheroleofNa2onalEnvironmentalandPlanningAgency(NEPA)?


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Introducon

Generallytwotypesofenvironmentsareatrisk:

Thenaturalenvironmentand Theenvironmentatthework-place Seefigure1anddescribetheac2vi2esand

risksno2ced.


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Environmentalhazardsatworkplace

Workplace

hazardDust

Gases

Noise

Moisture

Temperature

Radiaon


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Hazardousimpactsonnatural

environment

Natural

environment

Noise WaterpolluFon

RadiaFon


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Environmentalandworkplace

hazards: Whoisresponsibleforthishumanmade

problemswhich:

Affectthehealthofindividualworkersinspecificworkplaces

Puttheen2repopula2onsatriskThreatenlocalecosystems

Threatentheworldclimateetc. HazardsforDevelopment? WealthforHealth?


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Environmentalandworkplace

hazards: Whoisresponsibleforstoppingit? Companies/Industries

Employersand TheGovernment:Allshouldberesponsibleforminimising

thenega2veimpactsonboththework-placeandthenaturalenvironment.


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GroupAcvity1:

Breakoutintofivegroupsoffiveeach

anddiscussthemajornegave

impactsofindustryandtradeon:

ThenaturalenvironmentinJamaicaHumanhealthinJamaica


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Impactsofindustryonnatural

environmentandhumanhealth

Majornegaveimpacts:

Resul2ngfromproduc2onandtradeinclude: Airpolluon

energyproduc2onindustrialopera2ontransport)


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environmentandhumanhealth Contaminaonofsoil

acidrainresul2ngfromairpollu2onwastedisposalsewage

PolluonofgroundandsurfacewaterSewageleachatefromwastedisposalspillageofchemicalsandoil


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environmentandhumanhealth Sourcesofnoiseandradiaon

industrialproduc2onTransportenergygenera2ontelecommunica2on

Impactonthelocalenvironment:

NoiseRadia2oncontamina2onofsoiletc.


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environmentandhumanhealthImpactonglobalenvironment:

Air Waterpollu2on


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environmentandhumanhealth

?Whataresomeoftheenvironmentaleffectson

JamaicaandtheCaribbeanCommunies?


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EnvironmentalimpactsonJamaica

andtheCaribbean: Pollu2onofsoil,waterandatmosphere Deforesta2on,erosionanddestruc2onofcoral

reefs

Naturaldisastersresul2ngfromthechangeofclimate Environmentalrelatedimpactsonhuman

health

Environmentalrelatedimpactsonna2onaleconomy


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GroupProject

1. Measurestoprotectthenaturalenvironmentfromnegaveimpactscaused

byindustryandtrade

EnvironmentallegislaonMajorenvironmentaltreaesandconvenonsJamaicasenvironmentalpolicyandlegislaonJamaicaseffortstomeetinternaonal

environmentalconvenons.


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GroupProject

2.Emissioncontrolmeasures

Changeofbehaviour

UseofalternaveprocessesTechnicalsoluons

3.Wastewatertreatment

SeleconofwastewaterfreeprocessesWastewatertreatmenttechnologies


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GroupProject

4.Wastemanagement

Wastemanagementhierarchy

MinimisaonofwastegeneraonRecyclingandreuseProperwastehandlingWastedisposal


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GroupProject

5.Proteconmeasuresagainsttheemissionof

noiseandradiaon

Noisereduconmeasures

ProteconmeasuresagainstionisingradiaonNoisereduconmeasuresProteconmeasuresagainstionisingradiaonProteconmeasuresagainstelectromagnec

fields


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GroupProject6.Awarenesscreaonandtraining

Theoriesofaccidentcausaon Safetyandhealthtraining7.Administraveandmanagementmeasures

toimproveOSH

Companysafetypolicy,rulesandregulaonsSafetyanalysisandprevenonPreparingforemergenciesAccidentinvesgaonandreporng


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GroupProject

8.Technicalmeasurestoimproveworkplace

safetyandhealth

Measurestopreventergonomichazardsandrepevestraininjuries

Measurestopreventstressandresulnghumanreacon

Measurestopreventmechanicalhazardsandinjuries


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GroupProject


safetyandhealth

Measurestopreventfalling,impact,acceleraonandliinghazards

Measurestopreventfire,heatandtemperaturehazards

MeasurestopreventpressurehazardsMeasurestopreventelectricalhazards


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GroupProject


safetyandhealth

Measurestopreventhazardsresulngfromtoxicandexplosivesubstances

MeasurestopreventnoiseandvibraonhazardsMeasurestopreventpressurehazardsMeasurestopreventradiaonandEMFhazards


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Sourcesandimpactsofairpolluon

Theatmosphereoftheearthisamixtureof

gasesmainlymadeupof:

Nitrogen(78.08%) Oxygen(0.95%) Argon(0.94%)

Carbondioxide(0.03%).


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Sourcesandimpactsofairpolluon

Humanbeingsandanimalsneedoxygenforbreathingandproducecarbondioxide

Plantsneedcarbondioxideandgenerateoxygen.

Largequan2tyofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereisveryessen2altoourclimate.

Theaveragetemperatureonearthdependsonthecarbondioxidecontentoftheatmosphere


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Majorsourcesofairpolluon

Thegenera2onandconsump2onofenergyinindustriesprivatehomesthetransportsector. Incompletecombus2onprocessesinprivate

homesproduceairpollutants(CO,CXHY,

soot) Industriesandpowerplantscontributeby

emingpollutants(SOandNOX)


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Indiscriminatewasteburningpollutestheatmospherewithproductsofincomplete

combus2onandwithhalogencompounds

likedioxinsandfurans.

Thecartrafficisprimarilyresponsiblefortheemissionofsoot,CXHY,CO

Ifleadedfuelisused,itproducesPb.


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incomplete combustion products:

CO, CXH

Y, soot, little SO

2, NO

X

SO2, NOX flue dust

electricity, oil,gas oil,electricity coal,gas,oil

coal,wood gas,coal

Domestic heating industrial power power plants

and heat generation

Figure 2: Fuel and air pollutants of different combustion systems

SO2, NOX, soot, flue dust, COX


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Dependingonthetypeofopera2on,industrial

plantsmayemitduste.g.

inthecaseofmines limekilns cementplants glassfactories metallurgicalplants,etc.)andanumberof

gaseouscompounds.


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Majorsourcesofairpolluon Allcombus2onprocesseswhicharebasedon

theburningofcarbonorhydrocarbonfuelcontributetotheworld-widegenera2onofCOwhichisresponsiblefortheglobalclimate

change.

Otheremissionswithanega2veimpactontheclimateandtheearth'sozonelayerare

refrigerantsandsolventsknownasCFCs.


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Summaryofthemajorsourcesof

threatstotheatmosphere

Themainthreatstotheatmosphereresultfrom: Useoffossilenergy Intensiveagriculture Industrialproduc2on Growingtransportsector Insufficientoff-gascleaning UseofCFCs Destruc2onofintactecosystems


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GroupAcvity2:

Breakoutintofivegroupsoffiveeach

anddiscussthemajorthreatstothe

Jamaicanandglobalenvironment

andsuggestthewayforward


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SUMMARY-HEALTHRISKANDAIRPOLLUTION

POLLUTANT ORIGIN DAMAGE PREVENTION

1. Parcles-smoke,e.g.Sootand

asbestos

2. Sulphurdioxide

3. Carbonmonoxide

4. Carbondioxide

5. Hydrocarbons

Domescfires,

industrial

combuson,mining,

brakelinings

Fuelcombusone.g.

Coal,oil,petrol

Carexhaust,cigaree

smoking

Allformsof

combuson

Carexhaust,

industrialwaste

Lungdamagesilicosis,

blockplantstomata,

bronchis

reducingsmoglung

damage,bronchis,

formsacidrain

Forms

carboxyhaemoglobin

prevenngoxygen

uptakebyblood,lossofconsciousnessand

death

greenhouseeffectof

overheang

Photochemicalsmogdamagesplants,

Smokelessfuel,Clean

Air,Acts/Rules,beer

chimneys

Removesulphurfrom

fuelsandfluegases

Catalystsorheat

reactorsincar

exhausts

Findothersourcesof

energy

Catalystsorheat

reactorsincarexhausts,modifycar-


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SUMMARY-HEALTHRISKANDAIRPOLLUTION

POLLUTANT ORIGIN DAMAGE PREVENTION

6.Oxidesofnitrogen

7.Ozone

8.Lead

9.Tarandsmoke

10.Pathogense.g.

Virus,bacteria

Carexhaust,industrial

combuson

Combinaonsof

hydrocarbonswith

nitrogendioxide

Petrol-carexhaust

Cigareesmoking

Infectedperson

sneezedroplets

Photochemicalsmog

damagesplants,

rubber,clothing

Eyeirritaon,reduces

visibility

Toxictothenervous

system

Death-lungcancer,

bronchis,coronary

diseaseetc.

Respiratorysystem,

influenza-mucus

membrane

Catalystsorheat

reactorsincar

exhausts,modifycar-

engines

Catalystsorheat

reactorsincar

exhausts,modifycar-engines

Lead-freepetroland

modifyengines

nosmoking

Goodvenlaon


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Sourcesandimpactsofsoil

contaminaon

Soilcontamina2onresultsfromtwomajor

causes:

Acidifica2onofsoilthroughairpollu2on Pollu2onofsoilthroughwasteand

wastewaterdisposal


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Acidificaonofsoil

Acidifica2onofsoiloccurswhentheacidityoftherainincreasesduetoairpollu2on.

Ifgaseslikesulphurdioxide(SO),nitrogenoxides(NOX)andammonia(NH3)getintocontactwithwatermolecules,theyformacids.

Whenitrainsinareaswheretheairispollutedwithsulphurdioxideetc.,theseacidsareformedandfalldownasacidicrain.


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Acidificaonofsoil

Theacidspermeatethesoilandmixwiththewaterfromthe:

LakesPondsRiversetc.,

Thischangestheircomposi2onandposesdangertoplantsandanimals.


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Acidificaonofsoil


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Acidificaonofsoil

Acidrainharmsawiderangeofnon-organicmaterialsaswell,including:

Stone Cement Paint Varnish Paperandtex2les.


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Acidificaonofsoil

Themostimportantsourcesofgasesresponsible

foracidifica2onare:

Powerplants Industries Thetransportsector(throughexhaustfumes) Intensiveagriculture.


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Polluonofsoilthroughwaste

disposal


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disposalIndustriesandprivatehouseholdsproduce

wastesuchas:

resi-duesfromindustrialmanufacturing

intensiveagriculture animalandhumanexcreta

dilapidatedconsumergoods worn-outvehiclesandpackagingmaterial


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disposal wastewaterfromkitchens,bathroomsand

industrialplants.

Nearlyeveryar2cleweuseoru2liseturnsintowasteattheendofitslife.

Propertreatmentanddisposalofwasteandwastewaterareessen2altoprotectthesoil

fromcontamina2onandpollu2on.


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disposal Whileorganicwastedecomposesnaturally,

otherformsofwastelikeplas2cwillstay

almostforever.

Heavymetals,radioac2veelementsandotherorganicorinorganicpoisonsaccumulateinthe

soilandenterthefoodchainviaplants,

animalsandwater.


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?Whatarethe

sourcesandimpactsof

groundandsurfacewaterpollu7on?


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Sourcesofsurfacewaterpolluon


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Sourcesofsurfacewaterpolluon

Privatehouseholdsandmanyindustrialprocessesproducewastewaterwhich

formthemajorsourceforsurfaceand

groundwaterpollu2on.

Wastewatercomesinfourdifferentformswhichmustbecollected,treated

andordisposedoftoavoidcontamina2onofourgroundandsurface

waterresources.


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Fourformsofwastewater

Rainand

stormwater

=surfacewateraerrains

Greywater=wastewaterfrombathing,laundryandkitchen

Brownor

blackwater

=wastewaterfromtoilets

Industrial

wastewater

=heavilypollutedwastewater

fromindustrialprocesses


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Impactsofgroundwaterpolluon

Untreatedwastewaterfrom:

Industrialproduc2on

Fer2liser Pes2cidesfromagriculture, Leakageandspillagefromoilandchemical

storagetanks

Leachatefromwastedumpsaswellasmineralsleachedbyacidicrainsetc.


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Impactsofgroundwaterpolluon

Allendupin

Streams Rivers Lakesandgroundwaterreservoirs Finallytheyflowintotheoceanwhere

thepollutantsaffectcoastalandmarineanimalandplantlife.


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Impactsofgroundandsurfacewater

polluon

Figure7:Acidificaonofsurfacewater


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Sourcesandimpactsofnoiseand

radiaon

Whatisthedifferencebetween

soundand

noise?


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radiaon

Soundiscausedbyvibra2onintheair(orsomeothermedium)thatreachestheears

ands2mulatesasensa2onofhearing.

Noisepolluonemergeswhensoundbecomesloudordisagreeable,par2cularly

whenitresultsinphysiologicalor

psychologicalharm.


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radiaon

Originsofassaultedatmospheric(human-

made)noises:

Trafficnoise Powerlawnmowers Jetsflyingoverhead Chainsaws Jackhammersor Disco/dancehall/vehiclemusic


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radiaon Inindustryandproduc2onsectors:

theprocessingofmetalsgrindingcunghammeringareveryloudbutalsoothertypesofmachinesand

engines

fansandblowersaddtothenoisepollu2on.


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radiaon

Theintensity(loudness)ofsoundismeasuredrela2vetoareferencesound

thatissolowthatitisalmostinaudible

tothehumanear.

Rela2veloudnessisexpressednumericallyusingthedecibel(db)scale

oramodifieddecibelscalecalled

decibel-A(dbA)scale.


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radiaon

dbAscaletakesintoaccounthigh-pitchedsoundstowhichthehuman

earismoresensi2ve.

Prolongedexposuretonoiseleadstoalossofhearingability,becausethehaircellsinthecochleaaredamaged.


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THEDECIBLE-ASCALE(dbA)dbA Example Percepon/GeneralEffects

0

10

20

40

50

70

80

90

100

110120

150

Rustlingleaves,breathing

Whisper

Library

Quietneighbourhood

(dayme)

Vacuumcleaner,television

Washingmachine,typicalfactory

Motorcycleat8m

Jetflyoverat300m

Rockband,boomboxheldclosetoearChainsaw

Jetattakeoff

Hearingthreshold

Veryquiet

Veryquiet

Quiet

Quietmoderatelyloud

Moderatelyloud

Veryloud,intrusive

Veryloud;impairedhearing

withprolongedexposure

Veryloud-uncomfortablyloud

UncomfortablyloudUncomfortablyloud-painfully

loud

Painfullyloud-ruptured

eardrum


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radiaon

Prolongedexposuretoloudnoiseresultsinpermanenthearingimpairment.

Otherphysiologicaleffectsofnoiseonthebodyinclude:

IncreasedheartrateCausesdila2oninchildrenCausesmusclecontrac2on.


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radiaon

Prolongedexposuretohighlevelsofnoiseincreasesbloodpressureandcancauseheart

disease

Noisepollu2oncanalsocause:Migraine-DizzinessGastriculcers-HeadachesPsychologicalstress-Nausea


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Ionisingradiaon

Whatis

Ionisingradiaon?


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Ionisingradiaon

Lowlevelradia2onwhichhumansandother

organismsareexposedtofromseveralnatural

sourcessuchas:

cosmicraysfromouterspaceand radioac2veelementsintheearthcrustis

oenreferredtoasionisingradiaon.


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Ionisingradiaon

IntheUSaloneabout8%oftheaverageradia2onpeopleareexposedarefromthese

naturalsources.

Ionisingradiaoncontainsenoughenergytoejectelectronsfromatoms,whichresultsin

theforma2onofposi2velychargedatoms,calledions.


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Ionisingradiaon


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Effectsofionisingradiaon

Oneofthedangerouseffectsofionisingradia2onisthedamageitdoestothegene2c

materialofanorganism.

DNAprovidesablueprintofallcharacteris2csofanorganismanddirectstheac2vityofcells.

Thus,damagetotheDNAisalwaysharmfultotheorganism.


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ChangesinDNAareknownasmutaons.

Whenmuta2onoccursinreproduc2vecells(eggorsperm),theyare

passedontothenext

genera2on.

Figure 10:The impact of radioactive

radiation on human health


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Muta2oncanresultin:birthdefectsmentalretarda2onorgene2cdiseasesetc.

StudieshaveshownthatinBritainin1997,alone100,000maleworkersexposedtooccupa2onalradia2onbeforetheyconceived

childrenhadincreasedincidenceofleukemia

amongtheiroffspring.


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Ifmuta2onsoccurinnon-reproduc2vecellsofthebody,theymayalterthefunc2oningof

thosecells.

Thiscancontributetohealthproblemsduringanindividualslife2me,includinganincreased

likelihoodofcancer.


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Muta2oncanconvertnormalgenesthatcontrolgrowthanddevelopmentofhumans

intooncogenes

Oncogenesaregenesthatcausecancere.g.: Leukaemiaandcancerofthebone Thyroid Skin Lung Breastetc.


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Lowerlevelsofradia2onexposuremaycauseseriousmedicalproblemssuchas:

burnsontheskinanincreasedchanceofdevelopingcataractstemporarymalesterility.

Exposuretoveryhighlevelsofionisingradia2onmayresultindeath.


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?


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Whetherlow-levelionisingradiaonsuchasthataroundnuclearpowerplantscauses

higherincidenceofcancerinpeoplewholive

andworknearbyornotiss2llbeingdiscussed.

Somestudieshaveindicatedincreasedcancerriskfromexposuretolowlevelsofionising

radia2on

Othersareyettoconfirmthesefindings.


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Whatisan

EMF?


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Inves2ga2onsares2llongoingonthepossiblelinksbetweenhealthproblemsandinvisible

electricandmagnecfields(EMFs)inthe

atmosphere.

WearesubjectedtoEMFsbothoutdoors,and Indoors(whenelectricityisusedinthe

householdoratwork-place).


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EMFsareassociatedwith:

Highvoltagetransmissionlines

Mobilephonestransmissions Othertelecommunica2ondevices Electricblankets

Videodisplays Microwaveovensetc.


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Figure 11:Natural and man-made

sources of electric and magnetic fields


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Studiessuggestthatchildrenwholivenearpowerlineshaveanincreasedriskof

leukaemia.

Otherstudiesonpeoplewhodiedfrombraintumoursfoundthatmostofthemhadcareers

inwhichtheyhadreceivedhigher-than-normalexposurestoEMFs


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MostofthemwereTVETworkers:ElectriciansTelephoneworkersElectricEngineersetc. SomelaboratoryresearchindicatesthatexposuretoweakEMFscanalterhuman

cells.


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?


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ThediscussionabouttheharmfuleffectsofEMFsiss2llongoingandcontroversial.

However,healthexpertsstress,thattheriskofcancerfromexposuretoEMFsisverylow

whencomparedtoothercancer-causing

exposures,suchassmoking.


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osha unit 1 lectures modified

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