AC30 Inf. 16 – p. 1

Original language: English AC30 Inf. 16

CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA

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Thirtieth meeting of the Animals Committee Geneva (Switzerland), 16-21 July 2018

STUDY TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF PTERAPOGON KAUDERNI (BANGGAI CARDINALFISH)

This information document has been submitted by the Secretariat at the request of the International Union for Conservation of Nature in relation to agenda item 21*.

* The geographical designations employed in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the

CITES Secretariat (or the United Nations Environment Programme) concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for the contents of the document rests exclusively with its author.

AstudytoassesstheimpactofinternationaltradeontheconservationstatusofPterapogonkauderni(Banggaicardinalfish)

S.Ndobei,I.Yasirii,A.M.Mooreii,M.V.BiondoiiiandS.J.Foster(coordinatingauthor)ivThisstudywasconductedbytheauthorsonbehalfoftheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature(IUCN)v.I.Background....................................................................................................................................................3

II.Informationonthebiologyandpopulationstatusofthespecies..............................................4(i)Range........................................................................................................................................................................4(ii)Lifehistory.............................................................................................................................................................5(iii)Habitatandmicrohabitat................................................................................................................................6(iv)Populationstructure.......................................................................................................................................11(v)Populationstatus–Endemic..........................................................................................................................12(vi)Populationstatus–Introduced...................................................................................................................15(vii)Disease................................................................................................................................................................16

III.Sustainableharvestlevels...................................................................................................................17IV.Trade–inter-island/national,regional..........................................................................................19(i)Sizesintrade........................................................................................................................................................19(ii)Sourcesandvolumes........................................................................................................................................20(iii)Tradefromcultureoperations....................................................................................................................24(iv)Prices....................................................................................................................................................................25

V.Trade–international..............................................................................................................................25(i)CITESandEUdata...............................................................................................................................................26(ii)EUTRAdeControlandExpertSystem(TRACES)....................................................................................27(iii)USLawEnforcementManagementInformationSystem(LEMIS)....................................................28(iv)Stakeholdersurveyandinterviews...........................................................................................................29(v)Additionalinformation....................................................................................................................................31(vi)Summary.............................................................................................................................................................31

VI.Conservationrisksandbenefitsfrominternationaltrade......................................................32VII.ExistingP.kauderniconservationandmanagement................................................................34i.NationalPlanofAction(NPOA)........................................................................................................................34ii.Spatialmanagement-MPA...............................................................................................................................34

iIndependentconsultant;TadulakoUniversity,Palu,CentralSulawesi,IndonesiaiiIndependentconsultants;HasanuddinUniversity,Makassar,SouthSulawesi,IndonesiaiiiIndependentconsultant;UniversityofBern,SwitzerlandivIndependentconsultant;UniversityofBritishColumbia,Canada;IUCNSSCSeahorses,PipefishandSticklebacksSGvRueMauverney28,1196Gland,Switzerland

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iii.Temporalmanagement....................................................................................................................................36VIII.Research,conservationandmanagementconsiderations...................................................36(i)Habitatandmicrohabitat.................................................................................................................................36(ii)Populationstructure........................................................................................................................................36(iii)Populationstatus.............................................................................................................................................37(iv)Sustainableharvest.........................................................................................................................................38(v)Trade–regional/national...............................................................................................................................39(vi)Trade–international......................................................................................................................................40(vii)Existingmanagement....................................................................................................................................40

IX.Conclusionsandsummaryrecommendations.............................................................................42(i)Habitatandmicrohabitat.................................................................................................................................46(ii)Populationstructure........................................................................................................................................46(iii)Populationstatus.............................................................................................................................................46(iv)Sustainableharvest.........................................................................................................................................46(v)Trade–regional.................................................................................................................................................47(vi)Trade–international......................................................................................................................................47(vii)Existingmanagement....................................................................................................................................47

X.Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................................47

AnnexI.ReportedmicrohabitatassociationsofP.kauderni(endemichabitat)....................49AnnexII.FishHealthandQuarantineServicedata...........................................................................51

AnnexIII.Onlinesurvey.............................................................................................................................56

AnnexIV.MPAZonesandassociatedactivities..................................................................................58

References……………………………………………..……………..……………..……………..……………..……………..61

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I.BackgroundPterapogonkauderni(Banggaicardinalfish)isasmallfish,endemictotheBanggaiArchipelagoinIndonesia,whichisinternationallytradedforaquariumdisplay.AdditionaluseswithinIndonesiaincludeasbroodstockforcultureoperations,asresearchspecimens,andforeducationaldisplays.Theirextremelyrestrictedgeographicrange(withanestimatedareaofoccupancybynativepopulationsofapproximately20km2)andspecializedlifehistory(mouthbrooderswithnodispersalphase),combinedwithpressurefrominternationaltrade,haveledtoseverepopulationsdeclines,suchthatthespecieshasbeentwiceproposedforlistinginAppendixIIoftheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpecies(CITES).ThefirstlistingproposalwaspresentedtothefourteenthmeetingoftheConferenceofthePartiestoCITES(CoP14)in2007,andthemostrecentproposalwaspresentedtoCoP17in20161.TheCoP17proposalwaswithdrawn2,withtheCoPinsteadadoptingsixDecisionsonP.kauderniinsupportofimprovingthesustainabilityoftheinternationaltradeinthisspecies.

Decision17.260,directedtotheSecretariat,callsforastudytoassesstheimpactofinternationaltradeontheconservationstatusofPterapogonkauderni(Banggaicardinalfish)andtoadviseonsuitableconservationandmanagementmeasures.ThisstudyservesasinputfortheAnimalsCommittee,whichisdirectedtoformulaterecommendations,asappropriate,pursuanttoDecision17.262.ThestudywillalsosupportIndonesiainimplementingconservationandmanagementmeasurestoensurethesustainabilityofinternationaltradeinP.kauderni,inaccordancewithDecision17.259.

Indonesia’ssubmissionofaninitialprogressreport3tothe29thmeetingoftheCITESAnimalsCommittee(AC29),andsubsequentdiscussionsinaworkinggroup,allowedtheCommitteetodevelopadditionalguidanceforthecontentofthisstudy,whichcanbefoundindocumentAC29Com.104,toensurethatthestudyisnotduplicativeof,butcomplimentaryto,Indonesia’s2017-2018BanggaiCardinalFishNationalPlanofAction(NPOA).

Thisstudyisthereforemostlyfocusedonprovidingnewandup-to-dateinformationtotheSecretariatandAnimalsCommittee,thatiscomplementarytobutnotrepetitiveofthatcontainedinpreviousdocumentssuchastheproposaltoincludeP.kauderniinAppendixIIatCoP171,theFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations(FAO)ExpertPanel’sreviewofthesameproposal5,andIndonesia’sprogressreporttoAC29(AC29Doc25.2anditsAnnex23,andAC29Inf.216).

TheinformationcompiledinthisreportwasprovidedbyanumberofinternationalexpertsonbehalfoftheInternationalUnionforConservationofNature(IUCN),asfollows.Dr.SarahFoster,Ph.D.(independentconsultant,HonoraryResearchAssociateatTheUniversityofBritishColumbia,Canada,andmemberoftheIUCNSSCSeahorse,PipefishandSticklebackSpecialistGroup)actedasthecoordinatingauthor.Dr.SamliokNdobe,M.Si(independentconsultant,TadulakoUniversity,Palu,CentralSulawesi,Indonesia),Dr.InayahYasir,M.Sc.(independentconsultant,HasanuddinUniversity,Makassar,SouthSulawesi,Indonesia)andAbigailM.Moore,M.Sc.(independentconsultant,Ph.DCandidateinFisheriesScience,HasanuddinUniversity)providedallinformationrelatedtothespeciesinIndonesia(SectionsII,III,IVandVI).MonicaV.Biondo,M.Sc.(independentconsultant,UniversityofBern,Switzerland)providedinformationoninternationaltrade(SectionV),withsupportinstudydesignanddataanalysisfromthecoordinatingauthor.AllauthorscontributedtotherecommendationsfoundinSectionsVIIIand

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IX.

Thegeographicaldesignationsemployedinthisdocumentdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheauthors,IUCNortheCITESSecretariatconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,orarea,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.

II.Informationonthebiologyandpopulationstatusofthespecies(i)RangePterapogonkauderniisarareexampleofamarinefishwithanextremelylimitedgeographicrange.ItisfoundonlyinIndonesia,withanativedistribution(hereafterreferredtoasendemicdistributionorrange,forconsistencywiththemajorityofexistingliteratureonthespecies)spreadoverapproximately5000km2(extendingfrom01o24’57.6”to02o05’53.5’’Southandfrom123o0.3’04.2”to124o23’30”East7;Figure1).Withinthisrange,P.kaudernihasbeenfoundaround34outof67islandswithamaximumpotentialavailablehabitatarea(areaofoccupancy)ofapproximately20km2(8).Over90%ofnativeP.kaudernipopulationsarewithintheBanggaiArchipelago,administrativelyBanggaiKepulauanandBanggaiLautDistrictsinCentralSulawesiProvince,Indonesia.TheremainingnativeP.kaudernipopulationsareinTaliabuIslandDistrict,NorthMalukuProvince.

Figure1.Banggaicardinalfish(Pterapogonkauderni)endemic(native)distributionaccordingtoVagelli7(dotted lines indicate the external boundaries of the endemic range of ≈ 5000 km2, within which potential P. kauderni habitat extent ≈ 20-24 km2 around 34 of the islands in the relatively shallow sea areas shaded in grey),andknown(published)introducedpopulations(stars)intheBanggaiArchipelago(Lumbi-Lumbia,Bakalan9,Paisuluno10);CentralSulawesi(Luwuk11,12,PaluBay13,14);NorthSulawesi(LembehStrait7,15);SoutheastSulawesi(Kendari16)andNorthBali17(Gilimanuk,possibleothersites),andMaluku(Ambon18).

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Inadditiontothenativepopulations,agrowingnumberofintroducedP.kaudernipopulationshavebecomeestablishedoverthepast20yearsalongornamentalfishingtraderouteswithinIndonesia,mostlyduetopurposiveoraccidentalreleasebytraders(Figure1).IntroducedpopulationsitesreportedinthescientificliteratureincludeLembehStrait15,19andTumbak20inNorthSulawesi;Luwukharbour11,12,14,21;LuwukKilo522,MamboroandKadongoinPaluBay14,23inCentralSulawesi;Kendari16inSoutheastSulawesi;andNorthBali17.Inaddition,tradersareknowntohavereleasedP.kauderniinatleastthreesitesintheBanggaiArchipelagobutoutsidetheP.kauderniendemicdistribution(Lumbi-LumbiaandPulauBakalan24,25;Paisuluno10).Around10,000individualsofP.kauderniarereportedtohavebeenreleasedinAmbon,MalukuProvince,bytheMMAFAmbonMaricultureCentreduring201718.Anecdotalinformationindicatesthattheremaybefurtherintroducedpopulationsites,e.g.intheParigiareaofTominiBay(Ansarudin,trader,pers.comm.toA.Moore,July2017)aswellasJavaandSumatra(A.Green,TheNatureConservancy,pers.comm.toM.Beger,LeedsUniversity,February2018).(ii)LifehistoryPterapogonkauderniisapaternalmouthbrooderlikethemajorityofcardinalfishes,howeveritisunusualinhavingdirectdevelopment26,27.Themaleparentbroodstheclutchandthenthefreeembryos,untiltheyolksachasbeennearlyorcompletelyabsorbed.Releasedoffspringsettleimmediatelyanddonotgothroughapelagicdispersalphase.AftersettlementP.kauderniexhibitsexceptionallyhighsitefidelitythroughoutitslife28.KeyP.kaudernilifehistoryparametersshowthat,foramarinefish,thisspeciesisrelativelyshort-lived,haslowfecundity,andissubjecttoahighlevelofexploitation(Table1).Furthermore,thefecundityandoverallproductivityofP.kauderniisdensitydependent29.Whilelowdensitiescanreduceoverallproduction29,reproductivesuccessintermsofpost-releasesurvivalseemstocorrelatenegativelywithadultP.kaudernidensity,mostlikelyrelatedtocannibalism14,30.

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Table1.Pterapogonkaudernilifehistoryparameters(basedonNdobeetal2013a,unlessotherwiseindicated).Parameter Units/Remarksb ValueAgeatfirstmaturity monthsoryears <1yearAsymptoticlength(L

∞) SLandTL 71mmSL/107mmTL

Lengthatfirstmaturity(Lm) SL ≈40mm

Growthpattern W(g)=a·SL(cm)b Allometricnegative,b≈2.15Growthinlength SL,incm Lt=7.1·(1–exp–(0.74(t+0.11)))Growthinweight Wingrams Wt=12.2·(1–exp–(0.74(t+0.11)))2.15Fertility eggs(ineggmass) mean:59(observedrange20-102)Effectivefecundity eggsbrooded mean:59(observedrange45-99)Sexratio Male:Female ≈1:1c,tendencytowardsmalebias(>1:1)

Breedingpattern Seasonality Yearround,peakSeptember-November

Breedingcycle Lunarcycle Majorpeakfullmoon,secondaryatnewmoonc

VBGFparameter:K years-1 0.74Growthperformanceø’ non-dimensionalvalue 1.928Longevityt

max years 3-5years

Minimumpopulationdoublingtime years 1.4–4.4d

NaturalMortalityM basedonwaterT°28ºC 2.2TotalMortalityZ basedonL/Fdata 4.4FishingMortalityF F=Z-M 2.2ExploitationRateE=F/Z range0-1,ideally<0.4 0.5MaximumlengthLmax SLandTL 66mmSL/86mmTLaNdobeS,Soemarno,HerawatiEY,SetyohadiD,MooreA,PalomaresMLD,PaulyD(2013)LifeHistoryofBanggaiCardinalfish,PterapogonKauderni(Actinopterygii:Perciformes:Apogonidae),fromBanggaiIslandsandPaluBay,Sulawesi,Indonesia.ActaIchthyologicaetPiscatoria,43(3):237–50.bSL=standardlength,TL=totallengthcSeealsoVagelliAA,VolpedoAV(2004)ReproductiveecologyofPterapogonkauderni,anendemicapogonidfromIndonesiawithdirectdevelopment.EnvironmentalBiologyofFishes,70:235–45.dFroeseR,PaulyD(Editors)(2018)FishBase.WorldWideWebelectronicpublication(www.fishbase.org,02/2018)https://www.fishbase.de/summary/Pterapogon-kauderni.html[accessed6June2018](iii)HabitatandmicrohabitatPterapogonkaudernihabitatislimitedtoshallow(0-5m,mostlylessthan3m,depth)coastalwatersincludingcoralreefsandreefflats,seagrassmeadowsandlagoons,whereitlivesassociatedwithprotectivemicrohabitat,especiallyseaurchins,seaanemonesandhardcorals7,11,14,16,20,31,32,.Theextentofsuitablehabitatwithinitsendemicrangeislimited;themostrecentestimateof20km2madein20158isasubstantialreductiononaninitialestimateof34km2madein200533.WhilemanytaxahavebeenreportedasP.kaudernimicrohabitat(AnnexI),themajorityofP.kauderniareassociatedwiththemicrohabitatprovidedbyoneofthreemaintaxonomicgroups:seaurchinsofthegenusDiadema,seaanemones,andscleractiniancorals.Datacollectedin2017/2018showsP.kauderniassociatedwithatleasttwospeciesofthegenusDiadema:D.setosumandD.savignyi34,35.Publishedliteraturepriorto2017,however,refersonlytoD.setosum7,11or,moreconservatively,Diademasp.(e.g.20,31,32,36).SeveralstudiesreportstatisticallysignificantdifferencesinmicrohabitatassociationamongdifferentP.kauderniage/sizeclasses,indicatinganontogeneticshiftinmicrohabitat

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selection31,32,24,37.WhilenewP.kaudernirecruitsandsmalljuvenilesarecommonlyfoundinseaanemones,theyarerarelyobservedincoral(otherthantheanemone-likeHeliofungiasp.),andvice-versa.Allage/sizeclassesassociatewithDiademaurchins.Pterapogonkaudernipopulationabundanceandagestructure(parametersindicativeofreproductivesuccess)appeartobestronglycorrelatedwiththeabundanceofkeymicrohabitat,seaanemonesandDiademaseaurchinsinparticular7,16,14,20,24,30,32,36.HumanactivitiesareexertingheavypressureontheshallowcoastalecosystemsinwhichP.kaudernipopulationsarefound,throughavarietyofdirectandindirectanthropogenicimpacts.Theseincludedestructivefishingpractices(useofexplosives,crowbars,etc)7,10,24,34,35,38,39,40,coralmining7,24,38,overfishing(fishandinvertebrates)10,24,34,35,38,40,41,pollution10,24,39,sedimentation10,24,39,34,coastaldevelopmentandseafilling/landreclamation10,24,andcoralbleaching34,40.Reportedthreatstohabitatatanecosystemlevelhavechangedlittleoverthepasttwo-threedecades,althoughtherehavebeenshiftsinspatialdistributionand/orseverity.Dataonhabitattypologyandconditionat16P.kauderninativepopulationsitessurveyedin2011/2012andagainin2017/2018arepresentedinTable2.The2017/2018dataareunpublished,andwerecollectedbyscientistsfromHasanuddinandTadulakoUniversitiesusingbelttransectandswimsurveymethods.Theresearchersnotedadeclineintheconditionofoverallhabitatatfiveofthe16sites,stableconditionsatfoursites,somerecoveryinjusttwosites,andnodataontrendswereavailableforafurtherfivesites(Table2).Exploitationlevelsofseaanemonesandseaurchinshaveincreasedsharplyoverthepastdecade,resultinginsharpdeclinesinabundance8,10,16,31,32,34.Thesespeciesaremostlyexploitedforhumanconsumption,thoughurchinsarealsousedasfeedforcarnivorousfishgrow-outoperations.DataonP.kaudernimicrohabitatdensityandstatusin2011/2012andtrendsthrough2018across19sitesareshowninTable3,andqualitativedataonP.kaudernimicrohabitatabundance(2004-2018)atnineofthesesitesareshowninTable4.Thegeneralconditionofhabitatatthe19sitesrangedfromgood(onesite)toseverelydegraded(threesites).Microhabitatdensitieswerenotedtohavedeclinedineightsites,increasedintwosites,remainedthesameinonesite,andtherewerenodataontrendsavailableforafurthereightsites(sevenwerenotsampledagainafter2012,andforonesitetheexactareasampleddifferedbetweenperiodssuchthatdatawerenotcomparable)(Table3).

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Table2.DataonthetypologyandconditionofPterapogonkaudernihabitatat16sitesacrosstheBanggaiArchipelago,Indonesia,in2011/2012aandnotesonhabitatconditiontrendswhensiteswerere-visitedin2017/2018(newdata,seetext).

SurveySite Ecosystemb Conditionc

No. Name Geography Maintype Extent

2011/2012 2017/2018State Trend Trend

1Popisi1

bay protectedRF

stable poor-average signsofdegradation decline

Popisi2 CR2 BoneBaru bay semi-open RF reduced average declined decline3 Paisulimukon strait semi-open CR stable average improving nodata4 TinakinLaut strait protected RF reduced poor decline stable5 Monsongan bay semi-open CR reduced average stable decline

6 P.BandangBesar&Kecil

smallislands/strait semi-open CR - poortogood signsof

degradation nodata

7 Tolokibit bay protected RF&SG reduced poor-average decline decline8 Matanga bay semi-open SG reduced poor-average nodata nodata9 Toropot bay/lagoon protected SG reduced poor-average decline stable

10 Kombongan1&2 bay protected RF unclear poor-good signsof

degradation stable

11 TanjungNggasuang lagoon protected SG greatly

reducedseverelydegraded sharpdecline some

recovery

12 Mbuang-Mbuang bay semi-open RF reduced poor signsof

degradationsome

recovery13 Toado shoal protected MG - good nodata stable

14BoneBone1 coast semi-open SG

unclearpoor-average signsof

degradation nodataBoneBone2 bay semi-open RF poor

15 Tolobundu smallisland semi-open RF reduced severelydegraded nodata nodata

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Liangjettybay

protected CR stable poor decline declineLiangBajo protected SG stable poor nodata decline

LiangIsland smallisland semi-open RF&SG reduced severelydegraded decline decline

aNdobeS,MooreA,SalanggonAIM,Muslihuddin,SetyohadiD,HerawatiEY,Soemarno(2013).PengelolaanBanggaicardinalfish(Pterapogonkauderni)melaluikonsepEcosystem-BasedApproach.MarineFisheries,4(2):115–26bMaintype:CR=coralreef;SG=seagrassbeds;RF=reefflat;MG=mangrove(Rhizophorasp.),habitatamongproproots.cTrendfor2011/2012iscomparedtoobservationsbeforethisperiod,forsomesitesasearlyas2004,andfor2017/2018iscomparedto2011/2012.dOverallconditiondeclining,almosttotaldestructionofonepatchreef,butsignificant(albeitstillpartial)recoverywithinthecommunityMPA.

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Table3.DataonPterapogonmicrohabitat(Diademaurchinsandallspeciesofanemones)at16sitesacrosstheBanggaiArchipelago,Indonesiain2011/2012aandtrendsindensityfrom2012-2018.

SurveySite Density(individuals/m2)Trend

2012-2018No. NameBeltTransect SwimSurvey

Diadema Anemones Diadema Anemones1 Popisi - - 0.180 0.002 slightdeclinec

2 BoneBaru 4.123 0.010 0.072 0.008 sharpdeclineb

3 Paisulimukon - - 0.348 0.002 nodata

4 TinakinLaut 2.558 0.020 - 0.002 declinec

5 Monsongan - 0.005 - - sharpdeclinec

6P.BandangBesar - - 0.508 0.018 nodata

P.BandangKecil 0.435 0.020 - - nodata

7 Tolokibit 0.175 0.023 - - sharpdeclineb

8 Matanga 0.245 0.105 - - nodata

9 Toropot 1.418 0.005 - - slightincreasec

10 Kombongan 3.260 0.018 0.490 0.004 slightdeclinec

11 TanjungNggasuang 0.318 0.080 - - signsofrecoveryc

12 Mbuang-Mbuang 4.360 0.007 - - declineinDiademac

13 Toado - - 0.000 0.009 unknownd

14 BoneBone 4.280 - - - nodata

15 Tolobundu - - 0.018 0.004 nodata

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Liangjetty - - 0.122 0.000 declineb,c

LiangBajo - - 0.218 0.002 declineb,c

LiangIsland - - 0.002 0.000 nodataaNdobeS,MooreA,SalanggonAIM,Muslihuddin,SetyohadiD,HerawatiEY,Soemarno(2013)PengelolaanBanggaicardinalfish(Pterapogonkauderni)melaluikonsepEcosystem-BasedApproach.MarineFisheries,4(2):115–26bNdobeS,MooreAM,JompaJ(2103)StatusofandthreatstomicrohabitatsoftheendangeredendemicBanggaiCardinalfish(Pterapogonkauderni).CoastalandOceanJournal,1(2):73–82cTrendsbasedondatacollectedin2017/2018byA.Moore,unpublisheddata.dCoordinatesofsitesurveyedweredifferent.

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Table4.QualitativedataonPterapogonkaudernimicrohabitatabundanceatninesitesintheBanggaiArchipelago,Indonesia,acrossthreetimeperiodsfrom2004-2018(DD=Diademaspp.;AN=seaanemones,allspecies)a.

Site 2004/2006 2011/2012 2017-2018

BoneBaru

• ANfairlyabundantonreefflatandinseagrassbeds• DD:mainlyassociatedwithcoralsallaroundthebay,

movingtoseagrassbedsinpoorweather

• DDandANstillquitenumerous• Reduceddistributionarea,partlyduetocoral

mining

• DDgreatlyreduced,higherproportionofjuveniles

• ANreducedbyatleast50%TinakinLaut

• DDandANabundantaroundandbetweenthesmall

islands• DDabundantaroundandunderstilthouses

• DDpatchy,lessabundant• ANgreatlyreducedsince2004,butmorethanin

2007(almost100%collectedforconsumptionin2007)

• DDmostlyjuveniles,fewlargeadults,mostlyaroundhouses

• AN:stillveryfew

Monsongan • ANveryabundant• DDabundantamongcorals,groupsofmanyhundredsof

individuals,mostlyadultsize

• AN:drasticreduction,only2individualsin4transects(400m2)

• DDinsmallgroupsandfurtherapart

• AN:stillfew,butmorethan2012• DDabsentfromextensiveareas,high

proportionofjuvenilesTolokibit • AN:relativelyfew

• DDextremelyabundant,incorals,seagrass,andrubbleareasdamagedbyabalonecollection

• DDandAN:drasticreduction,seaurchinsdominatedbythegenusEchinothrix

• AN:rarebutpresent• DD:somerecoveryin2017butveryfewin

2018

Matanga • AN:extremelyabundantinfringingreef,includingrubbleareasdamagedbyabalonecollection

• DD:abundantbutmainlyinseagrass

• AN:stillabundantbutfarfewer;declinepossiblymitigatedbyincreaseinHeliofungiaactiniformis

• DDfarlessabundant

• Nodata,butinKapela(samebay)somerecoveryinareanowprotectedbythecommunity

Toropot • AN:abundant• DD:extremelyabundantinlagoon

• ANandDD:drasticdecline,absentfromextensiveareasofthelagoon

• AN:slightrecovery• DD:manymorethanin2012butstill<5%

comparedto2004TanjungNggasuang • ANabundant

• DDextremelyabundantinlagoon,andabundantinfringingreef

• DDandANabsentfromextensiveareasofthelagoon

• Severedamagetofringingreef

• AN:slightrecovery,stillfew• DD(andcorals)moreabundantthanin

2012LiangjettyandbaytoBajovillage

• ANandDDabundantamongtheremainsoftheoldjetty(destroyedbyearthquakein2000)

• DDextremelyabundantinthebayasawhole

• AN:absentnearjetty,fewelsewhere• DD:sharpdecline,fewadultsizedurchins• Oldjettydisintegrated,newjettyalreadycollapsing

• AN:present,butrare• DD:evenfewerthanin2012,veryfew

adulturchins• Newjettyfurthercollapsed

LiangIsland • Sourceofcoralsforrebuildingsincetheearthquakein2000

• DDandANstillpresentbutveryfew,oneanemonehostingonlyremaininggroupofP.kauderni(11fish)

• Continueddegradationduetoongoinguseassourceofmaterials

• AN:nonefound• DD:1urchinfound• Intensivesearch:noP.kauderni(extirpated

population)

• Notsurveyedin2017/2018butinformedthatcoralminingisreduced

• DesignatedasrehabilitationzoneinBanggaiDalakaMPA(section2.2.2)

aDatafor2004-2012:NdobeS,MooreA,SalanggonAIM,Muslihuddin,SetyohadiD,HerawatiEY,Soemarno(2013)PengelolaanBanggaicardinalfish(Pterapogonkauderni)melaluikonsepEcosystem-BasedApproach.MarineFisheries,4(2):115–26;datafor2017-2018A.Moore,unpublisheddata.

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(iv)PopulationstructureThelifehistorytraitsofP.kauderni(mouthbrooder,nopelagicdispersal,highsitefidelityatalllifestages,seeSectionII.ii)resultinlowdispersalandthuslowconnectivity,withatleasttwoconsequences.First,thespeciesisespeciallyvulnerabletolocalextinction(extirpation),whichisknowntohaveoccurredsincetheearly2000'sinatleasttwosites7,32.Second,ahighpotentialforreproductiveisolationleadstolittleornogeneflowbetweenpopulations.Studiesrevealfine-scalegeneticpopulationstructureinP.kauderniattheleveloftheBanggaiArchipelago19,42,43,andevenindividualislands12,19,21.PopulationstructureinP.kaudernihasbeenstudiedbasedonanalysisofthemitochondrialcontrolregion42andonasetofpolymorphicmicrosatellitesdevelopedin200444.Together,thesestudiesindicateaminimumof21geneticallydistinctpopulations35,someseparatedbyaslittleas2-5km12,19,21(Figure2).Geneticdiversityisaccompaniedbyphenotypicdiversity(morphometric45and/orcolourpattern7)insomepopulations.TherearemanysitesintheBanggaiArchipelagoforwhichnogeneticdataexist,butexistingdatasuggestthateverysmallislandandeachbay(orstretchofcoastdelimitedbyareaswithoutsuitableP.kaudernihabitat)onlargerislandscouldbetreatedasseparateEvolutionarilySignificantUnits(ESUs)forthepurposesofP.kauderniconservationandmanagement–atleastuntilinformationgapsarefilled.

Figure2.InferredBanggaicardinalfish(Pterapogonkauderni)stocksbasedonexistinggenetic(mtDNA&microsatellite)data(adaptedfromMooreetal.35,compiledfromseveralstudies12,19,21,42).

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(v)Populationstatus–EndemicTheoverallstatusofP.kauderniwithinitsendemicrangeisoneofconservationconcern;thespeciesislistedasEndangeredontheIUCNRedListofThreatedSpecies(assessedin2007)46,andislistedontheUSEndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA,addedin2016)47.Allsurveyssince2000havereporteddecliningtrendsinnativeP.kaudernipopulationsatamajorityofsitessurveyed(estimatedtotalpopulationdeclinesrangefrom36to90%),andtherehasbeenextirpationofseveralpopulations(asmanyassix;thisinformationispresentedinCoP17Prop461).Althoughthereislittledoubtthatthetotalnativepopulationhasdeclinedsubstantiallysincethelate1990'sandeventhelate2000's7,8,14,thereissomedoubtaboutthetotalnativepopulationfigureatanyperiodintime,duetothewayinwhichestimateshavebeencalculated.Estimatestodatehavebeenbasedonmultiplyinganaveragedensitybyatotalhabitatarea,andthusaredependentontheassumptionsmadeincalculatingbothdensitiesandtotalhabitatarea.Forexample,thelatterhasbeenrevisedseveraltimesfromaround34km2(33)toaround20km2(8).Thesemethodshaveproducedestimatesrangingfromamaximumof2.4millionfish11tothemostrecentestimateofaround1.4millionfish8.Withinitsendemicrange,thestatusofvariousknownorinferredESU’svariesgreatly,fromsiteswithhighdensitiestositesnownearlyvoidoffish.Themostrecentwide-rangingsurvey–carriedoutin2017undertheNPOA(Table5,seealsomapinAnnex1ofAC29Doc25.23)–suggestsover-exploitedconditionsinseveralsites.Thesurveycovered24sitesproposedaspermanentmonitoringsitesbytheIndonesianMinistryformarineAffairsandFisheries(MMAF)andtheIndonesianInstituteofScience(LIPI),andincludedcountsofkeyP.kaudernimicrohabitats.Thesurveytookplaceaboutaweekafterthepeakspawning(fullmoon)period,duringthepeakreproductiveseason(inOctober)14,whichaccountsforthehighnumberof(mostlyrecent)recruitsatmostsites.

13

Table5.PterapogonkaudernicountsanddensityfromtheT0surveycarriedoutinOctober2017at24sitesacrosstheBanggaiArchipelago,Indonesiaa.

Surveysite Densityin(600m2)

transectarea(fish/m2)

P.kauderniandkeymicrohabitatrecordedinT0transects(numberofindividuals)

No. ApproximateCoordinates Name Total Recruits

(<18mmSL)Juveniles

(18-35mmSL)Adults

(>35mmSL)Sea

urchinsSea

anemones

1 0204'52.4"S12354'28.7"E

Toado1 2.60 1558 359 646 553 1 9Toado2 5.21 3123 838 1558 727 11 18

2 0204'37.5'S12352'19.7"E

Melilis1 0.59 353 202 114 37 294 4Melillis2 0.51 303 124 83 96 187 0

3 0204'19.0"S12352'10.4"E

MbuangMbuang1 0.67 401 258 98 45 199 0MbuangMbuang2 0.27 159 104 18 37 100 0

4 0159'51.9"S12350'32.8"E

Mandel1 0.09 51 25 0 26 706 2Mandel2 0.05 28 20 0 8 200 0

5 0200'41.6"S12346'22.0"E

Tj.Nggasuang1 1.59 953 521 203 229 796 0Tj.Nggasuang2 0.61 367 172 81 114 464 0

6 0155'31.9"S12342'28.7"E

Minanga1 1.95 1167 640 355 172 0 5Minanga2 3.28 1965 821 419 725 4 13

7 0152'47.4"S12341'23.0"E

Kombongan1 0.38 229 103 51 75 36 6Kombongan2 0.43 255 41 88 126 21 4

8 0156'33.6"S12338'03.5"E

Toropot1 2.56 1534 761 470 303 277 2Toropot2 4.13 2475 1189 765 521 1164 0

9 1.53944˚S,123.48197˚E Bongo 3.48 2089 733 911 445 422 23

10 1.71474˚S,123.57911˚E Kapela 0.67 404 86 69 249 72 3

11 1.71639˚S,123.53017˚E Tolokibit 0.49 296 165 41 90 505 1

12 1.63711˚S,123.48248˚E Monsongan 0.37 222 126 45 51 181 3

13 1.60268˚S,123.48826˚E TinakinLaut 1.13 675 293 149 233 771 2

14 1.49923˚S,123.51510˚E Popisi 2.51 1503 141 468 894 155 11

15 1.53193˚S,123.49397˚E BoneBaru 8.27 4961 1265 2532 1164 351 24

14

Surveysite Densityin(600m2)

transectarea(fish/m2)

P.kauderniandkeymicrohabitatrecordedinT0transects(numberofindividuals)

No. ApproximateCoordinates Name Total Recruits

(<18mmSL)Juveniles

(18-35mmSL)Adults

(>35mmSL)Sea

urchinsSea

anemones

16 1..49330˚S,123.51348˚E Asasal 2.18 1308 187 426 695 579 3

17 1.88531˚S,123.10294˚E BoneBone 1.69 1013 200 656 157 2035 0

18 1.77019˚S,123.10045˚E Dungkean 0.51 304 94 92 118 391 1

19 1.78366˚S,123.26972˚E Bontosi 0.80 478 2 273 203 113 3

20 01.27281˚S,123.21318˚E Paisulunob 0.38 228 8 121 99 228 0

21 1.48968˚S,122.82118˚E Lumbi-Lumbiac 1.93 1159 444 266 449 1133 0

22 1.55329˚S,123.24296˚E Liang 0.09 53 28 11 14 2 1

23 1.52276˚S,123.40159˚E Bobu 0.22 131 21 27 83 888 2

24 1.73814˚S,123.33696˚E Lipulalongo 0.15 90 10 20 60 16 0

aThesurveydatawerecollectedfromaminimumofsixbelttransects(20x5m)ateachsite.Forsites1-8,twosetsofsixtransects(12intotal)wereplacedinlocationswithP.kaudernimicrohabitat,whereP.kauderniwasknowntobeortohavebeenpresent.Transectplacementforsites9-24isnotknown(seeSectionVIII.iii).Sites1-8weresurveyedbyateamfromTadulakoUniversity(UNTAD),HasanuddinUniversity(UNHAS),PaluFisheriesandMarineScienceCollege(STPL-Palu),andtheCentralSulawesiMarineandFisheriesService(DislutkanSulteng).Sites9-24weresurveyedbyteamsfromtheIndonesianInstituteofScience(LIPI),MMAFtechnicalagencies(theLuwuk-BanggaiFishHealthandQuarantineStation(BKIPMKelasIILuwuk-Banggai)andthePaluBranchoftheMakassarCoastalandMarineResourcesManagementAgency(BPSPLMakassarSatkerPalu)),thenationalNGOLINIandlocalNGOKali.bThisismostprobablyanintroducedpopulation,situatedoutsidetheendemicrangeaccordingto:VagelliAA(2011)TheBanggaiCardinalfish:NaturalHistory,Conservation,andCultureofPterapogonkauderni.FirstEdition.Chichester,UK:JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.219p.cTherearestrongindications(includinganecdotalevidencefromfishermenwhoreleasedP.kauderniatthissite)thatthisisanintroducedpopulation,situatedoutsidetheendemicrangeaccordingtoVagelli(2011),referenceinb.

15

TheT0surveysprovidedevidenceofoverfishingatseveralsites.SomesiteswithloworverylowP.kaudernidensitiesalsohadaverylowproportionofjuvenilefish–thecohortofmarketablesizes–suggestingthelowdensitiesaretheresultofcollectionpressure(seesite3–MbuangMbuang2;site4–Mandel1and2inTable5).Alsolikelytheresultofcollectionpressure,theratioofjuvenilestoadultsat14outof24siteswaslowcomparedtopreviouspopulationage-sizestructuredatathatindicatedjuveniletoadultratiosbetween1:1and2:114,20,32(similartothoseattheapparentlyunfishedsitesofToadoandMinangaduringtheT0survey).Furthermore,themajorityofjuvenilesobservedatsitesintheBokanIslands(sites1-8)werebelow25mmSL,whilethemarketablecohortsizerange(≈25-35mmSL)wasvisiblydepletedwiththeexceptionsofToado(site1)andMinanga(site6).The2017surveyisreferredtoastheT0orbaselinesurvey;itisthe“baseline”forthepurposesofmonitoringtheeffectofnewlyproposedP.kauderniconservationandmanagementactivities(seeSectionVII),andnota“baseline”forevaluatingpopulationstatus.Manyofthesitessurveyedhavedensitiesthatarewellbelowhistoricdensities,andthusbelowwhatmightbeappropriatetargetsforrebuilding.UnfortunatelyitischallengingtocomparetheT0surveyresultstosomepreviouspopulationsurveysduetouncertaintyaboutsurveylocationsanddifferencesinthemethodsused.Forexample,themostrecentcomprehensivepopulationsurveypriortotheT0survey,carriedoutin2015,covered43sites8–butthecontributingauthorsstruggledtocomparethoseresultstotheT0resultsduetouncertaintyaboutsomesurveylocationsinbothcases,aswellasthedifferencesinsurveymethods,dataanalysisanddatapresentation.(vi)Populationstatus–IntroducedTheT0surveysdidnotincludeintroducedP.kaudernipopulations,andsodataonP.kaudernidensitiesarenotyetavailableforthesesites.BriefinformationontheexploitationandstatusofeachisgiveninTable6(seeFigure1forsitelocations).Themajorityofthesepopulationswereestablishedafterornamentalfishtradersreleasedfishthatappeareddamagedand/orunlikelytosurvivefurthertravel,releasedfishthatremainedunsold,orreleasedthemwiththedeliberateintentionofformingintroducedpopulationsinordertoexploitthem(particularlytofulfilsmallerordersneartheirhomes).Thesepopulationsarethustrueintroductions,definedintheIUCNGuidelinesforReintroductionsandOtherConservationTranslocations48as“theintentionalmovementandreleaseofanorganismoutsideitsindigenousrange”.Atmanyofthesesites,populationabundanceandagestructurecanbeexpectedtovaryovershorttimeperiods,asindividualsareremovedforaquariumtradeandotheruses(broodstock,research,display),andaddedthroughreleaseactivities.TheseactivitiesarenotcurrentlyregulatedoutsideanewP.kaudernifisheryclosureduringtwotimeperiodsinthreedistricts(BanggaiLaut,BanggaiKepulauan,Banggai),whichincludestheLuwukintroducedpopulationsandthosewithintheBanggaiArchipelago(Lumbi-Lumbia,BakalanandPaisuluno)–seeSectionVII.iiiforregulationdetails.

16

Table6.NotesonthestatusofintroducedPterapogonkaudernipopulationsacrossIndonesia.Introducedpopulation Estimateddateof

establishment StatusNo. Name/Location1 LembehStrait,

NorthSulawesiPriorto200115 Possiblyexploited,expanding7.

2 TumbakNorthSulawesi

Between1998and200320

Exploited–rate/statusunknown.

3 LuwukharbourCentralSulawesi

2000orearlier11 Socialsurveyandgeneticanalysisdatabothpointtointroducedorigin49.Abundant,nosignofexpansion.

4 LuwukKilo5CentralSulawesi

2017 Increasing.Fishreleasedasjuvenilesinearly2017,andagainin2017.Substantialnumbersofsub-adultsseemedwellestablishedinOctober2017butnotyetfullymatureorbreeding22.

5 PaluBayCentralSulawesi

2005 Twopopulationsknowntohavebecomeestablished:MamboroandKadongo50.Exploited(ornamentalfishery,research,promotion/expositions).Repeatmonitoringrevealedrecenthabitatdegradationatbothsites,especiallysevereatKadongo.

6 ParigiCentralSulawesi

early2000's51 Exploited–rate/statusnotknown.

7 KendariSoutheastSulawesi

probablylate2000's,ongoingin

201116

Exploited–rate/statusunknown.

8 SitesinNorthBali(includingGilimanuk)

unknown Exploited17.

9 Lumbi-LumbiaPelengIslandBanggaiKepulauanDistrict

unknown52thoughttobepost

2004

In2013,populationstillconcentratedaroundreleasesiteandfewinnumber.Surveyedin2017(Table5).Exploitation–nodata.

10 BakalanIslandBanggaiKepulauanDistrict

unknownthoughttobepost

2004

In2016,populationhadspreadaround100mfromthereleasesite,stillfewinnumber,coralandanemonemicrohabitataffectedbybleaching40.Exploitation–nodata.

(vii)DiseaseWildP.kauderniindividualsareknowncarriersofinternalparasites,ectoparasitesandpathogens–particularlyVibrioalginolyticus;whereasaniridovirusnotpresentinwildfishhasbeendocumentedtocausesignificantmortalityoncefishenterthesupplychain.Precautionarymeasuresareneededtominimizerisksofdiseaseincaptivepopulations,andtopreventtransferfromcaptivetowildpopulations,orbetweenwildpopulations.InternalparasitesfoundinP.kaudernispecimensincludetrematodesandnematodes(digestivesystem);incystedisopods(externalstomachwall,internalbodywall);pleurocercoidcestodelarvae;andunidentifiedparasiteeggs7.Macroscopicexternalparasitesseemrelativelyrare,howeveracymothidisopodhasbeenreported7.Smallerpotentiallypathogenicectoparasitesofthefollowinggeneraarereportedfromroutineinspectionofwild-caughtfishbeingtradedfromtheBanggaiArchipelago:Chilodonella,Trichodina,Amyloodinium,Vorticella,Zoothamnium,andIchthyopthirius,withahigherfrequencyandseverityofinfestationduringtherainyseason53.Mortalityduetoinfestationwithoneormoreoftheseparasiteshasoccurredinholdingcages

17

andtanks;theseoutbreaksarethoughttoberelatedtotheloweredresistanceoffishunderstressfulconditions,suchaspoorwaterqualityornutrition53.PathogenswhichcanaffectP.kauderniincludebacteriaofthegenusVibrio54,55,whichcancausesymptomsincludingsubcutaneoushaemorrhage,finerosion,ulceratedwounds,abnormallyprotrudingeyes,anddeath.Wild-caughtfishcollected(live)fromfishers(BanggaiArchipelago),amiddleman(Luwuk),andexporters(Bali,Jakarta,Manado)weretestedforparasites,pathogenicbacteria,viruses,andfungi55.Noectoparasitesorfungalinfectionswerefound.Thefollowingbacteriawereidentifiedinthefishcollectedfromfishermen:Alcaligenesfaecalis,Micrococcusluteus,Acinetobacterspp.,Plesiomonasshigelloides,Yersiniaenterocolitica,andV.alginolyticus,althoughcompositionandprevalencevariedbetweencollectingsites.Ofthese,V.alginolyticusandP.shigelloideswereprevalentatthemiddleman'sfacility.TheseresultsindicatethatVibriosp.,omnipresentintheenvironment,havethepotentialtobecomeamajorproblemintheP.kaudernitradechain.AniridoviruscausingsignificantmortalityintheP.kaudernitradechain(calledtheBanggaicardinalfishiridovirusorBCIV)wasidentifiedasavirusofthegenusMegalocytivirus,familyIridoviridae56.Todate,thisvirushasnotbeenfoundinwildfish,thoughithasbeenidentifiedatalllevelsoftradefrommiddlementoIndonesianexporterfacilities55,andoverseasfromimportersthroughtoconsumers7,39.Itisthoughtlikelythatthevirusoriginatedinacaptiveenvironment,possiblythroughtransmissionfromotherspeciesfollowedbymutationtoadapttothenewhost,andthatitsemergencemayberelatedto(poor)environmentalconditionsandotherstressfactors7,39,55.III.SustainableharvestlevelsThereisempiricalevidencethatP.kaudernicanbeharvestedsustainablyundertherightconditions.Forexample,thehighestpopulationdensityduringasurveyin2004wasrecordedatasitewherecollectionhadbeencarriedoutforsomeyears,withabetween-siterotationperiodofapproximately3months20,57(thedensityexceededthatrecordedattheMonsonganpearlfarm,asitesuggestedasabaseline7).Thereare,however,atleasttwocaveats.Firstly,thathabitatconditionandmicrohabitatabundanceareconducivetoreproductivesuccess;andsecondly,thatharvestpatternsareconducivetoregularreplenishmentofthetargetsize/life-stage.VariouswaystoachievetheseconditionsareexploredinthissectionandSectionVIII.AstudyonP.kaudernilifehistorypublishedin201314includedananalysisofpopulationdynamicsusingtheFISATII58software.Dataspanningtheperiod2004-2012wereusedtocalculateanapproximateexploitationrateofE=0.5(Table1).BasedonguidelinesintheFAOfishstockassessmentmanual59,anexploitationrateof0.2wouldbemoreappropriateforafishwithlowproductivity7suchasP.kauderni.ThisproposedrateaccountsforthefactthatproductivityofP.kauderniisdensitydependent29,andthatpopulationgrowthatmanysiteswillbesignificantlyhinderedbythestatusofhabitat/microhabitat(seeSectionII.iii),inadditiontoextremelylimitedtonomovementofindividualsbetweensites.Theauthorshavedeterminedsustainableharvestestimates(potentialquotas)forthenativeP.kaudernipopulationswithintheBanggaiArchipelagobasedontheT0surveyresults(Table7).Anexploitationrateof0.2wasusedforthecommercialtradeinpredominantlyjuvenilefish(SL

18

range25-35mm),andalowermaximumrateof0.1wasusedforadult(presumablyreproductivelyactive)fish.Severalassumptionsweremade:(i)surveyedsitesarerepresentativeofsitesnotsurveyed;(ii)theactualnumberoffishpersiteisonaveragefivetimesgreaterthanthenumberrecordedinthesampletransects(basedonobservationsatalimitednumberofsites,A.Moore,unpublisheddata);(iii)cohortswillgraduatefromrecruits/smalljuvenilestotargetsizeinapproximatelythreemonths(basedonempiricalfieldobservations,S.NdobeandA.Moore,unpublisheddata;thegrowthcurvederivedfromdataonwildpopulations14;informationfromfishermen,e.g.20;andcaptivegrowthrates,e.g.60);and(iv)fishingeffortcanbeallocatedinaccordancewiththesuggestedprotocols(Table7,andseealsoSectionVIII.iv).Table7.ProposedPterapogonkauderniquotavolumesandmechanismsinsupportoffisheriesmanagementintheBanggaiArchipelago,Indonesia.Seetextfordetails.

Parameter Juveniles(SL25-35mm) Adults(SL>35mm)

T0numberofindividuals(Table5) 11,056 8,798

Estimatedavailablefishper3months 55,280 35,192

Estimatedavailablefishperyear 221,120 175,960

Estimatedallowableharvestperyearacrossallsites

44,224 17,596

Estimatedallowableharvestpermonthacrossallsites,with3monthlyrotationateachsite

3,685 1,466

Proposedtotalmonthlyquotaacrossallsites,with3monthlyrotationateachsite

4,000 1,500

Proposedtotalquarterlyquotaacrossallsites,with3monthlyrotationateachsite

12,000 4,500

Proposedalloweduses Trade,Research,Broodstock Broodstock,Research

Proposedmechanismsforornamentaltrade

Sitesandassociatedquotasallocatedtofishergroups;Harvestrotationbetweensites

Notpermitted

Proposedmechanismsforbroodstock(aquaculture),research,andanyotherpermitteduse(e.g.fordisplayatexpositionsoreducationalpurposes)

Bypermit;Indemnitytofishergroup(s)holdingquota(s)forthesite(s)oforigin

Bypermit(timeandsitelimitedquota);Dependentonvolume,proposeduse,andquotaavailability

Monitoring-administrative Routineprocedures

Monitoring-fieldsurveys Yearly+spotchecks

Reviewofquota Annualevaluation;Revisionaspartof5yearmanagementcycle(NPOAandgeneralfisheriesmanagementplans)orwhenmonitoringandevaluationindicateanurgentneed

Thisanalysisishighlyprecautionary,whichtheauthorsconsiderappropriategiventheEndangeredstatusofP.kauderni,anddocumentedpopulationdeclinestodate(seeSectionsII.vandVI).Thetotalsuggestedquotaof~66,000fishperyear(Table7)issignificantlylessthanaquotadeterminedin2007of15,000individualspermonth(182,000peryear)5,butsimilarinscaletoannualtradeinP.kaudernireportedlyconsignedfromwithinitsendemicrangeinrecentyears(seedataforLuwuk-Banggai2016-2017inSectionIV;thoughitisworthnotingthatsomeofthetradefromKendarireportedinSectionIVmayincludestockextractedfromtheendemicarea,asdiscussedinSectionIV(ii)).Inthespiritofadaptivemanagement,aspopulations(stocks)recover,thequotassuggestedinTable7couldbeincreased.Conversely,wheremonitoringshowscontinueddeclines,quotascouldbereduced.Noquotaissuggestedforrecruitsandsmall

19

juvenileP.kauderni(SL<25mm).Thisisthemostvulnerablelifestage,andsurvivaloftheseyoungfishiscriticaltoP.kauderniconservationincludingsustainableuse.Theauthorshaveproposedatotalquotaacrossallsites(Table7),butthepopulationstructureofP.kaudernisuggeststhatquotaimplementationshouldbesitespecific.SettingalimitonthetotalvolumeofP.kauderniharvestedisunlikelytopreventtheserialextinctionoffishwithinspecificsites.ThegeneticstructureofP.kauderni(SectionII.iv)callsformanagementatafinespatialscale–attheESUlevel.ManagementshouldaimtopreventtheoverfishingofindividualESUsaswellastheunnaturalmovementofindividualsbetweenESUs.Anumberofmeasuresthatcouldbeimplementedaspartofand/orcomplementarytotheproposedquotasareconsideredinSectionVIII.Theauthorshavenotestimatedsustainabletakefromintroducedpopulations,inpartbecausecurrentdensityestimatesarenotknown(seeSectionII.vi).Itwillbeimportanttoestablishthesizeofintroducedpopulationsfortworeasons.Foronereason,thisinformationwillhelpdetermineifreportedtradeoutofintroducedregionsincludesillegaltakeofnativepopulations(forexample,seediscussionofreportedtradeoutofKendariinSectionIV.ii).Forasecondreason,increasedexploitationofintroducedpopulationsmayprovideasourceoffishwhileoverexploitednativepopulationsareallowedtorecover.Theauthorsareconcerned,however,thatalackoftraceabilitysystemswillmakeitchallengingtodetermineiffishareindeedfromintroducedpopulations,ratherthanfromnativeareas.Thereisadditionalconcernthatincreasingthefocusonintroducedpopulationswillreduceincentivesforconservationandmanagementwithinthespeciesendemicrange(seeSectionVI).Finally,thecontributionofculturedanimalstooveralltradeinP.kauderniinIndonesiaisnotyetsignificantintermsofnumbers(seeSectionIV.iii).IV.Trade–inter-island/national,regionalThenear-shoreshallowhabitatandsedentarylifestylemakeP.kauderniextremelyeasytocatch17,20.By2001thetradevolumewasestimatedtobearound700,000-1.4millionfish/year61,morerecentestimatesvarydependingonmethodsanddatasetsused7,16,24.Nevertheless,theestimatedannualvolumeinrecentyearshasbeenlowerthaninthelate1990'sandearly2000's24.(i)SizesintradeThetargetsize-rangefortheornamentaltradehasremainedfairlystableoverthelastdecade,atapproximately25-35mmstandardlength(SL)24,62.Oversized(andmorerarelyundersized)fishhavebeenreleasedasrejectsandtostartorreplenishintroducedpopulations(e.g.inKendari16).Inrecentyearstherehasbeensomein-countrydemandforlargerfishasbroodstock,forexamplebyaquacultureandresearchfacilitiesinAmbonandelsewhere(S.NdobeandA.Moore,unpublisheddata).

20

(ii)SourcesandvolumesPterapogonkaudernitypicallypassthroughtwo-fourtradelevelsfrompointofcapturetopointofexport.Fisharetypicallyhandcaughtusingsimplefykeorscoopnets(respectivelycalledcangandbundre).Originallythemajorityoffisherswerefisher-traderscomingfromprovincesoutsidetheP.kauderninativeareabysea,butnowadaysalmostallfishrecordedasleavingtheBanggaiArchipelagoarecaughtbylocalfishersorfisher/tradersoperatingwithintheirownjurisdiction.Fisherswhoarenotalsofirstleveltradersselltosuchtraders(mostlyfisher/traders)operatingnearwheretheylive.Thesefirst-leveltradersconsigntheirfishtolargertraders(someofwhomarealsoexporters)basedintradingandexportcentres–mostcommonlyDenpasar(Bali)orJava(Jakarta/Surabaya).Movementoffishbetweenjurisdictionsissupposedtoberegulatedandmonitored.Legally,fishingvesselsandtradersrequirespecialpermitstooperateoutsidetheirownjurisdiction,andaresubjecttomandatoryreportingrequirements.Furthermore,alongtraderoutes,fishvolumes,sourcesanddestinationsaresupposedtobereportedtothelocalFishHealthandQuarantineServicebyfishersand/ortraderswhenshippingfishoutsideajurisdiction.Consignmentsarealsosupposedtoberecordedonarrivalinajurisdiction.Consignmentsbyseaarestillfrequentlyunder-reportedorunreported,whileforairtransport(increasinglycommonsincetheLuwukairporthasbeenupgraded)evasionismoredifficult,duetoroutine(e.g.X-Ray)procedures.Fishheadoverseasfrommajorexportcentres,withminimalandvariabletrackingofvolumesatpointofimport(seeSectionV).TheFishHealthandQuarantineServicehasastatisticssectioninitswebsitewithdataonP.kauderni(reportedas"capungan")frommid-200863.Forthissectionofthereport,A.MooreanalyseddataforP.kaudernifrom2008-2018(datawereaccessedbetween28Mayand1June2018).AsynopsisofthereportedtransitofP.kaudernishipmentsthroughanumberofkeyoriginanddestinationstationsispresentedinTable8andFigure3,basedondetaileddatainAnnexIITablesII.1throughII.7.Thewaythedataareorganizedmakesitchallengingtosearchoutinformationonaparticularcommodityacrosstimeandreportingstations,andsoitispossiblethatsomestationswithdataweremissed(i.e.P.kaudernimayhavebeensentfromorreceivedinDenpasarfromstationsotherthanthoseincludedinthetables),anddoesnotincludeconsignmentsthatwerenotreportedthroughtheFishQuarantineprocedures.ItisalsopossiblesomeconsignmentswerecountedtwiceiftheyweresenttoanintermediatedestinationbeforebeingsentontoafinaldestinationinIndonesia.Currenttraderoutes,however,suggestdoublecountingwouldapplytoaverysmallpercentageoftotaltrade–likelymuchsmallerthanthevolumeofmisseddataorunderreporting.

21

Table8.FishHealthandQuarantineServicestatisticsontotalreportedP.kauderniconsignmentsfromregionsacrossIndonesia.Detailsforeachregion,includingbreakdownbyreporteddestinations,inTablesII.1throughII.6ofAnnexII.Datafor2018arepartialdataonly(dataaccessedbetween30Mayand1June2018).Year Luwuk-

BanggaiKendari Manado Makassar Palu Ambon Total

2008 40,799 126,435 438,430 200 1,192 607,0562009 158,280 66,616 207,635 500 2,173 - 435,2042010 143,200 88,615 183,500 - 2,875 - 418,1902011 136,065 71,416 99,885 1,000 6,450 - 314,8162012 65,172 66,108 81,600 200 1,950 20 215,0502013 137,090 92,790 25,650 1,150 2,750 2,760 262,1902014 137,730 147,477 1,400 15,900 14,800 8,450 325,7572015 165,750 351,164 30,815 17,550 2,105 1,990 569,3742016 45,710 445,830 46,632 15,250 1,425 800 555,6472017 62,400 402,378 58,680 10,460 200 653 534,7712018 13,550 142,843 14,699 2,350 - 80 173,522

Figure3.FishHealthandQuarantineServicestatisticsontotalPterapogonkauderniconsignmentsfromregionsacrossIndonesiareportedlydispatchedintomajordestinations/tradingcentres(datainTable8,destinationsforeachregioninAnnexII,TablesII.1-ii.6).

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ThemostnotablepatternsinthedataarethesubstantialdecreaseinreportedconsignmentsfromManadoandincreaseinreportedconsignmentsfromKendari(Table8,Figure3).Reportedconsignmentsfromallotherregionshavebeenvariablebutstableovertime.ThedeclinesinreportedconsignmentsfromManadolikelyreflectashiftintraderoutes,withboatsthatpreviouslytransportedfishfromtheBanggaiArchipelagotoTumbakinNorthSulawesi(withoverlandtransporttoManado)nolongerinoperation(A.Moore,personalobservation).TherecentincreaseinapparentconsignmentsfromKendari(mostlytoDenpasarandJakarta)wasunknowntothecontributingauthorsofthisreportuntilanalysisoftheFishQuarantinedata.TheauthorsconsideritunlikelythattheintroducedpopulationsinandaroundKendaricansupportthereportedlevelsoftrade–andhypothesizethevolumeindicatesanongoingunrecordedfisheryintheendemicarea(BanggaiLautDistrict,CentralSulawesiProvince,andLuwuk-BanggaiFishQuarantinearea)withtransportbyboattoKendari.ThishypothesiswouldhelpexplaintheobservedconditionofseveralP.kaudernipopulationsinthemoreremotesouthernpartoftheBanggaiArchipelagoduringtheT0survey(Table5–sites3-4inparticular,butalsosites2and7).Thesepopulationshadlowdensities(inparticularwhencomparedtohabitatcondition),andwerealsodepletedintradablesizedfish–consistingalmostentirelyofrecruits/smalljuveniles(SL<25mm)andadultfishmostlyover40mmSL(A.Moore,personalobservation).Itisnotcurrentlypossibletodifferentiatebetweenfishfromendemicareaandintroducedpopulations,anddoingsointhefuturewouldrequiregeneticanalysis(seealsoSectionVIII.ii).DecentralizationanddiversificationofshippingopportunitiesfromthearchipelagoisevidentfromthetablesinAnnexII–withmultipleconsignmentanddestinationregions,manyofwhichoverlap.ThemainreportedconsignmentdestinationaccordingtoavailabledataisDenpasar.AnalysisofTablesII.1-II.6(AnnexII)estimatesthat67%oftotalconsignmentsfrom2009-2018werereportedlydispatchedthere.Denpasar(capitalofBaliProvince)isthemainexportairportforornamentalfishfromIndonesia,andiswheremostexportersarebased.ThedispatchdataintoDenpasarreflectthepatternsinreportedtradeconsignedfromkeyregions(inFigure3)–indicatingadecreaseinreportedconsignmentvolumesfromManadoandanincreasefromKendariovertime(Table9,Figure4).ItisnotablethattherecordedvolumeofarrivalsinDenpasarismuchlowerthanthevolumeofconsignmentsdispatchedtoDenpasar(24%offishreportedlydispatchedtoDenpasararereportedinthearrivaldatafor2015-2018,Table9).IndeeddispatchandarrivaldatadonotmatchacrossallofTablesII.1-II.6.Someshipmentsmaynotberecordedonarrival–fishtransportedbyseaoroverlandfromsomedestinationsmaynotbereportedtoordetectedbyFishQuarantineofficers,ormayberecordedincorrectly,particularlyincasesofmixedconsignmentsoffishdestinedfortheornamentaltrade.

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Table9.FishHealthandQuarantineServicestatisticsontotalP.kauderniconsignmentsreportedasdispatchedtoDenpasarfromregionsacrossIndonesia(datacompiledfromTablesII.1throughII.6ofAnnexII).IncludesreporteddataonconsignmentsarrivinginDenpasar(datafromTableII.7).Datafor2018arepartialdataonly(coveringtheperioduptothedateswhendatawereaccessed,between30Mayand1June2018).Year ReportedConsignments ReportedArrivals

Luwuk-Banggai Kendari Manado Makassar Palu Ambon TOTAL TOTAL

2009 50 37,191 159,585 0 1,418 198,244 2010 3,300 47,595 151,500 0 1,750 204,145 2011 26,150 45,946 81,625 1,000 4,640 159,361 2012 3,780 47,143 72,250 0 1,400 0 124,573 2013 81,640 71,930 17,350 150 1,600 800 173,470 2014 115,900 112695 1,000 0 11,600 1,850 243,045 2015 123,200 294,671 25,840 500 985 260 445,456 169,0232016 31,310 390,351 24,584 0 725 400 447,370 62,1572017 52,170 348,710 31,518 0 0 315 432,713 47,4802018 10,650 113,888 5,480 0 0 0 130,018 67,799

Figure4.FishHealthandQuarantineServicestatisticsontotalPterapogonkaudernidispatchedtoDenpasar(Bali,mainexportcentre/airport)fromsixregionsacrossIndonesia(datainTable9).

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TheFishHealthandQuarantineServicedataprovideausefulproxyfortrackingexploitationlevelsofP.kauderniinIndonesia,butmayunderestimatetotalexploitation.Thisisdueto(i)under-reportedorunreportedconsignments(discussedabove),(ii)unknownlevelsofmortalitybetweenpointofcaptureandrecordedconsignment,and(iii)unknownvolumesbeingcollectedforreasonsotherthantrade.Withrespecttoii,thereisevidencethatfishersortradersmaydiscardunwantedfish(wrongsizeorpoorcondition,especiallyfindamageorscaleloss)priortoconsignment,buttheextentofthispracticeisunknown.TheauthorsconsiderthatmortalityanddiscardrateswithintheBanggaiArchipelagowerehigherinthepastwhenlargevolumesoffishwerecollectedandkeptinholdingpenswaitingforrequestsfromtraders.Nowitseemsthatfisharecollectedondemandsuchthatmostcaughtfishareeventuallytraded.Mostrejectedfisharereleasedalive,initselfapotentialproblem(seeSectionsII.ivandVIII.iii).Collectionpatternsareunknown,however,forcollectionbyfishersfromoutsidetheBanggaiarea–forexamplefishersoperatingfromKendari,andforcollectionfromintroducedpopulations.Itisalsounknowntowhatextentmortalityoccursduetodisease(e.g.Iridoviruscontractedwhilebeingheldatvariouspointsalongthesupplychain).Finally,withrespecttoiii,therearenodataonthevolumeofP.kaudernibeingcollectedforuseswithinIndonesia(e.g.asbroodstock,forresearchorfordisplay).(iii)TradefromcultureoperationsThesupplyofP.kaudernitotheexportmarketfromoutsidetheendemicdistributionincludesfishfromintroducedpopulationsaswellasthoseproducedthroughbreeding.ThereareknowngovernmentandprivatesectorP.kaudernibreedingfacilitiessupplyingfishfortradeinAmbon,Makassar,BaliandtheJakartaarea.ItisalsopossibletherearetradersinManadoandelsewherebreedingsomefish,aswellastradinginfishfromnativeand/orintroducedpopulations(variouspers.comms.toS.NdobeandA.Moore).ThecontributionofculturedanimalstooveralltradeinP.kauderniinIndonesiaisnotyetsignificantintermsofnumbers.AquacultureproductionofP.kauderniforcommercialpurposesseemstobemostly(intermsofvolume)inBaliandAmbon,withrelativelysmallcontributionsfromothersites.FishHealthandQuarantineServicedataforAmbonandatleastsomeoftheshipmentsfromMakassarsince2013likelyreflectconsignmentsofcaptive-bredspecimens(Table8,Figure3)–togethershipmentsfromthesetwositesaveragejust3%oftotalconsignmentvolumesacross2013-2018.Itisnotknownwhatproportionofoffspringproducedincaptivityiscaptive-born(borntowildcaughtparents,definedbyCITESas“first-generationoffspring”64)versuscaptive-bred(borntoparentsalsobornincaptivity,definedbyCITESas“offspringofsecond…orsubsequentgeneration”64),butinferencescanbemadeaboutrelianceonwildbroodstock.ThedataforAmbonsuggestapproximately3.5fishareproducedandexpeditedforeveryindividualprovidedasbroodstock(Table8andAnnexII).ThisestimateisbasedonthefactthatthevolumeoffishreportedlydispatchedoutofAmbon,whichmostlyreflectcaptive-bornorcaptive-bredspecimensfortrade,is3.5timesthevolumeoffishreportedlyconsignedtoAmbon,whichareeitherknownorinferredwildbroodstock(AnnexII,TableII.6).Thisestimateincreasesto~7fishproducedperindividualprovidedasbroodstockafteraccountingfortheapproximately10,000fishreportedlyreleasedinandnearAmbonBay18.Duringavisittotheinstallationin2014,staffworkinginthefacilitygaveanestimateof20recruitsonaverageperpairperbreedingcycle,

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withseveralcyclesperyear65.ThetechnologyusedinAmbonisbrieflydescribedinbrochures66,67.CultureforP.kauderniwithinIndonesiaismostlyoutsidetheendemicrangeofthisspecies,exceptforabreedingfacilitysetupinBoneBaruwithsupportfromMMAFandtheNGOLINI,whichbeganoperationsinFebruary2018.BytheendofApril2018,thisfacilityhadsucceededinproducinglargenumbersofoffspring,buttherehadbeenproblemswithhighlevelsofbroodstockmortalityforwhichsolutionswerebeingsought.Thisfacilityappliessomegoodpracticessuchasmaintainingbroodstockandoffspringfromdifferentsourcepopulationsinseparatetanks,thusensuringtraceabilityandenablingtheuseofoffspringforre-stockingthesitesoforiginofthebroodstockasisproposedundertheNPOA(seeSectionVII.i).(iv)PricesThepricepaidtofisherswithinIndonesiaperwild-caughtfishin2004variedbetweenIDR200-30020,andremainedfairlystaticforoveradecade(2000-2009)withanincreasetoIDR500around201016.Currently,wildfisharetypicallysoldforIDR1,000(lessthanUSD0.1atcurrentratesofexchange,IDR14,000forUSD1on9June2018).Thisrecordedpriceincreasemirrorsincreasesinlocallivingcostsvi.ThelowpricespaidforwildfishareinsharpcontrasttothepricesproposedineconomicbusinessanalysesforculturedfishproducedinIndonesia.Aneconomicbusinessanalysispresentedinonebrochure66proposesasalepriceperculturedfishofIDR7,000/USD0.5.Anotherbrochure67proposesIDR10,000/USD0.7.Thesepricesare7-10timesthepricecurrentlypaidforwild-caughtfish.Theyare,however,wellbelowthesalepriceofUSD7proposedbasedonabreedingtrialinHawaii,USin200568.Thissuggeststhat,ifdevelopedtoanappropriatescale,captivebreedinginIndonesiamightbecompetitiveataninternationallevel.Asfarasisknown,however,nosmall-scaleaquacultureinstallationsinIndonesiadedicatedtoP.kaudernibreedinghavebeeninoperationlongenoughtoevaluatetheirchancesofmakingasustainedprofit.V.Trade–internationalThefollowinganalysisoftheinternationaltradeinP.kauderniisbasedonexistingdatasets,anonlinesurveyandstakeholderinterviews.ExistingdatasetsincludedtheCITEStradedatabase69,EUannualreports,theEUTRAdeControlandExpertSystem(TRACES)70,andtheUSLawEnforcementManagementInformationSystem(LEMIS)71.Theonlinesurvey(questionsinAnnexIII)wassentoutto161stakeholders(importers,wholesalers,exporters,retailers),with20responsesrepresenting16countriesreceivedinthetimeavailable.Onlinesurveysweresupplementedwithstakeholderinterviews–buttimeconstraintsmeantinformationwasobtainedfromjust2ofthe11businessescontacted.AdditionalinformationwasobtainedfromtworeportspreparedinsupportoftheFAOExpertAdvisoryPanelassessmentoftheCoP17proposaltolistP.kaudernionAppendixII:areportfromTropicalMarineCentreLtd(thelargestviForexample,traditionalcakes(home-madeorfrommostlyinformalsectormicro-enterprises)widelysoldandconsumedthroughoutSulawesi(andindeedmuchofIndonesia),includingtheBanggaiArchipelago,haveconsistentlycostaroundthesameasthepricepaidlocallyforaBanggaicardinalfish,risingfromaroundIDR200-250toIDR500andnowIDR1000.

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marinefishwholesalerinEurope)andanotherfromNautilusPark(P.kaudernibreederinThailand)72.(i)CITESandEUdataPterapogonkauderniisnotlistedonanyCITESAppendix,andassuchPartiesarenotrequiredtoincludetradeinthisspeciesintheirannualreporttoCITES.Thespeciesis,however,listedonAnnexDofEUWildlifeTradeRegulations(ECNo.338/97andECNo.865/2006anditsamendments).ThelatterrequiresmemberStatestorecordtheirimportsofthisspecies,reportsofwhicharesubmittedannuallytoCITESandcompiledbyUNEP-WCMCintheCITEStradedatabase.Asaresult,allrecordsoftradeinP.kauderniintheCITEStradedatabasearereportedbyEUMemberStates(Table10).Table10.VolumeoftradeinP.kauderni(numberofindividuals)reportedintheCITEStradedatabaseasimportsbyEUmemberStates,accordingtodeclaredorigincountry(CITEStradedatabase),from2008to2016. CITEStradedatabaseYear Indonesia Thailand Other Total2008 1,096 0 1,0962009 11,098 14 11,1122010 12,890 136 13,0262011 5,700 38 5,7382012 15,071 8,327 139 23,5372013 18,372 5,024 10 23,4062014 13,091 9,376 77 22,5442015 10,236 8,064 76 18,3762016 20,051 6,720 159 26,930

Total 107,605 37,511 649 145,765

Annualaverage

16,196

Eighty-two(82)recordsoftradeinP.kauderniweredownloadedfromtheCITEStradedatabaseon28June2018,spanningtheyears2008-2016.Alltradewasreportedaslivespecimens,andallbutfourrecordswerereportedasindividuals(unit=“blank”);theremainingfourrecordswerereportedaskgforatotalof74kgacrossallyears,andwereexcludedfromfurtheranalysesvii.EUmemberStatesarenotrequiredtoreportpurposeandsourcecodesoftradeinAnnexDspecies,andsothedataextractedfromtheCITEStradedatabaseprovidedlimitedinformationonthepurposeoftrade,andalmostnoinformationonthesourceofspecimens(e.g.whetherthespecimenswerereportedlywildsourced,captive-born,captive-bred,orotherwise).EUmemberStatesreportedtotalimportsof145,765individualsacrossthenine-yearperiodupto2016(~16,200individualsperyear,Table10).Ofthese,23%(33,546)werereportedwithpurposecodeT(forcommercialtrade),withtheremainder(77%,112,219individuals)reportedwithoutapurposecodespecified.Thesourceofnearlyall(~99%)reportedspecimenswasreportedas

viiTheweightislikelythatofthefishinadditiontothewaterinthebaginwhichtheyareshipped,soitisnotpossibletoconvertthekgtonumberofindividuals.Thevolume,however,islikelynegligiblecomparedtotheoverallvolumeintrade.

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codeU(unknown)(32,218)orwithoutasourcecodespecified(111,567),astobeexpectedgiventhelackofrequirementtoreportsource.AsmallproportionofimportsreportedlysourcedfromIndonesiawerereportedascaptive-born(sourceF;1290individuals),captive-bred(sourceC;353individuals)andwild(sourceW;245individuals).TwocountrieswerethedeclaredexportersofnearlyallthetradeinP.kaudernireportedbyEUmemberStates–IndonesiaandThailand–accountingfor74and26%ofthetrade,respectively,acrossallyears(Table10).TwoEUmemberStateswerethedeclaredimportersofthevastmajorityofreportedtradeinP.kauderni–theUKandGermany.Morethanhalf(57%)ofimportsreportedlyoriginatingfromIndonesiawerereportedbytheUK(61,871individuals,withtradereportedin2008-2010and2012-2016)andnearlyathird(30%)byGermany(32,187individuals,withtradereportedin2009-2014and2016).AllimportsreportedlyoriginatingfromThailandwerereportedbytheUK.(ii)EUTRAdeControlandExpertSystem(TRACES)TRAdeControlandExpertSystem(TRACES)isanelectronicdatabaseusedbyEUcustomstomonitoranimaldiseases.TRACESgatherssomespecies-leveldata,butreportingisnotcompulsory.Indeed,acrossallmarineornamentalfishes,thepercentageofspecimensenteringtheEUwithoutaspeciesnamerangedfrom22-40%byvolumefrom2014-2017(M.V.Biondo,unpublisheddata);before2014almostallfishwerereportedas“otrapesca”.TRACESreportedatleast195,294P.kaudernispecimensimportedacross2014-2017,withanannualaverageof48,824specimens(Table11).Another56,654specimens,withanannualaverageof14,164individualsacrossthefouryears,werereportedonlyasbelongingtothecardinalfishfamilyApogonidae,ofwhichP.kauderniisoneofapproximately350species(Table11).Approximately79%oftradeacross2014-2017wasreportedlyexportedbyIndonesiaand20%byThailand.Table11.Dataonimportvolumes(numberofindividuals)ofPterapogonkauderniandApogonidaeintoEUandnon-EUcountriesreportedintheEUTRAdeControlandExpertSystem(TRACES)byreportedcountryoforigin.

Year

P.kauderni Apogonidae

Volume

Reportedorigin

VolumeIndonesia Thailand SingaporeSriLanka Malaysia

UnitedStates

2014 43,982 31,265 12,064 593 32 16 12 12,470

2015 38,169 28,352 9,572 209 9 27 13,155

2016 56,494 46,973 9,408 79 10 24 16,022

2017 56,649 48,009 8,328 169 143 15,007

Total2014-2017 195,294 154,599 39,372 1,050 194 43 36 56,654

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TRACESandCITEStradedataaredivergentintermsofvolumesanddestinationsforpurportedlyIndonesianspecimens,butmostlyalignforspecimensreportedfromThailand.TRACESdatareported106,590specimensimportedfromIndonesiafor2014-2016(theyearsforwhichthetwodatasetsoverlap),whereasCITESdatareportedvolumesfromIndonesiathatwere60%lowerthanthoseinTRACESforthesametimeperiod(43,348specimens).ThereporteddestinationsforpurportedlyIndonesianspecimensalsodiffered.TRACESdatareportedtheNetherlandsasthemajorreporteddestinationofP.kaudernifromIndonesia,followedbyFrance,Italy,DenmarkandthenGermany(Table12).Ontheotherhand,CITESdatareportedtheUKandGermanyasthemajordestinationsforpurportedlyIndonesianspecimens.IntermsofspecimensfromThailand,TRACESdatareported31,044specimensandCITESdatareported24,160individualsimportedfromThailandover2014-2016(~22%lowerthanTRACES).SimilartoCITESdata,TRACESreportedtheUKasthemajordestinationforP.kaudernisupposedlysourcedinThailand(Table12).Table12.Dataonimportvolumes(numberofindividuals)ofP.kauderniintoEUandnon-EUcountriesreportedintheEUTRAdeControlandExpertSystem(TRACES)byreportedcountryoforiginanddestination.Year Reportedorigin=Indonesia Reported

origin=Thailand

Reporteddestination Reporteddestination

Netherlands France Italy Denmark Germany Otherb UK2014 15,070 7,347 3,156 - 1,086 4,480 12,0642015 6,041 9,549 3,728 2,874 312 5,848 9,5722016 19,876 5,964 3,851 5,450 4,737 6,999 9,4082017 19,343 5,450 4,108 5,746 5,665 5,376 8,328Total(2014-2017)

60,330 28,310 14,843 14,070 11,800 22,703 39,372

%Total(2014-2017)

40% 19% 10% 9% 8% 15% 100%

Total(fromallsources)a

60,330 28,449 15,340 16,370 11,800 63,005

aTotalacrossallsourcecountries:Indonesia,Thailand,Singapore,India,SriLanka,Malaysia,US.bOthersourcecountries=PL,BE,SE,GR,ES,LU,NO,HU,UK,CZ,CH,MT,CY,BG,RO,AT,SM,SI,PT,SK(indescendingorderofreportedimportvolumes),seehttps://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/ctycodes.htmforISOAlpha-2countrycodes.(iii)USLawEnforcementManagementInformationSystem(LEMIS)TheUSFishandWildlifeServicecollectsdataonflowsofwildlifeandwildlifeproductsthatentertheUSthroughtheLawEnforcementManagementInformationSystemdatabase(LEMIS).MostmarineornamentalfishesarerecordedasMATF(marineaquariumtropicalfish)andnotatspecieslevel.LEMIShashadaspecies-specificcodeforP.kaudernisince2016,whenthespecieswaslistedontheUSEndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA);before2016therewasonlyacodeforPterapogonsp.InspiteoftheESAlisting,however,itisnotcompulsorytoreportP.kauderniimportsatthespecieslevel.Sowhilespecies-levelrecordshaveincreasedovertime,thismaynotreflectanactualincreaseintradesincesomeimportswillhavebeenreportedatthegenuslevel,andothersstillas‘marinetropicalfish’.LEMISdatareported5,520P.kaudernienteringtheUSfrom2007-2018(dataasof14May2018),just99ofwhichwerereportedfrom2008to2015(beforethespecieswaslistedontheESA).The

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countriesoforiginwerereportedasIndonesia(5,136specimens),Thailand(96specimens),Japan(40specimens),US(34specimens),Palau(23specimens)HongKong(1specimen)and‘XX’(unknown,190specimens).Thedataalsorecorded139specimensbeingre-exportedfromtheUS(135specimenstoCanadaand4specimenstoNigeria).Additional,albeitpatchy,informationonimportsofP.kauderniintotheUSisavailablefrompublishedreports.Forexample,Rhyneetal(2012)73reportedimportvolumesfrom2004-2005of180,000fish,andthereportpreparedforESAconsiderationcitedimportsfor2005and2009ofapproximately200,000and160,000fish,respectively25.Rhyneetal.(2017)74reportedimportsin2013of~120,000P.kaudernispecimensfromabreedingfacilityinThailand(seealsoSectionV.v).(iv)StakeholdersurveyandinterviewsSomeinferencescanbemadefromtheresultsofthesurveysandinterviews,butthenumberofparticipantswastoosmallandrepresentationacrosssectorstoodiffusetodrawanysignificantconclusions.Theonlinesurvey(AnnexIII)to161enterprisesresultedin20responsesfromparticipantsin16differentcountries:USA(3),Indonesia(2),Italy(2),Taiwan(2),UK(2),CzechRepublic(1),France(1),Kenya(1),Netherlands(1)andSweden(1).Tenparticipantswereimporters,ninewholesalers,sevenexporters,tworetailersandsixmarked‘other’.M.V.BiondofurtherspoketooneUKimporter/exporterandoneCzechRepublicretailer.Reportedannualacquisition/purchasevolumesofP.kaudernivariedgreatly–rangingfromjustoneto15,600specimensperenterprise.Acrossrespondents,sixreportedacquiringhundredsofindividualsayear,fourreportedthousands,andonereportedtensofthousands–withameanof2,995individuals(stdev=4,681)andamedianof475specimensperenterpriseperyear(n=11).EnterprisesbasedintheUSreportedtotalannualimportsof15,600individuals(n=1),thosebasedintheEUreportedatotalof12,540individuals(n=7),andthosebasedintheAsia-Pacificregionreportedatotalof7,800individuals(n=3).Therewasnocleartrendinthereportedvolumesovertimeacrossthelimitedsamplesize(datanotshown).WhenaskedaboutthesourceofP.kauderni,40%repliedthattheywerewild-caughtormostlywild-caught(n=6),one-third(27%)reportedpurchasingcaptiveormostlycaptive-bredspecimens(n=4),andone-third(33%)reportedthesourceasunknown(n=5).Onerespondentreportedacquiringcaptive-bredP.kaudernifromThailandandallothers(n=8)reportedbuyingthemfromIndonesia.Therespondentsindicatedapreferenceforcaptive-bredandlargersizedspecimens(withinthesizerangeoftradedfish,whichwouldmeanlargersub-adultsbutnotmatureindividuals).WhenpurchasingP.kauderni,respondentssaidtheyconsideredwhetherthespecimenswerewildorcaptive-bred(n=10),thesize(n=4)andthecolour(n=2)(n=4indicated“other”).ThreesurveyrespondentsandtwointerviewrespondentscommentedthatthesizeofP.kaudernimatteredas,withintherangeoftradedfishes,biggerfishweresturdierandseemedtosurvivebetterintheaquariumthansmallerindividuals.ThemostfrequentlyreportedtrendsinP.kaudernitradeovertimebyrespondentsweredecreasesinthevolumeoftradeanddemandforwild-caughtfish,andincreasesinthedemand

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forcaptive-bredfishes(Figure5).Interestingly,highnumbersofrespondentsalsoreportedoverallavailabilityandavailabilityofwild-caughtfishhadnotchanged,whileanequalnumberofrespondentsreportedavailabilityofcaptive-bredfishestohaveincreasedornotchanged.Mostrespondentsreportedthatpricesofwildorcaptive-bredfisheshadnotchangedovertime.Regardingsourcecountries,anequalnumberofrespondentsreportedpurchasevolumesfromIndonesiahaddecreasedorstayedthesame,whereasmostrespondentsdidnotgiveananswerforThailand,andmostreportednochangeinvolumessourcedfromothercountries.

Figure5.Numberofonlinesurveyrespondents(totaln=20importers,wholesalers,retailers)reportingchangesinvariouscomponentsofinternationalP.kaudernitradeovertime.Reportedpricespaidforwild-caughtandcaptive-bredfishweresimilar.Pricesforwild-caughtfishrangedfromUSD1-6,withanaveragereportedpriceofUSD2.23(stdev=1.60,n=9respondents);forcaptive-bredfishpricesrangedfromUSD2-4,average=USD2.37(stdev=1.18,n=8).ReportedsalepricesofP.kaudernirangedfromUSD2.25-15,withanaverageofUSD6.5(stdev=4.48,n=8).AEuropeanimporter/exporterinterviewedaspartofthisstudy(thefirstofthetwointerviews)respondedthathehadstartedimportingP.kauderniin2010andwouldimportatleast1,700specimensperyear.Heonlybuyswild-caughtspecimens,andhadnoknowledgeofbreedingfacilities.Hereportedoveralltradevolumestohaveincreasedandhadobservednochangeinthedemandforwild-caughtfishesoroverallavailability.HefurtherreportedthattherewasnodemandfromhisbuyersinGermany,AustriaandSwitzerlandforcaptive-bredspecimens.HepurchasesallP.kaudernifromIndonesia,payingUSD3.70perfishandsellingthemforatleastdoublethatprice.

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AEuropeanretailerinterviewed(thesecondofthetwointerviews)hasreportedlybeenbuyingP.kaudernisince1993buthasonlysourcedcaptive-bredspecimenssince2000,purchasingabout200peryear.Asaretailer,hedoesnotknowfromwhichcountryhiswholesalerbuysthefishes.HepaysUSD10-12foraspecimenandsellsthemforatleastdoubletheprice.(v)AdditionalinformationTropicalMarineCentre(TMC)reportedadeclineintheirsalesofwild-caughtP.kaudernifromIndonesiaandanincreaseinsalesoftank-bredfishfromThailandfrom2007-2014(Figure6).Indeedby2014almostalltheirreportedsaleswereofcaptive-bredfishsourcedinThailand.TMCreportedtotheFAOExpertAdvisoryPanelthat,accordingtopublicrecord,captive-bredfishsourcedinThailandaccountfor60-70%ofallornamentalfishimportedintotheUKandupto9-12%ofornamentalfishimportedintotheEU.TMCreportedsimilarwholesalepricesforbothtank-bredfishfromThailandandwild-caughtfishfromIndonesia–withameansalevalueofeachjustunderGBP10/USD13.4(basedontheexchangerateon9June2018)from2008-2014.Nautilus–aP.kaudernicaptive-breedingoperationbasedinThailand–reportedexportofnearly500,000P.kauderniduring2011-2015–with84%ofreportedexportsbeingsenttotheUSand16%totheEU.

Figure6.Evolutionofsalesoftank-raisedBanggaicardinalfish(P.kauderni)fromTropicalMarineCentreLtd(UK)(vi)SummaryExistingimportingcountrydatasetsarelimitedintheinformationtheyprovide–beinggenerallyrestrictedtoinformationonreportedexportcountriesandvolumes.Itcanbeinferred,however,thatthemajorityoftradeinthisspeciesisofwild-caught,mostlynative,fishfromIndonesia.CITESandTRACESdatareported26%and20%oftotalEU-reportedimportstobeofThaiorigin,respectively,whichonecanassumearecaptive-bred(giventhatthiscountryisoutsidethe

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geographicrangeforthisspecies,thoughitispossiblesomearere-exports).Existingdatagivenoinformationontherelativeproportionofwildorcaptive-bredspecimensbeingexportedfromIndonesia–buttheauthorsarenotawareoflarge-scaleproductionofculturedP.kauderniinIndonesia.Itisinteresting,therefore,thatmostsurveyrespondentsreportedgettingtheircaptive-bredfishfromIndonesia.Afewsurveyrespondentsindicatedapreferenceforcaptive-bredspecimensandalsolargerwildfish–inbothcasesduetothelikelihoodofahighersurvivalrate.Respondentsalsoreportedanapparentincreaseindemandforcaptive-bredfishanddecreaseindemandforwild-caughtfish.Althoughthesurveysamplesizeislimited,onemightinferthattherewouldbeanuptakeintheinternationalmarketshouldtheavailabilityofcaptive-bredspecimensincrease.ThelimiteddataalsosuggestIndonesiacouldbeacompetitivesupplierofcaptive-bredfish,beingabletoproducethematalowercostthanproposedoutofHawaii(seeSectionIV.iv)andlowerthanthepricesreportedlypaidbysurveyrespondents.TheEUandUSimportvolumesreportedinexistingdatabasesaresignificantlylowerthanthevolumesreportedlyexportedoutofIndonesia,whichcouldbedueinparttopost-exportmortality–conservativelyestimatedat25-50%75.The~16,200individualsperyearreportedasEUimportsintheCITEStradedatabase,and~40,000individualsperyearreportedinTRACES,canbecomparedtoexportestimatesreportedinCoP17Prop46whichrangedfrom148,800in2010toasmanyas900,000in2007.EUmemberStatesreportedimportsof37,511individualsfromThailandfrom2012-2016accordingtotheCITEStradedatabase,whereastheThaibreedingcompanyNautilusreportedexporting66,288individualstotheEUfrom2012-2015.TherearefurtherdiscrepanciesinreportedinformationregardingimportsintotheUS.ForexampleLEMISdatareported5,520fishenteringtheUSfrom2007-2018(thevastmajorityreportedlysourcedinIndonesia)whereasoneUS-basedsurveyrespondentreportedimporting15,600specimensinasingleyearwhileNautilusreportedexporting~100,000fishperyeartotheUSfrom2011-2015.Furthermore,theroleofotherimportingcountriesinP.kaudernitradeisunknown.VI.ConservationrisksandbenefitsfrominternationaltradeTheconservationrisksofunmanagedinternationaltradeinP.kauderniareclear,andarealreadywelldocumentedforCITESpurposes.TheCoP17proposaltolistthespeciesonAppendixII(CoP17Prop.46)andtheFAOExpertAdvisoryPanelassessmentoftheproposalbothreportedawidespreaddeclineinabundanceofP.kauderni–ashighas90%withrespecttopre-harvestlevels,andextirpationofseveralpopulationshasbeendocumented(referencesinCoP17Prop.46,seealsoSectionII.vofthisreport).PopulationdeclinesduetoexploitationhaveresultedinP.kaudernibeinglistedasEndangeredontheIUCNRedListofThreatedSpecies46andintheUSEndangeredSpeciesAct47.Thereisaclearneedtomanagethetakeandtradeinthisspecies.Stoppingorsignificantlylimitingthetradeinwild-caughtP.kauderniwithintheirendemicrangeisexpectedtohavealimitedimpactonlocallivelihoods,however,asustainablefisheryandtradewouldmostcertainlyhavebenefitsforthoseinvolved.TheremainingfishersarefewinnumberandmostdonotrelysolelyonP.kauderni.Thatsaid,theFishHealthandQuarantinedataindicatefishingonascalethatislikelytobeamainlivelihoodforseveralfishers(individualsor

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groups).ThesefishersarecurrentlyalmostcertainlyoperatingillegallyviiiandmaywellbebasedoutsidetheBanggaiArchipelago,asindicatedwhendiscussingtheFishQuarantinedataforKendari.Thereisalimitedunderstanding,however,ofthe(mostlyunreportedandfrequentlyillegal)fishermovementinthesouthernpartoftheregionthatappearstohaveincreasedmarkedlysince2014.Onefactordrivingthisincreaseisthe(hopefullytemporary)vacuumcreatedbytheimplementationofthenewregionalautonomylaw(UU23/2014),whichtransfersjurisdictionoverwaters0-4nmoffshorefromdistricttoprovinciallevel,inadditiontotheprevious4-12nmprovincialremit.Thishaseffectivelyleftdistrictandcitygovernmentswithnojurisdictionseawardofthecoastline.Furthermore,theindirectbenefitsofawell-managedtradeinP.kauderniareatleastasimportantasthedirect,economic,benefits.WithP.kaudernihighlydependentonhabitatquality,oneofthemostimportantstepswouldbeconserving/managingitshabitatandmicrohabitat.InadditiontobenefitingP.kauderni,thiswouldalsorevivefoodfisheriesofeconomicandsubsistencevalue.ExperienceinKapelahasshownthatwherehabitathasrecovered,foodfisherieshavereturned;villagersinKapelastoppedusingdestructivefishingmethodsonlyaroundthreeyearsago,andhavealreadyseenareboundoffoodfish(M.Takbir,pers.comtoA.Moore,June2016,October2017andApril2018).AsustainabletradeinP.kaudernicouldalsorestorepotentialfortourismandrecreation.Tourism,especiallycommunity-basedtourism,couldprovideeconomicbenefitsdirectlyandindirectlyix.ThecharismaofP.kauderni,andeveninterestinitstrade,canserveaspromotionforlocaltourism.Atpresent,tourismintheBanggaiArchipelagoisrelativelylimitedwhencomparedwithmoredevelopedareasofIndonesia(e.g.Bali).Anumberofstudieshaveidentifiedpotentialsitesforbothlandandmarinenature-basedtourism,andbothdistrictshavestrategicand/orsectoraldevelopmentplansthatincludetourismasanimportantcomponent.ThepotentialofP.kauderniasatouristattractionisinevidenceinMbuang-Mbuang,wherevisitorssnorkelinP.kaudernihabitataswellaswithnon-stingingjellyfish.InBoneBarumostvisitorscomeforP.kauderni–withaP.kaudernistatueinthegatewaytothevillagenowmirroredbyanotherunderwateraspartofanartificialreef.Notingtheincreasedeffortstoincreaseex-situbreeding,itisuncleariforhowincreasingex-situbreedingofP.kauderniinIndonesiawouldconferconservationbenefitstowildP.kauderniinsidetheirendemicrange.TheNPOA(SectionVII.i)includesproposedactivitiesrelatedtocommunity-basedaquacultureinIndonesia,howevertheactivitiesaremostlysuggestedforareasoutsidetheendemicrangeforthespecies.Inthiscase,ashiftinexportofP.kaudernifromwildtoculturedfishwouldmoveanybenefitsoftradeawayfromlocalcommunitiesintheBanggaiarchipelago.

viiiMovementofanyfisheriesproduct,includingornamentalfish,withinajurisdictiondoesnotneedtobereported-butanymovementoutsideajurisdictionshouldbereportedtotheFishHealthandQuarantineServiceandbeaccompaniedbyacertificateofhealth,whateverthemodeoftransportused(land,seaorair).Forexample,inthecaseofreportedconsignmentsoutofKendari,thosefishshouldhavealsobeenreportedleavingthejurisdictioninwhichtheywerecaught,butsuchcatchvolumesarenotreflectedindatareportedfromjurisdictionswithinP.kauderniendemicrange–seeSectionIV.ii.Thusthefish,ifindeedtakenfromwithintheendemicrangeofthespecies,weremovedtoKendariillegally.Relevantlawsinclude:Undang-UndangNomor16Tahun1992tentangKarantinaHewan,Ikan,danTumbuhanandPeraturanMenteriKelautandanPerikananRepublikIndonesiaNomorPER.32/MEN/2012TentangJenis,Penerbitan,danBentukDokumenTindakanKarantinaIkan.ixe.g.marineandland-transportproviders,guides,equipmentrental,accommodationandfood/drinkproviders,souvenirmakers,shopkeepers,farmersandfishers,triporganisers,culturalgroups,etc.

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Thisscenario,inturn,couldreduceincentiveforinsituconservationofwildnativefishpopulationsandtheirhabitatbylocalpeople.Increasingcommunity-basedexsitubreedingactivitieswithintheendemicrangeofP.kauderniwouldensurebenefitsarerealizedforlocalcommunities,butmaystillreduceincentivesforconservationofwildfishandhabitats.Ontheotherhand,aglobaldemandforwell-managedwildfishcouldincreaseincentiveforinsituconservationofP.kauderniinitsendemicrange,aswellasitsassociatedmicrohabitatsandhabitats.Localsintheendemicrangeareincreasinglytakingpridein"their"fish,acrossanexpandingcross-sectionofsociety.Recognitioncouldbeapowerfultoolforconservation.Pterapogonkaudernihasstrongpotentialtobealocal"flagship"species,drivinga"seachange"inattitudesandcoastalresourcestewardship.Prideofindividuals,communitiesandlocalgovernmentsintheirachievementscanbebolsteredbyrecognitionofeffortstakentowardimprovedconservationandmanagementofP.kauderni.VII.ExistingP.kauderniconservationandmanagementAtpresenttherearethreemainavenuesforP.kauderniconservationandmanagementpursuedbyIndonesia,eachofwhichisrelatedtotheother:(i)aNationalPlanofAction(2017-2021)(NPOA),(ii)spatialmanagementintheformofadecreedmarineprotectedarea(MPA),and(iii)adecreedtemporalfisheriesclosure.i.NationalPlanofAction(NPOA)TheBanggaiCardinalfishNPOA(2017-2021),sharedwithCITESinAC29Doc25.2andAC29Inf.21,hassixmajortargets:1)availabilityofinformationonP.kaudernipopulationinitsnaturalhabitatsandothergeographicareas;2)implementationofprotectionandpreservationofP.kaudernianditsnaturalhabitats;3)sustainableuseandtradeofP.kauderni;4)improvementofhumanresourcescapacitytoconserveandmanageP.kauderni;5)improvementofconservationgovernance;and6)implementationofre-stockingofP.kaudernipopulations.Thesesixtargetsareinturnbrokendowninto11strategieseachwithseveralassociatedactivities–progressagainstwhichwasreportedinAC29Doc25.2,withanotherupdateexpectedatAC3076.SectionVIIIofthisreportendeavourstomakeresearch,conservationandmanagementrecommendationsrelevanttotheproposedactivitiesoftheNPOA,whicharesummarisedagainstthevariousNPOAcomponentsinTable13.ii.Spatialmanagement-MPAAkeycomponentoftheNPOAisachievingP.kauderniconservationthroughimplementationofthenewprovincialcoastalandsmallislandmarineprotectedarea(MPA)–KKP3KBanggaiDalakaorBanggaiDalakaMPA.EstablishedbyadecreeoftheGovernorofCentralSulawesi

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Province(KeputusanGubernurNomor:523/635A/Dis.KanGST/2017dated27December2017),thetotalareawithintheMPAboundariesis869,060ha.Itisestimatedthataround90%ofP.kauderniendemicdistributioniswithintheproposedBanggaiDalakaMPAboundaries,withsomepopulationsineachzoneandsub-zone.Ineffect,theBanggaiDalakaMPAincludesthehabitatofalmostallknownP.kauderninativepopulationsinwatersunderthejurisdictionofCentralSulawesiProvince.Allorpartofatleast10P.kaudernipopulations–allofwhichareknownorinferredESUs–areincludedincorezones,withtheremainderintourism,traditionalfishery,aquaculturesub-zonesorrehabilitationzones.ThefourconservationtargetsoftheBanggaiDalakaMPAare:1. Keycoastalhabitat(coralreefs,seagrassbeds,mangroveforests).2. Pterapogonkauderniconservation,includinghabitatandmicrohabitat.3. Otherpriorityconservationspecies(designatedineachMMAF5-yearstrategicplan,

currently20species–18ofwhicharemarineandtwoliveinfreshwater).4. Economicallyimportantfisheryspecies/stocks(finfishandinvertebrates).ConservationofnativeP.kaudernipopulationsisoneofthekeyprioritiesinthedraftZonationManagementPlan(RPZ)(Figure7)–whichwould,ifeffectivelyimplementedasproposed,beanimportanttoolformanagementandconservationofP.kauderni.ThiscategoryofMPAhasthreeallowablezones:corezone,restrictedusezone,andarehabilitationzone(allowedandprohibitedactivitiesundereachzoneareinAnnexIV).Therestrictedusezonecanbefurthersubdividedintotraditionalfishing,maricultureandmarinetourismzones.

Figure7.MapoftheBanggaiDalakaMPAshowingtheMPAboundaries(MPAareasingrey,landinyellow)

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iii.TemporalmanagementThemostrecentpolicydevelopmentwithrespecttoP.kauderniisthepromulgationofMinisterialDecreeKepmen49/2018bytheMinisterforMarineAffairsandFisheriesdated4April2018andsocialisedinearlyMay.ThisdecreeappliestoP.kaudernipopulationswithintheBanggaiDalakaMPAandimposesabanonthefisheryduringthemonthsofFebruary-MarchandOctober-Novembercorrespondingtopeakbreedingperiodsx.VIII.Research,conservationandmanagementconsiderationsThereisanestablishedneedtomanagethetakeandtradeofP.kauderniinordertoimprovetheconservationstatusofthespeciesinitsendemicrange.Whatfollowsarerecommendationsinsupportofdifferentconservationandmanagementoptionsforthespecies,aswellasfillinggapsinunderstanding,thatIndonesiamaywishtoconsiderasitmovesforwardwithitsNPOAandotherplannedactivitiesinsupportofP.kauderniconservationandmanagement.

(i)HabitatandmicrohabitatConservingP.kaudernimicrohabitatthroughprotectionand/orrestorationisvitaltoconservethenativeP.kaudernipopulations/stocks,evenintheabsenceoffishing,andtoenablesustainablefisheriesofwildP.kauderniandmicrohabitatpopulations.AholisticapproachtorestoringtheP.kaudernihabitatswouldhavemanybenefitsforcoastalcommunitiesincludingrestoringvaluablebutdepletedfoodfisheries(ashasbeendemonstratedinKapelavillage,SectionVI).

EffectiveimplementationofproposedzonationwithintheBanggaiDalakaMPA(SectionVII.ii)shouldprotecthabitat,andwherenecessaryrecoverycouldbeassisted(e.g.throughecosystemrehabilitationtechnologies).IncludingregulationstomanagethetakeofthetwoP.kaudernimicrohabitats(seaurchinsandseaanemones),whicharesubjectedtoincreasinglyheavyunregulatedfishingpressure,wouldbeadvisabletopreventoverexploitation.InsomecasesassistedrecoveryofP.kaudernimicrohabitatswouldbeadvisable35.

(ii)PopulationstructureThegeneticstructureofP.kauderni(SectionII.iv)makesESU-basedmanagementnecessaryforsustainabletakeandtrade,andsufficientinformationexistsonwhichtodelineatetemporarymanagementunits(seeSectionII.iv).Extirpationislikelytoentailthelossofgeneticdiversityincludinggenotypes(andpossiblyphenotypes)notfoundelsewhere.ItisthereforerecommendedthateachknownESU,oreachsmallislandorbaywithinalargerislandwheregeneticsareunknown,beconsideredasaseparate"stock"forconservationandfisheriesmanagementpurposes.Forexample,ESU’s(knownorinferred)couldbetakenintoconsiderationduringthedesignofpermitandquotasystems(seeSectionVII.iv).Ascurrentdatadonotallowtheassignmentofindividualsfromintroducedpopulationsorcaptive-bredxTheOctober-Novemberpeakiswelldocumentedandwidespread,whereastheFebruary-Marchpeakmaybeatalimitednumberofsitesprotectedfromthewestmonsoon.

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specimenstoasourcepopulation,itisrecommendedthatsuchindividualsnotbereleasedinnativeP.kaudernipopulationsitesexceptinexceptionalcircumstances(seeVIII.vi).Indeedreleasesshouldbepossiblylimitedtositeswherepopulationgeneticintegrityhasalreadybeencompromised(e.g.BoneBaruandpossiblyothertradecenters).Althoughenoughiscurrentlyknowntodelineatetemporarymanagementunitsinsupportofsite-basedmanagementwithintheBanggaiArchipelago,itisrecommendedthatexistinginformationbeupdatedandknowledgegapsfilledshouldresourcesallow.ThestudiesonP.kaudernipopulationgeneticstodatehaveeachuseddifferentmethods,donotcoverallpopulationsofconcern,andareunlikelytoreflectthefullintra-speciesgeneticstructureintermsofevolutionandrelatedness.Furthermore,themethodsusedtodatearenotnecessarilythemostappropriateformanagementpurposessuchasstockdelineationandtraceabilityofwild-caughtfish.Thispointstoaneedforresearchtodelineateandcharacterizestocks–theresultsofwhichwouldprovideastrongscientificbasisforP.kauderniconservationandmanagement,andprovidethebasisforameaningfulevaluationofintroducedpopulationgeneticcharacters(akeycomponentoftheNPOA).(iii)PopulationstatusMonitoringtheeffectivenessofimplementedconservationandmanagementactivitiesrequiresestablishingbaselinepopulationlevels(T0)andstockstructure(discussedintheprevioussection),inadditiontoregularmonitoringofpopulationandharvestlevelsinsupportofadaptivemanagement(seeSectionVIII.v).Baselinedatawerecollectedin2017infulfilmentoftheNPOAandprovideagoodstartingpointformanagedtake.However,practicalapplicationofthesurveymethodsinitiallydevelopedundertheNPOArevealedchallengesintheproposedapproachtomonitoringthatthegovernmentmaywishtoconsiderbeforethenextsurveysarecarriedout(S.NdobeandA.Moore,personalobservations).Togiveoneexample,itisimportantthatthesamesites/ESUsaremonitoredeachyeartoallowdatatobecomparedandtrendstracked.Butitwasnotalwayseasytounderstandwheresurveysweretobecarriedout–sitenamesarenotappliedconsistentlyamongstakeholders,andthecoordinatesprovidedsometimespointedtoareaswithoutsuitableP.kaudernihabitat.Inthesecasesresearchersmadetheirbestinferencesaboutwheretosurvey,butthesameinferencesmaynotbemadeinfollowingyears.ThismattersaspopulationdensitiescouldvarywidelybetweenP.kaudernipatchesinasinglebay.Asanotherexample,thepatchyandshifting(e.g.withDiademagroups)distributionofP.kaudernisuggeststhattheproposedapproachoflaying20x5mtransectsparalleltoshoremaynotbethemostappropriatewayofobtainingconsistentdata.Insteadonemightconsiderrovingdiverswimsoverthelocationsofknownpopulationsorpatchesofsuitablehabitat/microhabitat.Thisapproachissuggestedforotherpatchilydistributedandsite-specificfishessuchasseahorses77.AlthoughtheT0surveysgiveausefulbasisonwhichtomonitortheeffectivenessofconservationandmanagementactions,itisnotclearwhatthegoalofsuchactionsareintermsofpopulationstatus.Asmentionedpreviously,theT0“baseline”shouldn’tnecessarilybetheleveltoaimforsincemanypopulationsarealreadyseverelydepleted.ItwouldbeusefuliftheNPOAarticulated

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theanticipatedoutcomesorimpactofproposedactivitiesonP.kaudernipopulations–suchaspreventingfurtherdeclines,rebuildingpopulationstoaparticularlevel,and/orenablingon-goingandsustainabletrade.(iv)SustainableharvestTheNPOAincludesregulatingP.kauderniharvestthroughsite-specificquotastobeimplementedonarotationalbasis,anapproachstronglysupportedbytheinformationgatheredforthisreport.Thisstudyestimatedaprecautionarytotalquotatobedistributedacrossdifferentsites(ESU’swhereknownorinferred),whichcanberevisedbasedonmonitoringdata.Arights-basedapproachtofisheriesmanagementmaybeapracticalwaytoimplementsite-specificquotarestrictions.Inthiscase,fishergroupswouldbeallocatedanumberoffishinggrounds(basedonknown/inferredESUs)andanumberofsite-specificquotasthatcouldbebasedonT0dataforthesitesincludedinthissurvey(tobeupdatedbasedonT1surveys).Harvestcouldberotational–forexampleeachgroupcouldbeallocated~sixfishinggrounds,enablingathreemonthlyrotationwith(onaverage)twofishinggroundspermonth.Ofcoursethestatusofsomesitesmightsuggestacompletemoratoriumonfishingpressureuntilthestockshavehadachancetorebuild.Intheexperienceofthecontributingauthors,fisherscangraspthenotionofgeneticstocksorESUsrelativelyeasily.Thisisbecausemosthavenoticedminorbutconsistentdifferencesbetweenfishfromdifferentfishinggrounds.IfthemechanismscanbeputinplaceforanESUandrights-basedmanagementscheme,informalconsultationssuggestthatfisherswillbeableandwillingtoimplementsuchanapproach–particularlyiftheyareincludedinanydecision-makingregardingquotaallocations.ImplementingarobustquotasystemforP.kaudernirequiresestablishingstockstructure(SectionVIII.ii)andbaselinepopulationlevels(T0)(SectionVIII.iii),aswellasrepeatmonitoringofpopulationsandharvestlevelsinsupportofadaptivemanagement.Withrespecttorepeatfisheriesmonitoring,mobilephonetechnologiesmayofferamechanismforgatheringsite-specificcatchinformationfromfishers.Theenumeratorsystemthatranfrom2008/2009to2011/2012demonstratedthatfisherscouldmakeusablerecordsoftheircatches,intermsofnumbersandfishinggrounds16.Nowadays,withtheubiquityofmobilephones(eveninareaswithnosignalasyet),amobileappwouldbealow-costwayofcollectingandsharingdata.Thisapproachisbeingusedforfisheriesinotherpartsoftheworld,suchasABALOBIinSouthAfrica78andWWF’se-logbookthathasbeenimplementedinEcuador79.Atsomesites,simplyreducingfishingpressureonP.kaudernimaybesufficienttoenablesustainableexploitationand/orrebuildP.kaudernipopulationabundance.Atmostsites,however,habitatdegradationand/ordeclinesinmicrohabitatabundancearelikelytopreventsuchrecovery–requiringaholisticapproachtoconservationandmanagement.ThemostfeasiblewaytodothisinthecurrentsituationwouldbeacombinationofregulationsforP.kauderni,microhabitat(Diademaurchinsandanemones)andgeneralhabitat(coralsandseagrasses)withinthenewBanggaiDalakaMPA(seealsoSectionVIII.i).RegulationscouldapplyacrosstheMPAorbyzone,orevenbysitewithinzonesaswellasvillageregulations.Thelatterhavetheadvantagethattheycanbedirectlyimplementedbycommunities,andwouldbean

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effectivemechanismforempoweringcommunitycoastwatchgroups(Pokwasmas)invillageswheretheyhavebeenestablished.Onepotentialmodelforcommunity-basedmanagementisthe"BCFGardens"concept24,35.InspiredbytheLocallyManagedMarineAreas(LMMA)movement,theideaistoselecta(relativelysmall)areaofpotentially"prime"P.kaudernihabitatwithinvillagewaterswherethespeciesisstillpresentbutwherehabitathasbeendegradedand/ormicrohabitatabundancehasbeengreatlyreduced.Pterapogonkaudernianditshabitatswouldbecompletelyprotectedwithinthissmallarea.Theareashouldbeselectedtominimizelogisticalchallengesofmanagement,forexampleitshouldbeeasilymonitored(toguardagainstintruders).Oncerecoveryiswellunderway,thereshouldbespilloverintolessprotectedareasoftheMPA,andeventuallythe“garden”itselfcouldbeharvestedatsustainablelevels.

(v)Trade–regional/nationalThereisaconsiderableamountofdataonthemovementofP.kauderniwithinIndonesiaprovidedintherecordsoftheFishHealthandQuarantineService.TheremarksmadetoA.MoorebyFishQuarantineofficersonthedifficulty(timeandeffortinvolved)inprovidingdataontheP.kaudernitrade,aswellasthetimenecessarytoaccessdatathroughtheon-linesystem,indicateaneedforimproveddatacollectionandmanagementpractices.Aredesignofthesoftwareinterfacetomakeituser-friendly(forfishquarantineofficersandotherinterestedstakeholders),andideallymobileenabledtoreducetheneedforpaperwork,couldresolvedatamanagementandaccesschallenges.OnekeyinformationgaprelatedtoP.kaudernitraderoutesistheconsignmentoflargevolumesoffishoutofKendarireportedintheFishQuarantinedata.Thereportedconsignmentsfromthisregionhaveincreasedsubstantiallyoverthepastyears,anditisnotclearhowthefisharebeingsourced(i.e.fromlocalorotherintroducedpopulations,nativepopulations,oracombinationthereof).AfieldsurveyonthetradethroughKendariwouldbeausefulapproachforfillingthisurgentgapinunderstanding.Withrespecttoreducingmortalityalongthesupplychain–bothnationallyandinternationally-considerationcouldbegiventobest-practiceguidelinesforcapturemethods,post-harvesthusbandryandtransportation,suchasthosedevelopedbytheNGOLINI80,andtoCITESguidelinesfortransportofliveanimalsbyair81orbyothernon-airmeans82.WithrespecttoP.kauderniaquaculture,considerationshouldbegiventohowcommunity-basedaquaculturebeingdevelopedoutsidetheendemicareacouldstillprovidebenefittothefishandstakeholderswithintheendemicarea.Forexample,aproportionoftherevenuefromsellingculturedfishoutsidetheendemicareacouldgotofundingconservationofP.kauderniwithintheendemicrange.Furthermore,itwouldbeusefultoestablishbestpracticeapproachestoP.kaudernicultureinIndonesia,insupportofthetrainingproposedintheNPOA–suchasthosebeingemployedinBoneBarutopreventmixingofbroodstockandrelatedoffspringsourcedfromdifferentknownorinferredESUs(seeSectionIV.iii).Thisisofparticularimportanceifbreedingiscarriedoutinparttoenablere-stockingeffortsproposedintheNPOA(butseesectionVIII.vii).

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(vi)Trade–internationalInternationally,severalpublicationshavereportedonthelackofanadequatemanagementandcontrolmechanismtomonitorthetradeinmarineornamentalfishes73,83,84.TheanalysisofavailableinternationaltraderecordsforP.kauderniinSectionVsuggeststhatimprovingimportingcountryrecordcollection,particularlyensuringdataarecollectedatthespecieslevelandnotingwhetherspecimensarewildsourcedorcaptive-born/bred,wouldbeofvalueintrackingtheinternationaltradeinP.kauderni.Thisinformationmightbeavailableoncustomsimportrecords,butitisnotsystematicallycollectedintoaccessibledatabases.Giventheestimatedratesofpost-exportmortality,however,itseemsthatimprovedtrackingofexportsastheyleaveIndonesiawouldbetterreflectexploitationlevelsandpopulationstrendsovertime(seeSectionVIII.v).Furthermore,asstatedintheprevioussection,considerationcouldbegiventoCITESguidelinesfortransportofliveanimalsbyair81orbyothernon-airmeans82inanefforttobringdownratesofpost-exportmortality.(vii)ExistingmanagementNPOA:TheinformationcompiledinthisreportsupportstheneedformostaspectsoftheNPOAforP.kauderni,aspresentedinAC29Doc25.2andAC29Inf.21,andtheauthorshaveendeavouredtoprovidesomespecificconsiderationsandrecommendationsrelevanttomostproposedactionsinTable12.Thereare,however,tworecommendationstoexpandonhere.Thefirstisrelatedtotheproposedlocationsofthevariousactivities,andthesecondisrelatedtoTarget6–re-stockingofP.kauderni.

Withrespecttothelocationsofproposedactivities–itisnotedthatmanyoftheactivitiesareproposedtotakeplacewithinbutalsooutsidetheendemicrangeofP.kauderni.Whereitdoesnotendupfeasibletocarryoutactivitiesatallproposedlocations,itisrecommendedprioritybegiventosupportP.kauderniconservationandmanagementwithinitsendemicrangetoensurebenefitstonativefishpopulations.Attentioncouldbeturnedtointroducedpopulationsatsuchtimethatnativepopulationsandtheirhabitatsarewellmanagedwithadequateresources.

Second,withregardtoTarget6:re-stocking,theauthorssupportcommentsmadeinAC29Com10(RevbySec):“noting,amongotheractions,re-stockingactivitiesareproposed,itwassuggestedIndonesiaprovideupdatedreintroductionprotocolsitwillbeusingtosupportthere-stockingactivitiesandavoidgeneticmixing.ItwasfurthernotedthattheIUCNReintroductionGuidelinesmaybeusefulforIndonesiatoconsiderthisthisregard”.IUCN,initsGuidelinesforReintroductionsandOtherConservationTranslocations48,synonymizesre-stockingwithreinforcement,whichitdefinesas“theintentionalmovementandreleaseofanorganismintoanexistingpopulationofconspecifics.”Thisisincontrasttoreintroduction–“theintentionalmovementandreleaseofanorganisminsideitsindigenousrangefromwhichithasdisappeared”,andconservationintroduction–“theintentionalmovementandreleaseofanorganismoutsideitsindigenousrange.”Asthesethreeapproachestotranslocationsnecessitatedifferentriskassessmentsandapproachestoimplementation,itwouldbevaluableforthemtobedistinguishedinanyguidelinesandactivitiesinsupportofTarget6.

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Inanycase,somerecommendationsthatcouldbeincludedinthebestpracticeguidelinesforre-stocking,reintroductionsand/orintroductionscouldinclude:• thatthereshouldgenerallybestrongevidencethatthethreat(s)thatcausedanyprevious

declinesorextirpationshavebeencorrectlyidentifiedandremovedorsufficientlyreducedxi;• thatthereleaseoffishfromonesite(knownorinferredESU)atanothersite(knownor

inferredESU)onlybeallowedifgeneticdataareavailableandindicateverycloserelationbetweendonorandreceivingpopulation/site–oratsiteswheregeneticmixinghasalreadyoccurred(e.g.BoneBaru);

• thatfishreleasedatasite(knownorinferredESU)fromcaptivebreedingbetheoffspringofbroodstockfromthesamesite–orbereleasedassiteswheregeneticmixinghasalreadyoccurred(e.g.BoneBaru);

• thatreleasestothewildoutsidetheendemicrangeshouldbereported,wherevertheyoccur,whetherpurposiveoraccidental;and

• thatoverallreleasesofanykindbetightlyregulatedbytheappropriateauthorities(i.e.onlycarriedoutonrecommendationfromtheappropriatescientificauthorityandwithapermitfromtheappropriatemanagementauthority).

BanggaiDalakaMPA:

EffectiveimplementationoftheBanggaiDalakaMPA(SectionVII.ii)wouldprovideconservationgainsforP.kaudernianditsassociatedhabitats(seealsoSectionsVIII.iandiv).Thefindingsofthisreportstronglysupporttheproposedmulti-zoneapproachtoimplementationoftheBanggaiDalakaMPA,suchthatprotection/conservationofP.kauderni,itshabitatandmicrohabitatvaryamongzonesandsub-zones,andalsoamongsiteswithineachzone/sub-zone.Inthisway“no-take”zonescanbebalancedby“managedzones”inwhichsustainableexploitationcanbeachievedbyintegratedscienceandcommunity-basedapproaches(e.g.the"BCFGarden"approach,seeSectionVIII.iv)alongwithroutinemonitoring.KeytoMPAimplementationwillbestakeholdersupportandempowerment,asproposedintheNPOA.Theauthorssuggestpartnershipswithlocalschools,women'sgroups,andothercivilsocietyactorsaspossiblemechanismstogarnerstakeholderbuy-in.Again,"BCFGardens"(SectionVIII.iv)areanexampleinitiativethatcouldbeimplementedwithacommunity-basedapproach.There-establishment/revitalizationofthemulti-stakeholderBCFC(BanggaiCardinalfishCentre)xiialsohaswidestakeholdersupport.TheBCFCwillbeparticularlyeffectiveifitisempowerednotonlyinmattersdirectlyrelatedtoP.kaudernitradeanddirectconservationofthespecies,butalsointheroleofP.kauderniasaflagshipspeciesforholisticandsustainablecoastalresourcemanagement.

xiRecommendationfromtheIUCNguidelinesxiiTheBCFCwasestablishedin2007underthefirstP.kauderniNPOA(2007-2012)asamulti-stakeholderumbrellaorganisationforallaspectsrelatingtotheconservation(includingsustainableuse)ofP.kauderniandotherornamentalfish.TheBCFC,asconstitutedunderDecree168/2007oftheBanggaiKepualuanDistricthead,includedmembersofnational/provincial/district/sub-districtgovernment,NGOs,academia,privatesectorandcommunity/civilsociety.Inparticular,theBCFCwasexpectedtoleadonandprovideaforumforP.kauderniconservationandmanagementefforts,including:conservationandrecommendations;statistics,monitoringandsurveillance;productionandmarketing;andcommunitydevelopment/empowerment.

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Temporalmanagement:

Temporalrestrictionsonfishingpressureareausefulcomplimenttospatialmanagement,particularlywhentheycoincidewithpeaksinreproductionand/orrecruitment.ThecurrentlydecreedclosureimposesabanonthefisheryduringpeakbreedingmonthsofFebruary-MarchandOctober-NovemberonP.kaudernipopulationswithintheBanggaiDalakaMPA.Complimentaryregulations,suchasquotas,willbenecessarytopreventunsustainablefishingpracticeswhentheclosureisnotineffect,andtomanageP.kaudernimicrohabitats(e.g.preventoverexploitationofthemicrohabitatorganismsthemselves).

IX.ConclusionsandsummaryrecommendationsTheneedtomanagethetakeandtradeofP.kaudernitoimprovetheconservationstatusofthisspeciesiswellestablished,andIndonesiahasalreadyproposedandbegunmanyrelevantactivitiestothisend.ThisreportaimedtoprovideadditionalinformationinsupportofassessingtheimpactofinternationaltradeontheconservationstatusofP.kauderniandtoadviseonsuitableconservationandmanagementmeasures.Theprevioussectionelaboratedonseveralsuchrecommendations,whicharesummarisedinthissectionandmatchedtoproposedNPOAactivitiesinTable13.

TherecommendationsaccountfortheuniquelifehistoryofP.kauderni,whichinturnleadstogeneticallyisolatedpopulations(ESU’s),densitydependentproductivity,andahighdependenceonexploitedmicrohabitatsandvulnerablenearshoremarinehabitats.Takentogether,thesefactsnecessitateasite-specificandholisticapproachtoconservationandmanagementofP.kauderni.Thatsaid,accountingforthesefactorsinconservationandmanagementactivities(whethertheybequotas,spatial/temporalmanagement,orrelocations,interalia),togetherwiththeinvolvementoflocalcommunitiesinactivityimplementation,enforcementandmonitoring,shouldallowforanongoingandsustainableharvestofP.kauderniwithinIndonesia.Conservingandmanagingthisuniquespeciesanditshabitat/microhabitatscouldrevivefoodfisheriesofeconomicandsubsistencevalue,whilerestoringpotentialfortourismandrecreation.InthiswayP.kaudernicanbecomeaflagshipspeciesforholisticandsustainablecoastalresourcemanagement.GiventheEndangeredstatusofthespecies,itisrecommendedthatanyinitialmanagementeffortserronthesideofprecaution,andthenareadjustedasmonitoringdatacomeinandmanagementeffectivenessisknown.

Regardingtrade,thereappearstobeaneedtofillsomegapsintheunderstandingoftraderoutes–particularlywhereindividualsarereportedlybeingconsignedinlargevolumesthroughtradecentersoutsidetheendemicrange.Finally,whileitappearsIndonesiacouldbecomeacompetitivesupplierofcaptive-bredP.kaudernitotheinternationalmarket,considerationshouldbegiventoensurethatthegrowthofthissectormaintainsorincreasesincentivesforwildpopulationconservationandbenefitsforlocalcommunities.

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Table13.Summaryofrelevantreportrecommendations(fromSectionIX)againstthestrategiesandactivitiesoftheBanggaiCardinalfishNationalPlanofAction(2017-2021).STRATEGY ACTIVITY RECOMMENDATIONSTARGET1.AvailabilityofandinformationonP.kaudernipopulationinitsnaturalhabitatsandothergeographicareas.Developmentofdatabase,information,anddocumentationofBCFbothatitsnaturalhabitatsandintroductionsareas.

1.DevelopmentofsurveyandmonitoringmanualforBCF. • RevisitandconsiderrevisingtheP.kaudernimonitoringprotocolbasedonstakeholderexperienceafterpracticalapplicationduringT0surveys,toensuredatacanbecomparedamongyearsandawiderangeofstakeholdergroupscanconsistentlyapplythemethodology.

• Clarifytheanticipatedoutcomes/impactsofthevariousactivitiesoutlinedintheNPOAonP.kaudernipopulationsinIndonesia.Thiswillprovideausefulframeworkforconsideringhowbesttoimplementanyoneactivity,andwillbeusefulformeasuringeffectivenessoftheproposedactivities.

• DeterminethegoalofNPOAactionsintermsofpopulationsize,takingintoconsiderationthattheT0“baseline”shouldn’tnecessarilybetheleveltoaimforsincemanypopulationsarealreadyseverelydepleted.Examplegoalsincludepreventingfurtherdeclines,rebuildingpopulationstoaparticularlevel,and/orenablingon-goingandsustainabletrade.

• Shouldfundsand/orpartnershipsbecomeavailable,carryoutacomprehensivegeneticstudyofthenativeP.kaudernipopulations,ofwhichtheaimsshouldbeto(i)identifytheESUswithintheendemicrangeandtheir(relative)relatedness;and(ii)developdiagnostictoolsforassignmentoforigintosupportmanagementofnative,introduced,andcaptive-bredP.kauderni,includingtraceability.

2.TrainingonsurveyandmonitoringofBCFpopulation3.ConductsurveyandmonitoringofBCFpopulationatitsmajorhabitats.4.ConductagenetictestforBCFpopulationoutsideBanggaiasitsnaturalhabitat.5.UpdatingBCFpopulationstatus.

TARGET2.ImplementationofprotectionandpreservationofP.kaudernianditsnaturalhabitats.Habitatprotection

1.Identificationofpotentialhabitatsforconservation • Regulatetheexploitationofurchinsandanemones(keyP.kaudernimicrohabitats),particularlythroughimplementationplansfortheBanggaiDalakaMPA.Thestatusofthesekeymicrohabitatsatsomesitesmayjustifyatemporarymoratoriumontheirtake,andperhapsactivitiesforassistedrecovery.

• ImplementtheplannedzonationoftheBanggaiDalakaMPA,usingacommunity-basedapproachthatempowersstakeholderstobestewardsofP.kaudernianditshabitats,andtoidentifywithP.kauderniasaflagshipspeciesforholisticandsustainablecoastalresourcemanagement.Considertheaforementioned“BCFGarden”conceptasa

2.RezoningexistingMPAtocoverallBCFmajorhabitats3.EstablishmentofnewMPAundertheprovincialgovernment.4.EstablishmentoflocallymanagedMPAs

44

STRATEGY ACTIVITY RECOMMENDATIONSpossibletooltoachievethisrecommendation.

Re-initiatingtheproposaltoapplyprotectionstatusforBCF

1.Formulationofpolicypaper • RecommendationsasunderTarget3,below2.Regulationonlimitedprotectionstatus(optionsinclude:limitonsize,numberofharvest,andcatchsites/areas)

TARGET3.SustainableuseandtradeofP.kauderni.Designationofarea/habitatswhichallowedforharvest

1.Conductpopulationsurveyatallpotentialharvestsites • PopulationsurveyrecommendationsasaboveunderTarget1.• Workwith stakeholders todeterminesite-specificquotas for

initialimplementation,explorethepracticalityofrights-basedfisheries,andfollowupwithpopulationmonitoringandquotaadjustmentasneeded.

• Identifysuitablesitesforpilotingthe"BCFGarden"concept,asatoolforensuringsustainableharvestofP.kauderni.

• TakeintoaccountknownorinferredESUsinimplementationofaquotasystemfornativeP.kauderniwithinitsendemicrange.ThestatusofP.kauderniatsomesitesmayjustifyatemporarymoratoriumontake.

• Inordertomonitortakeovertime,implementfisherreportingoffishingground(s)(knownorinferredESUs)andnumberoffishfromeachsite,inadditiontothecurrentrequirementsfortotalvolume,generalorigin,anddestination.

• Explorewhethertechnologicalsolutions(suchasmobilephonetechnologies)couldfacilitaterobustfisherreportinganddatamanagement.

• ImprovemonitoringoftradewithinIndonesianwithmeasurestofurtherimproveFishHealthandQuarantinedatacollection,enhancedatamanagementandmakethedataaccessportalmoreuser-friendly.

• CarryoutastudyonP.kaudernitradethroughKendari.• Consolidatebestpracticeguidelinesforthecatchandtradeof

P.kaudernitominimisemortalityalongthesupplychain,basedonexistingresourcesprovidedbyLINIandCITES.

2.Disseminationonharvestrotationsystemandopen-closesystem.

SettingupquotaforBCFharvestfromwild

1.Conductinglevelofexploitationateachmarketchain.2.Quotaallocation

ConductingmonitoringandsurveillanceofBCFexploitation

1.SocializationonBCFregulation2.Surveillanceonharvest,distribution,andtrade.3.Enforcement

ApplicationofCITESapproachtoregulatetradeofBCF(althoughthisspeciesisnotyetlistedinCITESAppendix)

1.DevelopmentofSOPforBCFtradeoutsidemainhabitatsinBanggaiIslandsandtradefromaquaculture2.Datacollectionofinternationaltrade3.DevelopmentofNDF(NonDetrimentalFinding)forBCF4.RegisteringBCFexporterandsettingupassociation

TARGET4.ImprovementofhumanresourcescapacitytoconserveandmanageP.kauderni.Communityempowerment

1.Communitybasedsurveillanceprogram. • RelevantrecommendationsunderTargets1,2,3and62.SustainableuseofBCFforcommunitywelfare.3.Trainingandtechnicalassistancetocommunity(aquaculture,re-stocking,trade-chain,diseasemanagement)4.Socialization,education,andawarenesscampaign.

45

STRATEGY ACTIVITY RECOMMENDATIONSTARGET5.Improvementofconservationgovernance.ImprovingBCFconservationandmanagementgovernance

1.OptimizingBanggaiCardinalFishCenter • RelevantrecommendationsunderTargets1,2,3and62.Developmentofexsituconservationandtrainingcenter3.Increasingnaturalhabitatcoverage4.DevelopmentofnationaltradenetworkandpromotionofBCF.5.ImprovingtheroleandfunctionofnationaltaskforceonornamentalfishtosupportBCFconservationandmanagement.

TARGET6.Implementationofre-stockingofP.kaudernipopulations.StrengtheningbroodstockcenterforBCFculture

1.CommunitytrainingonBCFculture • Considerhowtoensurethegrowthofcommunity-basedaquacultureactivitiesasproposedintheNPOA,eitherinsideoroutsidetheendemicdistributionofP.kauderni,increasesincentivesforwild,nativefishconservationandbenefitsstakeholderswithinthespecies’endemicrange.

• TakeintoaccounttheneedtoconservethegeneticstructureofP.kauderniinactivitiesrelatedtocultureorre-stocking,asproposedintheNPOA.

• EstablishbestpracticeguidelinesforcultureofP.kaudernithatmitigateagainstimpactsongeneticallydistinctwildpopulationsofthespecies.

• RevisitandconsiderrevisingprotocolsforP.kaudernitranslocations,distinguishingamongre-stocking/reinforcement,reintroductionandintroductionactivities,whichreflectbestpracticeapproachessuchasthoseprovidedintheIUCNGuidelinesforReintroductionsandOtherConservationTranslocations.

2.IncreasingofBCFcultureactivities3.Re-stockingofadult4.Assessmentofhabitatrehabilitationsites

Re-stockingprogram

1.UpdatingmanualforBCFre-stocking2.CommunityeducationandtrainingonBCFrestocking.3.Conductingre-stockingactivities4.Evaluationonre-stockingeffectiveness

46

Recommendations(i)Habitatandmicrohabitat• Regulatetheexploitationofurchinsandanemones(keyP.kaudernimicrohabitats),

particularlythroughimplementationplansfortheBanggaiDalakaMPA.Thestatusofthesekeymicrohabitatsatsomesitesmayjustifyatemporarymoratoriumontheirtake,andperhapsactivitiesforassistedrecovery.

• Identifysuitablesitesforpilotingthe"BCFGarden"concept,asatoolforhabitatandmicrohabitatconservationandmanagement.

(ii)Populationstructure• TakeintoaccountknownorinferredESUsinimplementationofaquotasystemfornativeP.

kauderniwithinitsendemicrange.ThestatusofP.kauderniatsomesitesmayjustifyatemporarymoratoriumontake.

• TakeintoaccounttheneedtoconservethegeneticstructureofP.kauderniinactivitiesrelatedtocultureorre-stocking,asproposedintheNPOA.

• Shouldfundsand/orpartnershipsbecomeavailable,carryoutacomprehensivegeneticstudyofthenativeP.kaudernipopulations,ofwhichtheaimsshouldbeto(i)identifytheESUswithintheendemicrangeandtheir(relative)relatedness;and(ii)developdiagnostictoolsforassignmentoforigintosupportmanagementofnative,introduced,andcaptive-bredP.kauderni,includingtraceability.

(iii)Populationstatus• RevisitandconsiderrevisingtheP.kaudernimonitoringprotocolbasedonstakeholder

experienceafterpracticalapplicationduringT0surveys,toensuredatacanbecomparedamongyearsandawiderangeofstakeholdergroupscanconsistentlyapplythemethodology.

• Clarifytheanticipatedoutcomes/impactsofthevariousactivitiesoutlinedintheNPOAonP.kaudernipopulationsinIndonesia.Thiswillprovideausefulframeworkforconsideringhowbesttoimplementanyoneactivity,andwillbeusefulformeasuringeffectivenessoftheproposedactivities.

• DeterminethegoalofNPOAactionsintermsofpopulationsize,takingintoconsiderationthattheT0“baseline”shouldn’tnecessarilybetheleveltoaimforsincemanypopulationsarealreadyseverelydepleted.Examplegoalsincludepreventingfurtherdeclines,rebuildingpopulationstoaparticularlevel,and/orenablingon-goingandsustainabletrade.

(iv)Sustainableharvest• Workwithstakeholderstodeterminesite-specificquotasforinitialimplementation,explore

thepracticalityofrights-basedfisheries,andfollowupwithpopulationmonitoringandquotaadjustmentasneeded.

• Identifysuitablesitesforpilotingthe"BCFGarden"concept,asatoolforensuringsustainableharvestofP.kauderni.

• Inordertomonitortakeovertime,implementfisherreportingoffishingground(s)(knownorinferredESUs)andnumberoffishfromeachsite,inadditiontothecurrentrequirementsfortotalvolume,generalorigin,anddestination.

• Explorewhethertechnologicalsolutions(suchasmobilephonetechnologies)couldfacilitaterobustfisherreportinganddatamanagement.

47

(v)Trade–regional• ImprovemonitoringoftradewithinIndonesianwithmeasurestofurtherimproveFishHealth

andQuarantinedatacollection,enhancedatamanagementandmakethedataaccessportalmoreuser-friendly.

• CarryoutastudyonP.kaudernitradethroughKendari.• ConsolidatebestpracticeguidelinesforthecatchandtradeofP.kaudernitominimise

mortalityalongthesupplychain,basedonexistingresourcesprovidedbyLINIandCITES.• Considerhowtoensurethegrowthofcommunity-basedaquacultureactivitiesasproposedin

theNPOA,eitherinsideoroutsidetheendemicdistributionofP.kauderni,increasesincentivesforwild,nativefishconservationandbenefitsstakeholderswithinthespecies’endemicrange.

• EstablishbestpracticeguidelinesforcultureofP.kaudernithatmitigateagainstimpactsongeneticallydistinctwildpopulationsofthespecies.

(vi)Trade–international• ImportingcountriesshouldendeavourtocollectmorecompleteinformationonP.kauderni

imports(e.g.collectingdataatthespecieslevel,andonwhetherimportedindividualsarewildcaughtorcaptive-bred).

• ConsiderationshouldbegiventowhethertheonlinesurveyofP.kauderniimporters,wholesalersandretailerspilotedforthisreportshouldberepeated,butwithsufficienttimeallowedtogatheralargersamplesizeofresponses.

(vii)Existingmanagement• ConsidertheaboverecommendationsincontextoftheNPOAstrategiesandactions,as

summarisedinTable13.• ConsiderprioritizingNPOAactivitieswithintheendemicrangeofthespecies,when

prioritizationisneededduetolimitedresourcesorcapacity.• RevisitandconsiderrevisingprotocolsforP.kaudernitranslocations,distinguishingamong

re-stocking/reinforcement, reintroduction and introduction activities, whichreflectbestpracticeapproachessuchasthoseprovidedintheIUCNGuidelinesforReintroductionsandOtherConservationTranslocations.

• ImplementtheplannedzonationoftheBanggaiDalakaMPA,usingacommunity-basedapproachthatempowersstakeholderstobestewardsofP.kaudernianditshabitats,andtoidentifywithP.kauderniasaflagshipspeciesforholisticandsustainablecoastalresourcemanagement.Considertheaforementioned“BCFGarden”conceptasapossibletooltoachievethisrecommendation.

X.AcknowledgmentsTheauthorsaregratefultotheCITESSecretariatanditsdonorsfortheirfinancialsupport.S.Ndobe,I.YasirandA.Moorewishtothankallcolleaguesandstakeholderswhichhaveparticipatedinand/orsupportedresearchandconservation/managementinitiativesrelatedtotheBanggaicardinalfish(P.kauderni)anditshabitatovertheyears–from:academia;centralandlocalgovernmentagencies;local,nationalandinternationalNGOs;localcommunities,includingornamentalfishermen,localleadersandconservationgroups;andothercivilsocietyactors.M.V.BiondowouldliketothanktheEUCommissionandUSCITESAuthoritiesforprovidingvaluabledataforthisreport,andallpersonswhoparticipatedintheonlinesurveyandstakeholder

48

interviews.S.J.FosterwouldliketothankSveinA.Fosså,VicePresidentofOrnamentalFishInternational(OFI),forprovidingvaluableinsightandinformationrelatedtotheinternationalaquariumtradeofP.kauderni.

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AnnexI.ReportedmicrohabitatassociationsofP.kauderni(endemichabitat)

Taxon Prevalence Remarks ReferencesSeaurchins(Echinoidea,Echinodermata)Diademasetosum widespread Mainmicrohabitat,allsize

classesa,b,c,d

Diademasp. e,f,g,hDiademasavignyi c,dEchinothrixsp. common i,jAstropygasp. rare Isolatedoccurrences kTripneustessp. rare Otherurchinsabsent a,b Seaanemones(Actinia,Cnidaria)Heteractissp.1 common Ofteninanemonesinhabited

byclownfishes(generaAmphiprionandPremnas)

a,b,c,d,e,lStichodactylasp.2 common a,b,c,d,lEntacmeaquadricolor common a,b,c,d,lMacrodactyladoreensis rare a,b,c,lActinodendronsp.3 common a,b,c,d,l Hardcorals(Scleractinia,Cnidaria)Acroporasp. widespread a,b,c,e,lOtherAcroporidae common a,b,c,e,lPoritessp. widespread Mostlybranchingforms a,b,c,lHeliofungiaactiniformis widespread Recruits/smalljuveniles a,b,e,g,jGonioporasp. rare a,b,k,l,Echinoporasp. rare a,b,kMontiporasp. common a,b,kOtherorunspecifiedgenera(mainlybranchingorfolioseforms)

common e,f,g,k,m

OthermicrohabitatassociationsRhizophorasp.proproots locally

commonFewsites,butP.kaudernidensitycanbehigh

a,b,i

Cassiopeasp. rare Isolatedoccurrences(temporal&spatial)

a,e,k,n

Nephtheasp. rare a,bOther/unspecifiedsoftcorals rare e,k,o.pMilleporasp. a,b,e,k,lProteasternodosus rare a,bTridacnidae rare Onesite(Toado) k,n

50

1H.crispa,H.magnifica,H.aurora,H.malu2S.gigantea,S.haddoni,S.merteensis3Speciesunidentified,variedinformandcoloura.VagelliAA(2011)TheBanggaiCardinalfish:NaturalHistory,Conservation,andCultureofPterapogonkauderni.FirstEdition.Chichester,UK:JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.219pagesb.VagelliAA,ErdmannMV(2002)FirstcomprehensiveecologicalsurveyoftheBanggaicardinalfish,Pterapogonkauderni.EnvironmentalBiologyofFishes,63:1–8c.NdobeS,MooreAM,JompaJ(2017)StatusofandthreatstomicrohabitatsoftheendangeredendemicBanggaiCardinalfish(Pterapogonkauderni).CoastalandOceanJournal,1(2):73–82d.MooreAM,NdobeS,JompaJ(2017)Asite-basedconservationapproachtopromotetherecoveryofBanggaicardinalfish(Pterapogonkauderni)endemicpopulations.CoastalandOceanJournal,1:63–72

e.NACA-STREAM(2005)TheIndonesianornamentalfishtrade:casestudiesandoptionsforimprovinglivelihoodswhilepromotingsustainabilityinBanggaiandBanyuwangi[Internet].Bangkok:SupporttoRegionalAquaticResourcesManagement(STREAM),NetworkofAuacultureCentresinAsia(NACA)(STREAM).286pages.Availablefrom:http://aquaticcommons.org/2247/

f.NdobeS,Madinawati,MooreA(2008)PengkajianOntogeneticShiftpadaIkanEndemikPterapogonkauderni.JurnalMitraBahari,2(2):32–55g.MooreA,NdobeS,SalanggonAIM,Ederyan,RahmanA(2012)BanggaiCardinalfishOrnamentalFishery:TheImportanceofMicrohabitat.In:Proceedingsofthe12thInternationalCoralReefSymposium,Cairns,Australia,9-13July2012.InternationalSocietyofReefScientists(ISRS),13C:1-5.Availablefrom:http://www.icrs2012.com/proceedings/manuscripts/ICRS2012_13C_1.pdfh.KolmN,BerglundA(2003)WildPopulationsofaReefFishSufferfromthe“Nondestructive”AquariumTradeFishery.ConservationBiology,17(3):910–4i.NdobeS,Soemarno,HerawatiEY,SetyohadiD,MooreA,PalomaresMLD,PaulyD(2013)LifeHistoryofBanggaiCardinalfish,PterapogonKauderni(Actinopterygii:Perciformes:Apogonidae),fromBanggaiIslandsandPaluBay,Sulawesi,Indonesia.ActaIchthyologicaetPiscatoria,43(3):237–50

j.NdobeS,MooreA,SalanggonAIM,Muslihuddin,SetyohadiD,HerawatiEY,Soemarno(2013).PengelolaanBanggaicardinalfish(Pterapogonkauderni)melaluikonsepEcosystem-BasedApproach.MarineFisheries,4(2):115–26

k.MooreandNdobe,unpublisheddata(2004-2018)l.VagelliAA,VolpedoAV(2004)ReproductiveecologyofPterapogonkauderni,anendemicapogonidfromIndonesiawithdirectdevelopment.EnvironmentalBiologyofFishes,70:235–45m.HoffmanEA,KolmN,BerglundA,ArguelloJR,JonesAG(2005)Geneticstructureinthecoral-reef-associatedBanggaicardinalfish,Pterapogonkauderni.MolecularEcology,14(5):1367–75n.NdobeS(2013)BiologidanEkologiBanggaicardinalfish,Pterapogonkauderni(SuatuKajiandalamUpayaPengelolaanPerikananBerbasisKonservasi).DoctoralThesis,BrawijayaUniversity,Malang,Indonesia.439pages

o.NdobeS,MooreA,Nasmia,Madinawati,SerdiatiN(2013)TheBanggaicardinalfish:anoverviewoflocalresearch(2007-2009).Galaxea,JournalofCoralReefStudies,SpecialIssue:243–52p.YahyaY,MustainA,ArtiawanN,Reksodihardjo-LilleyG,TlustyMF(2012)SummaryofresultsofpopulationdensitysurveysoftheBanggaicardinalfishintheBanggaiArchipelago,Sulawesi,Indonesia,from2007–2012.AACLBioflux,5(5):303–8

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AnnexII.FishHealthandQuarantineServicedataTableII.1.FishHealthandQuarantineServicedataonconsignmentsfromLuwuk-Banggai

Datafor Destinations-Main(volume) Other Total Lettersix*Year Months Denpasar Jakarta Makassar Manado Kendari Surabaya Volume Name Volume Volume Destinations2008 7-12 Nodataondestinations 40,799 0 Nonerecorded2009 all 50 2,100 700 106,030 0 700 0 158,280 14,060 DJMS2010 all 3,300 12,000 0 117,400 10,000 500 0 143,200 13,400 DJMS2011 all 26,150 24,600 15 47,500 37,500 300 0 136,065 14,828 DJKMS2012 all 3,780 9,400 1,000 33,992 17,000 0 0 65,172 4,199 DJKM2013 all 81,640 12,700 0 31,500 11,000 10,500 250 P 137,090 58,339 DJKMPS2014 all 115,900 18,300 0 3,500 0 450 390 ABaP 137,730 59,092 DJMS2015 all 123,200 7,700 0 2,500 31,200 500 700 165,750 80,192 DJK2016 all 31,310 9,400 0 2,000 3,000 0 110 BkY 45,710 12,128 DJK2017 all 52,170 10,030 150 0 0 0 50 P 62,400 31,820 DJS2018 1-5 10,650 2,900 0 0 0 0 0 13,550 19,449 DJSA=Ambon;Ba=Batam;Bd=Bandung;Bk=Bengkulu;D=Denpasar;J=Jakarta;K=Kendari;M=Manado:P=Palu;S=Surabaya;U=Makassar(formerlyUjungPandang),airportcodeUPG;Y=Yogyakarta2014:A=300;Ba=60;P=30;2015:Bd=50;Bk=50;P=600;2016:Bk=60;Y=50*LettersixisthetradenameforParacanthushepatus.Thesearealsothedestinationsforotherornamentalfish,especiallyangelfishes

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TableII.2.FishHealthandQuarantineServicedataonconsignmentsfromKendariYear Months Denpasar Jakarta Medan Surabaya Makassar Manado Mataram Padang Total2008 1-11 DataondestinationbeganduringNovember2008 598192008 11-12 7040 7040 4465 1425 310 0 0 0 73,0592009 all 37,191 23,725 0 5,000 700 0 0 0 66,6162010 all 47,595 35,120 0 5,000 700 200 0 0 88,6152011 all 45,946 23,770 0 750 950 0 0 0 71,4162012 all 47,143 18,840 0 0 125 0 0 0 66,1082013 all 71,930 20,335 0 225 300 0 0 0 92,7902014 all 112695 34482 0 200 100 0 0 0 147,4772015 all 294,671 53,034 0 3,459 0 0 0 0 351,1642016 all 390,351 53,454 0

0 2,025 0 445,830

2017 all 348,710 52,276 0 1,242 0 0 0 150 402,3782018 1-5 113,888 28,535 30 0 0 0 0 390 142,843

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TableII.3.FishHealthandQuarantineServicedataonconsignmentsfromManadoaYear Denpasar Jakarta Surabaya Ternate Makassar Ambon Medan Pekanbaru Total2008 1to7 DataondestinationstartsduringJuly2008 230,7952008 7to12 55,673 12,053 750 68,4762009 159,585 45,950 550 400 1,100 50 207,6352010 151,500 31,200 400 400 183,5002011 81,625 18,160 100 99,8852012 72,250 8,750 0 100 500 81,6002013 17,350 6,150 1,100 1,050 0 25,6502014 1,000 400 1,4002015 200b 200 Denpasar Jakarta Surabaya Other Total

MedanasmaindestinationforornamentalfishotherthanDenpasar,Jakarta,andSurabayaduringperiod

2015-2018

Mixedmarine

ornamentalfishes

2015 25,840 3,502 690 583 30,6152016 24,584 13,767 2,554 5,727 46,6322017 31,518 16,616 2,152 8,394 58,6802018 5,480 5,233 375 3,611 14,699

aFrom2015onwardsdataforallspeciesdispatchedfromManadoseemtobegenerallyaggregatedasmarineornamentalfishes,withsomeexceptionssuchastheoneconsignmentofP.kauderniinDecember2015shownabove,andafewconsignmentsof"Lettersix".ThismeansthatineffectthereisnorecordofthevolumeofP.kaudernitraded/dispatchedfromManadooverthepast4years.bDispatchedduringDecember2015

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TableII.4.FishHealthandQuarantineServicedataonconsignmentsfromMakassarYear Months Denpasar Jakarta Timika Surabaya Total2008 10to12 200 0 0 0 2002009 all 0 0 0 500 5002010 all 0 0 0 0 02011 all 1,000 0 0 0 1,0002012 all 0 100 0 100 2002013 all 150 1,000 0 0 1,1502014 all 0 15,900 0 0 15,9002015 all 500 17,050 0 0 17,5502016 all 0 15,200 0 50 15,2502017 all 0 10,410 50 0 10,4602018 1-5 0 2,350 0 0 2,350

TableII.5.FishHealthandQuarantineServicedataonconsignmentsfromPalu(statisticswebsite)

Year Months Denpasar Jakarta Ambon Makassar Batam Lampung Manado Total2008 5to12 Nodataondestination 11922009 all 1418 675 0 0 0 0 80 21732010 all 1750 370 700 0 0 55 0 28752011 all 4640 400 1,240 50 120 0 0 64502012 all 1400 250 300 19502013 all 1600 300 850 27502014 all 11600 3200 148002015 all 985 1,120 0 0 0 0 0 21052016 all 725 700 0 0 0 0 0 14252017 all 0 0 0 200 0 0 0 2002018 1-5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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TableII.6.FishHealthandQuarantineServicedataonconsignmentstoandfromAmbon

YearConsignmentsfromAmbon ConsignmentstoAmbon

Denpasar Jakarta Mataram Batam Lampung Surabaya Sorong Manado Total Palu Luwuk Manado Total2009 0 400 4002010 0 700 400 11002011 0 1240 12402012 0 10 0 0 0 0 10 0 20 300 3002013 800 1960 0 0 0 0 0 0 2760 850 8502014 1850 6150 0 400 50 0 0 0 8450 300 3002015 260 900 700 0 130 0 0 0 1990 02016 400 50 0 200 0 150 0 0 800 02017 315 108 150 80 0 0 0 0 653 02018 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 30 80 0Total 3625 9178 850 730 180 150 10 30 14753 3090 300 800 4190

TableII.7.FishHealthandQuarantineServicedataonconsignmentsarrivinginDenpasar

Year Months Kendari Luwuk Makassar Total2015 all 160088 5705 3230 1690232016 all 60542 0 1615 621572017 all 41140 6340 0 474802018 1to5 62899 4900 0 67799

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AnnexIII.OnlinesurveyCountryofyourcompany/headquarterCountry Yourfunction(pleasetickallthatapply)Importer Exporter Wholesaler Retailer SincewhendoyoubuyBanggaicardinalfish(Pterapogonkauderni)?Pleasegivetheyear: HowmanyBanggaicardinalfishdoyoubuyperyear?Pleasegivetheyear:Amount: HowmanyBanggaicardinalfishhaveyoupurchasedinthelastyears?Approximatevolumes.2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 DoyouknowthesourceofyourBanggaicardinalfish?Wild-caught=fromthecoralreef;Captive-bred=fromabreedingfarm/aquacultureAllwild-caught Mostlywild-caught Unknown Mostlycaptive-bred Allcaptive-bred Ifyoupurchasedcaptive-bredfisheswhichcountry/company/farmdidtheycomefrom?Country: WhatconsiderationsdoyoutakeintoaccountwhensourcingBanggaicardinalfish?Size Colour

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Sex Wild Captive-bred Other Haveyounoticedanychanges?Multiplepossibilitiesapply. Decrease Nochange Increase NoanswerVolumeoftrade

Demandofwild-caughtfishes

Demandofcaptive-bredfishes

Overallavailability

Availabilityofwild-caughtfishes

Availabilityofcaptive-bredfishes

Priceofwild-caughtfishes

Priceofcaptive-bredfishes

VolumeofpurchasefromIndonesia

VolumeofpurchasefromThailand

Volumeofpurchasefromothercountries

Whatistheaverageprice(US$)youpayforwildversuscaptive-bredBanggaicardinalfish?Averagepriceyousellfor?(Optional) US$Wild Captive-bred Averagepriceofsale Yourcomments:

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AnnexIV.MPAZonesandassociatedactivitiesActivitieswhicharepermittedandforbiddenundertheKKP3KMPAcategoryzonationschemearedefinedunderMMAFministerialregulation17/2008(PeraturanMenteriKelautandanPerikananRepublikIndonesiaNomorPER.17/MEN/2008TentangKawasanKonservasidiWilayahPesisirdanPulau-PulauKecil).Theseactivitiesarebrieflydescribedinthistable.TheMPAZonationManagementPlan(RPZ)includesfargreaterdetailontheactivitiespermittedandnotpermittedbyzoneandsub-zone(e.g.typesoffishery/fishinggear,typesoftourismactivity,etc),someofwhichcanvarybetweensiteswithinagivenzone.

CoreZonePermitted NotPermitted

1. Surveillance2. Monitoring3. Divingand/orcollectionofmarineorganisms

forresearchand/or4. Research,development,andeducationNote:Theaboveactivitiesmustbereportedtoandbeauthorisedbythemanagementauthority

1. Capturefisheriesand/ormariculture2. Damagetoorcollectionofcoralsandothermarineorganismswhetherliveor

dead3. Tourism4. Commercialdiving5. Passageofvesselsorothermarinetransport6. Anchoring

RestrictedUseZone(General)Permitted NotPermitted

1. Research,development,andeducation,benchmarking,knowledgebuilding

2. Mariculture3. Traditionalfisheries4. Nature-basedtourism5. Recreational/sportfishing6. Watersports7. Passageofvessels

1. Damagetomarinehabitats(coralandsandmining,collectionofliveordeadcorals,pullinguporcuttingseagrasses,other)

2. Capture,collection,disturbance,orholdingincaptivity,ofanyprotectedspeciesaswellasseasnakesandseabirds,specificallyturtlesandtheireggsandallmarinemammals

3. Catchingfishwithexplosives,syntheticornaturalchemicals,andcarryingexplosivesand/orchemicalsubstancesusedtocapturefishonlandoratsea

4. Capture,collection,disturbance,orholdingincaptivity,ofanyspeciesmanagedunderspecificsiteorzone/sub-zoneregulations

RestrictedUseZone–TraditionalFisherySub-zonePermitted NotPermitted

1. Research,development,andeducation2. Fishingwithtraditionalgearwhichis

environmentallybenign3. Recreational/sportfishing4. Longlinefishing–withrestrictions

1. Damagetomarinehabitats(coralandsandmining,collectionofliveordeadcorals,pullinguporcuttingseagrasses,other)

2. Capture,collection,disturbance,orholdingincaptivity,ofanyprotectedspeciesaswellasseasnakesandseabirds,specificallyturtlesandtheireggsandallmarinemammals

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5. Purseseineandothergeartargetingpelagicfish–withrestrictions

6. Fixedorfloatingliftnetsforpelagicfish-withrestrictions

7. Othernetsandfishinggear-withrestrictions8. Freepassageofvessels9. Constructionofpiers/jettiesandother

fisheriesinfrastructure-withrestrictions10. Tourism-withrestrictions11. Mariculture-withrestrictions12. Activitiestoprotectorrestorethemarine

environment/ecosystem(s)

3. Catchingfishwithexplosives,syntheticornaturalchemicals,andcarryingexplosivesand/orchemicalsubstancesusedtocapturefishonlandoratsea

4. Capture,collection,disturbance,orholdingincaptivity,ofanyspeciesmanagedunderspecificsiteorzone/sub-zoneregulations

RestrictedUseZone–Aquaculture(mariculture)Sub-zonePermitted NotPermitted

1. Research,development,andeducation2. Environmentallybenignmariculture3. Traditionalfishing-withrestrictions4. Nature-basedtourism-withrestrictions5. Recreationalfishing-withrestrictions6. Watersports-withrestrictions7. Freepassageofvessels

1. Damagetomarinehabitats(coralandsandmining,collectionofliveordeadcorals,pullinguporcuttingseagrasses,other)

2. Capture,collection,disturbance,orholdingincaptivity,ofanyprotectedspeciesaswellasseasnakesandseabirds,specificallyturtlesandtheireggsandallmarinemammals

3. Catchingfishwithexplosives,syntheticornaturalchemicals,andcarryingexplosivesand/orchemicalsubstancesusedtocapturefishonlandoratsea

4. Capture,collection,disturbance,orholdingincaptivity,ofanyspeciesmanagedunderspecificsiteorzone/sub-zoneregulations

RestrictedUseZone–TourismSub-zonePermitted NotPermitted

1. Research,development,andeducation2. Environmentallybenigntourism3. Watersports4. Recreationalfishing5. Fishingwithtraditionallow-impactgear-with

restrictions6. Passageofvesselswithindesignatedlanesand

withrestrictions7. Constructionofpiers/jettiesandothertourism

infrastructure-withrestrictions8. Activitiestoprotectorrestorethemarine

environment/ecosystem(s)

1. Damagetomarinehabitats(coralandsandmining,collectionofliveordeadcorals,pullinguporcuttingseagrasses,other)

2. Capture,collection,disturbance,orholdingincaptivity,ofanyprotectedspeciesaswellasseasnakesandseabirds,specificallyturtlesandtheireggsandallmarinemammals

3. Catchingfishwithexplosives,syntheticornaturalchemicals,andcarryingexplosivesand/orchemicalsubstancesusedtocapturefishonlandoratsea

4. Capture,collection,disturbance,orholdingincaptivity,ofanyspeciesmanagedunderspecificsiteorzone/sub-zoneregulations

OtherZone(RehabilitationZone)Permitted NotPermitted

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1. Activitiestoprotectorrestore/rehabilitatethemarineenvironment/ecosystem(s)

2. Research,development,andeducation3. Tourism-withrestrictions4. Passageofvessels-withrestrictions

1. Damagetomarinehabitats(coralandsandmining,collectionofliveordeadcorals,pullinguporcuttingseagrasses,other)

2. Capture,collection,disturbance,orholdingincaptivity,ofanyprotectedspeciesaswellasseasnakesandseabirds,specificallyturtlesandtheireggsandallmarinemammals

3. Catchingfishwithexplosives,syntheticornaturalchemicals,andcarryingexplosivesand/orchemicalsubstancesusedtocapturefishonlandoratsea

4. Capture,collection,disturbance,orholdingincaptivity,ofanyspeciesmanagedunderrehabilitationzoneregulations

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